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5. The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC): let’s cooperate!

Author

Dulio, Valeria, Koschorreck, Jan, van Bavel, Bert, van den Brink, Paul, Hollender, Juliane, Munthe, John, Schlabach, Martin, Aalizadeh, Reza, Agerstrand, Marlene, Ahrens, Lutz, Allan, Ian, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Barcelo’, Damia’, Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla, Boutroup, Susanne, Brack, Werner, Bressy, Adèle, Christensen, Jan H., Cirka, Lubos, Covaci, Adrian, Derksen, Anja, Deviller, Geneviève, Dingemans, Milou M. L., Engwall, Magnus, Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Hernández, Félix, Herzke, Dorte, Hilscherová, Klára, Hollert, Henner, Junghans, Marion, Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Keiter, Steffen, Kools, Stefan A. E., Kruve, Anneli, Lambropoulou, Dimitra, Lamoree, Marja, Leonards, Pim, Lopez, Benjamin, López de Alda, Miren, Lundy, Lian, Makovinská, Jarmila, Marigómez, Ionan, Martin, Jonathan W., McHugh, Brendan, Miège, Cécile, O’Toole, Simon, Perkola, Noora, Polesello, Stefano, Posthuma, Leo, Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara, Roessink, Ivo, Rostkowski, Pawel, Ruedel, Heinz, Samanipour, Saer, Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, Emma L., Sengl, Manfred, Tarábek, Peter, Ten Hulscher, Dorien, Thomaidis, Nikolaos, Togola, Anne, Valsecchi, Sara, van Leeuwen, Stefan, von der Ohe, Peter, Vorkamp, Katrin, Vrana, Branislav, and Slobodnik, Jaroslav

Published
2020
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11. High polarity analyte(s) in aqueous media: determination of L-PFOA and L-PFOS in ground water

Author

Bilsel, Mine, primary, Gökçen, Taner, additional, Binici, Burcu, additional, Isleyen, Alper, additional, Piechotta, Christian, additional, Kar-wai, Anita Cheng, additional, Krylov, Anatoliy, additional, Miheeva, Alena, additional, Beliakov, Mikhail, additional, Palagina, Marina, additional, chenko, Irina Tka, additional, Perkola, Noora, additional, Lewin, Mark, additional, and Hua, Tang, additional

Published
2022
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14. A preliminary study on the ecotoxic potency of wastewater treatment plant sludge combining passive sampling and bioassays

Author

Ahkola, Heidi, primary, Lindholm-Lehto, Petra, additional, Perkola, Noora, additional, Välitalo, Pia, additional, Meriläinen, Päivi, additional, Mäenpää, Kimmo, additional, Stelzer, Julio Alberto Alegre, additional, Heiskanen, Ilse, additional, Järvistö, Johanna, additional, Nuutinen, Jari, additional, and Leppänen, Matti T., additional

Published
2021
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15. Good practices for take-back and disposal of unused pharmaceuticals in the Baltic Sea region. Clear Waters from Pharmaceuticals (CWPharma) Activity 4.1 Report

Author

Mehtonen, Jukka, Äystö, Lauri, Junttila, Ville, Perkola, Noora, Lehtinen, Terhi, Bregendahl, Jeppe, Leisk, Ülle, Kõrgmaa, Vallo, Aarma, Pille, Schütz, Jan, Stapf, Michael, Kublina, Anete, Karkovska, Ieva, Szumska, Marlena, Bogusz, Aleksandra, Kalinowski, Radosław, Spjuth, Sara, Nyhlén, Kristina, Jakobsson, Torsten, Suzdalev, Sergej, and Kaskelainen, Elena

Subjects
medicinal substances, hyvät käytännöt, Itämeri, pharmaceutical waste, käsittely, treatment and handling, best practices, lääkeaineet, keräys, lääkejäte, collection (general)
Abstract

Appropriate collection and disposal of medicine-related waste has been identified as one of the main ways to decrease the emission of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the environment. Improvement to the take-back and treatment of collected pharmaceutical waste may be considered low-hanging fruit when one is considering measures to reduce API emissions. However, comparable information that would enable estimating the potential impact of these efforts has not been available. Directive 2004/27/EC, related to medicinal products for human use, mandates that EU member states implement appropriate collection schemes for unused or expired human-use medicinal products. However, it does not provide any guidelines on practical implementation of these schemes. Several studies have pointed out significant differences among Member States in this regard. In March 2019, the European Commission published the European Union Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. The actions specified therein cover all stages of the pharmaceutical life cycle, from design and production to disposal and waste management. It emphasizes such elements as sharing good practices, co-operating at international level, and improving understanding of the risks. This report is aimed at filling knowledge gaps and proposing good practices for take-back and disposal of unused human and veterinary medicines and other pharmaceutical waste. The report is targeted to e.g. ministries, environment and medicines agencies, supervisory authorities, municipalities, hospitals, NGOs, pharmacists, doctors, and veterinarians. For the report, current national practices for take-back and disposal of unused medicines and other pharmaceutical waste in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden were evaluated. The pharmaceutical waste originating from households, hospitals and other health care institutions, the pharmaceutical industry, and veterinary use was considered. The proportion of citizens who return unused pharmaceuticals via designated collection points varies greatly between Baltic Sea countries, from about 10% to 70%, with 16–80% disposing of them of as mixed household waste and 3–30% flushing them down the drain. The most commonly cited reason for improper disposal of medicines on households’ part is lack of information about their environmental impacts and how to get rid of them in an environmentally sound manner. Separate collection of unused household pharmaceuticals does not exist in Russia, and the collection mechanism functions poorly in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Information on the take-back schemes for unused human medicines is more readily available than is corresponding information on veterinary medicines. We identified, all told, 21 good practices and recommendations for take-back and disposal of unused pharmaceuticals and other pharmaceutical waste and for promoting the rational use of pharmaceuticals in the Baltic Sea region. Nevertheless, implementing them at national level requires particular consideration due to differences in national legislation and other characteristics of the EU Baltic Sea countries and Russia. The good practices identified in this report answer the call issued in the EU strategic approach for an efficient risk-reduction strategy.

Published
2020

16. The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC): let’s cooperate!

Author

Zoología y biología celular animal, Zoologia eta animalia zelulen biologia, Dulio, Valeria, Koschorreck, Jan, Van Bavel, Bert, Van den Brink, Paul, Hollender, Juliane, Munth, John, Schlabach, Martin, Aalizadeh, Reza, Agerstrand, Marlene, Ahrens, Lutz, Allan, Ian, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Barceló, Damiá, Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla, Boutroup, Susanne, Brack, Werner, Bressy, Adèle, Christensen, Jan H., Cirka, Lubos, Covaci, Adrian, Derksen, Anja, Deviller, Geneviève, Dingemans, Milou M. L., Engwall, Magnus, Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, Gago Ferrero, Pablo, Hernández, Félix, Herzke, Dorte, Hilscherová, Klára, Hollert, Henner, Junghans, Marion, Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Keiter, Steffen, Kools, Stefan A. E., Kruve, Anneli, Lambropoulou, Dimitra, Lamoree, Marja, Leonards, Pim, López, Benjamín, López de Alda, Miren, Lundy, Lian, Makovinská, Jarmila, Marigómez Allende, Juan Antonio, Martin, Jonathan W., McHugh, Brendan, Miège, Cécile, O’Toole, Simon, Perkola, Noora, Polesello, Stefano, Posthuma, Leo, Rodríguez Mozaz, Sara, Roessink, Ivo, Rostkowski, Pawel, Ruedel, Heinz, Samanipour, Saer, Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, Emma L., Sengl, Manfred, Tarábek, Peter, Hulscher, Dorien Ten, Thomaidis, Nikolaos, Togola, Anne, Valsecchi, Sara, Van Leeuwen, Stefan, Von der Ohe, Peter, Vorkamp, Katrin, Vrana, Branislav, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Zoología y biología celular animal, Zoologia eta animalia zelulen biologia, Dulio, Valeria, Koschorreck, Jan, Van Bavel, Bert, Van den Brink, Paul, Hollender, Juliane, Munth, John, Schlabach, Martin, Aalizadeh, Reza, Agerstrand, Marlene, Ahrens, Lutz, Allan, Ian, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Barceló, Damiá, Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla, Boutroup, Susanne, Brack, Werner, Bressy, Adèle, Christensen, Jan H., Cirka, Lubos, Covaci, Adrian, Derksen, Anja, Deviller, Geneviève, Dingemans, Milou M. L., Engwall, Magnus, Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, Gago Ferrero, Pablo, Hernández, Félix, Herzke, Dorte, Hilscherová, Klára, Hollert, Henner, Junghans, Marion, Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Keiter, Steffen, Kools, Stefan A. E., Kruve, Anneli, Lambropoulou, Dimitra, Lamoree, Marja, Leonards, Pim, López, Benjamín, López de Alda, Miren, Lundy, Lian, Makovinská, Jarmila, Marigómez Allende, Juan Antonio, Martin, Jonathan W., McHugh, Brendan, Miège, Cécile, O’Toole, Simon, Perkola, Noora, Polesello, Stefano, Posthuma, Leo, Rodríguez Mozaz, Sara, Roessink, Ivo, Rostkowski, Pawel, Ruedel, Heinz, Samanipour, Saer, Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, Emma L., Sengl, Manfred, Tarábek, Peter, Hulscher, Dorien Ten, Thomaidis, Nikolaos, Togola, Anne, Valsecchi, Sara, Van Leeuwen, Stefan, Von der Ohe, Peter, Vorkamp, Katrin, Vrana, Branislav, and Slobodnik, Jaroslav

Abstract

The Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC) is currently under development as a joint research and innovation programme to strengthen the scientific basis for chemical risk assessment in the EU. The plan is to bring chemical risk assessors and managers together with scientists to accelerate method development and the production of necessary data and knowledge, and to facilitate the transition to next-generation evidence-based risk assessment, a non-toxic environment and the European Green Deal. The NORMAN Network is an independent, well-established and competent network of more than 80 organisations in the field of emerging substances and has enormous potential to contribute to the implementation of the PARC partnership. NORMAN stands ready to provide expert advice to PARC, drawing on its long experience in the development, harmonisation and testing of advanced tools in relation to chemicals of emerging concern and in support of a European Early Warning System to unravel the risks of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and close the gap between research and innovation and regulatory processes. In this commentary we highlight the tools developed by NORMAN that we consider most relevant to supporting the PARC initiative: (i) joint data space and cutting-edge research tools for risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern; (ii) collaborative European framework to improve data quality and comparability; (iii) advanced data analysis tools for a European early warning system and (iv) support to national and European chemical risk assessment thanks to harnessing, combining and sharing evidence and expertise on CECs. By combining the extensive knowledge and experience of the NORMAN network with the financial and policy-related strengths of the PARC initiative, a large step towards the goal of a non-toxic environment can be taken.

Published
2020

17. The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC):let’s cooperate!

Author

Dulio, Valeria, Koschorreck, Jan, van Bavel, Bert, van den Brink, Paul, Hollender, Juliane, Munthe, John, Schlabach, Martin, Aalizadeh, Reza, Agerstrand, Marlene, Ahrens, Lutz, Allan, Ian, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Barcelo’, Damia’, Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla, Boutroup, Susanne, Brack, Werner, Bressy, Adèle, Christensen, Jan H., Cirka, Lubos, Covaci, Adrian, Derksen, Anja, Deviller, Geneviève, Dingemans, Milou M.L., Engwall, Magnus, Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Hernández, Félix, Herzke, Dorte, Hilscherová, Klára, Hollert, Henner, Junghans, Marion, Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Keiter, Steffen, Kools, Stefan A.E., Kruve, Anneli, Lambropoulou, Dimitra, Lamoree, Marja, Leonards, Pim, Lopez, Benjamin, López de Alda, Miren, Lundy, Lian, Makovinská, Jarmila, Marigómez, Ionan, Martin, Jonathan W., McHugh, Brendan, Miège, Cécile, O’Toole, Simon, Perkola, Noora, Polesello, Stefano, Posthuma, Leo, Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara, Roessink, Ivo, Rostkowski, Pawel, Ruedel, Heinz, Samanipour, Saer, Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, Emma L., Sengl, Manfred, Tarábek, Peter, Ten Hulscher, Dorien, Thomaidis, Nikolaos, Togola, Anne, Valsecchi, Sara, van Leeuwen, Stefan, von der Ohe, Peter, Vorkamp, Katrin, Vrana, Branislav, Slobodnik, Jaroslav, Dulio, Valeria, Koschorreck, Jan, van Bavel, Bert, van den Brink, Paul, Hollender, Juliane, Munthe, John, Schlabach, Martin, Aalizadeh, Reza, Agerstrand, Marlene, Ahrens, Lutz, Allan, Ian, Alygizakis, Nikiforos, Barcelo’, Damia’, Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla, Boutroup, Susanne, Brack, Werner, Bressy, Adèle, Christensen, Jan H., Cirka, Lubos, Covaci, Adrian, Derksen, Anja, Deviller, Geneviève, Dingemans, Milou M.L., Engwall, Magnus, Fatta-Kassinos, Despo, Gago-Ferrero, Pablo, Hernández, Félix, Herzke, Dorte, Hilscherová, Klára, Hollert, Henner, Junghans, Marion, Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Keiter, Steffen, Kools, Stefan A.E., Kruve, Anneli, Lambropoulou, Dimitra, Lamoree, Marja, Leonards, Pim, Lopez, Benjamin, López de Alda, Miren, Lundy, Lian, Makovinská, Jarmila, Marigómez, Ionan, Martin, Jonathan W., McHugh, Brendan, Miège, Cécile, O’Toole, Simon, Perkola, Noora, Polesello, Stefano, Posthuma, Leo, Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara, Roessink, Ivo, Rostkowski, Pawel, Ruedel, Heinz, Samanipour, Saer, Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, Emma L., Sengl, Manfred, Tarábek, Peter, Ten Hulscher, Dorien, Thomaidis, Nikolaos, Togola, Anne, Valsecchi, Sara, van Leeuwen, Stefan, von der Ohe, Peter, Vorkamp, Katrin, Vrana, Branislav, and Slobodnik, Jaroslav

Abstract

The Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC) is currently under development as a joint research and innovation programme to strengthen the scientific basis for chemical risk assessment in the EU. The plan is to bring chemical risk assessors and managers together with scientists to accelerate method development and the production of necessary data and knowledge, and to facilitate the transition to next-generation evidence-based risk assessment, a non-toxic environment and the European Green Deal. The NORMAN Network is an independent, well-established and competent network of more than 80 organisations in the field of emerging substances and has enormous potential to contribute to the implementation of the PARC partnership. NORMAN stands ready to provide expert advice to PARC, drawing on its long experience in the development, harmonisation and testing of advanced tools in relation to chemicals of emerging concern and in support of a European Early Warning System to unravel the risks of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and close the gap between research and innovation and regulatory processes. In this commentary we highlight the tools developed by NORMAN that we consider most relevant to supporting the PARC initiative: (i) joint data space and cutting-edge research tools for risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern; (ii) collaborative European framework to improve data quality and comparability; (iii) advanced data analysis tools for a European early warning system and (iv) support to national and European chemical risk assessment thanks to harnessing, combining and sharing evidence and expertise on CECs. By combining the extensive knowledge and experience of the NORMAN network with the financial and policy-related strengths of the PARC initiative, a large step towards the goal of a non-toxic environment can be taken.

Published
2020

19. Bacterial Diversity and Predicted Enzymatic Function in a Multipurpose Surface Water System – From Wastewater Effluent Discharges to Drinking Water Production

Author

Tiwari, Ananda, primary, Hokajärvi, Anna-Maria, additional, Domingo, Jorge Santo, additional, Elk, Michael, additional, Jayaprakash, Balamuralikrishna, additional, Ryu, Hodon, additional, Siponen, Sallamaari, additional, Vepsäläinen, Asko, additional, Kauppinen, Ari, additional, Puurunen, Osmo, additional, Artimo, Aki, additional, Perkola, Noora, additional, Huttula, Timo, additional, Miettinen, Ilkka T., additional, and Pitkänen, Tarja, additional

Published
2020
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20. Perfluorattujen alkyyliyhdisteiden ympäristötutkimukset ja riskinarviointi

Author

Reinikainen, Jussi, Perkola, Noora, Takala, Mikael, Äystö, Lauri, and Ahkola, Heidi

Subjects
vesistöt, pohjavesi, perfluoratut alkyyliaineet, ympäristöriskit, ympäristöntutkimus, kulkeutuminen
Abstract

Tässä raportissa arvioidaan sammutusvaahtojen käytön seurauksena maaperään päässeiden per- ja polyfluorattujen alkyyliyhdisteiden (PFAS) ympäristökäyttäytymistä ja -riskejä neljällä paloharjoitusalueella (Kuopio, Joroinen, Joensuu ja Porvoo). Harjoitusalueiden ympäristötutkimuksissa ja niihin perustuvissa kohdearvioinneissa tarkastellaan erityisesti PFAS-yhdisteiden kulkeutumista ja siitä aiheutuvia riskejä vesiympäristölle ja pohjaveden käytölle. Hankkeen tulokset vahvistavat kansainvälisiin tutkimuksiin pohjautuvaa käsitystä PFAS-yhdisteiden esiintymisestä ja ympäristökäyttäytymisestä sammutusvaahtojen käyttökohteissa. Raportissa annetaan esimerkkejä ja yleisiä suosituksia mm. kohdetutkimuksissa ja riskinarvioinnissa sovellettavista menetelmistä sekä PFAS-yhdisteiden laboratoriomäärityksistä. Lisäksi raportissa esitetään arvio PFAS-yhdisteiden aiheuttamista riskeistä sekä suositukset tarvittavista jatkotoimista hankkeen tutkimuskohteissa.

Published
2019

22. Zurich Statement on Future Actions on Per - and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)

Author

Ritscher, Amélie, Wang, Zhanyun, Scheringer, Martin, Boucher, Justin M., Ahrens, Lutz, Berger, Urs, Bintein, Sylvain, Bopp, Stephanie K., Borg, Daniel, Buser, Andreas M., Cousins, Ian, DeWitt, Jamie, Fletcher, Tony, Green, Christopher, Herzke, Dorte, Higgins, Christopher, Huang, Jun, Hung, Hayley, Knepper, Thomas, Lau, Christopher S., Leinala, Eeva, Lindstrom, Andrew B., Liu, Jinxia, Miller, Mark, Ohno, Koichi, Perkola, Noora, Shi, Yali, Haug, Line Småstuen, Trier, Xenia, Valsecchi, Sara, van der Jagt, Katinka, Vierke, Lena, Ritscher, Amélie, Wang, Zhanyun, Scheringer, Martin, Boucher, Justin M., Ahrens, Lutz, Berger, Urs, Bintein, Sylvain, Bopp, Stephanie K., Borg, Daniel, Buser, Andreas M., Cousins, Ian, DeWitt, Jamie, Fletcher, Tony, Green, Christopher, Herzke, Dorte, Higgins, Christopher, Huang, Jun, Hung, Hayley, Knepper, Thomas, Lau, Christopher S., Leinala, Eeva, Lindstrom, Andrew B., Liu, Jinxia, Miller, Mark, Ohno, Koichi, Perkola, Noora, Shi, Yali, Haug, Line Småstuen, Trier, Xenia, Valsecchi, Sara, van der Jagt, Katinka, and Vierke, Lena

Abstract

Per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals that contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety, -CnF2n-. To date, over 4,000 unique PFASs have been used in technical applications and consumer products, and some of them have been detected globally in human and wildlife biomonitoring studies. Because of their extraordinary persistence, human and environmental exposure to PFASs will be a long-term source of concern. Some PFASs such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been investigated extensively and thus regulated, but for many other PFASs, knowledge about their current uses and hazards is still very limited or missing entirely. To address this problem and prepare an action plan for the assessment and management of PFASs in the coming years, a group of more than 50 international scientists and regulators held a two-day workshop in November, 2017. The group identified both the respective needs of and common goals shared by the scientific and the policy communities, made recommendations for cooperative actions, and outlined how the science-policy interface regarding PFASs can be strengthened using new approaches for assessing and managing highly persistent chemicals such as PFASs.

Published
2018
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23. Zürich Statement on Future Actions on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)

Author

Ritscher, Amélie, primary, Wang, Zhanyun, additional, Scheringer, Martin, additional, Boucher, Justin M., additional, Ahrens, Lutz, additional, Berger, Urs, additional, Bintein, Sylvain, additional, Bopp, Stephanie K., additional, Borg, Daniel, additional, Buser, Andreas M., additional, Cousins, Ian, additional, DeWitt, Jamie, additional, Fletcher, Tony, additional, Green, Christopher, additional, Herzke, Dorte, additional, Higgins, Christopher, additional, Huang, Jun, additional, Hung, Hayley, additional, Knepper, Thomas, additional, Lau, Christopher S., additional, Leinala, Eeva, additional, Lindstrom, Andrew B., additional, Liu, Jinxia, additional, Miller, Mark, additional, Ohno, Koichi, additional, Perkola, Noora, additional, Shi, Yali, additional, Småstuen Haug, Line, additional, Trier, Xenia, additional, Valsecchi, Sara, additional, van der Jagt, Katinka, additional, and Vierke, Lena, additional

Published
2018
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24. PFASs in Finnish Rivers and Fish and the Loading of PFASs to the Baltic Sea.

Author

Junttila, Ville, Vähä, Emmi, Perkola, Noora, Räike, Antti, Siimes, Katri, Mehtonen, Jukka, Kankaanpää, Harri, and Mannio, Jaakko

Abstract

The concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Finnish aquatic environment were measured in riverine waters and in inland, coastal and open sea fish. In addition, the PFAS load to the Baltic Sea from 11 rivers was calculated. Measurements show that PFASs, including restricted perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), are widely present in the Finnish aquatic environment. At three out of 45 sampling sites, the concentration of PFOS in fish exceeded the environmental quality standard (EQS) of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The annual average (AA) Σ23PFAS concentration in surface waters ranged from 1.8 to 42 ng L−1 and the concentration of PFOS exceeded the AA-EQS in three out of 13 water bodies. In European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), the ΣPFAS concentration ranged from 0.98 to 1 µg kg−1 f.w. (fresh weight) and from 0.2 to 2.4 µg kg−1 f.w., respectively. The highest concentrations in both surface water and fish were found in waters of southern Finland. The riverine export of Σ10PFAS to the Baltic Sea from individual rivers ranged from 0.4 kg yr−1 to 18 kg yr−1. PFAS concentrations in fish of point-source-polluted sites and coastal sites were higher compared to fish of open sea or diffusely polluted sites. The PFAS profiles in surface waters of background sites were different from other sites. This study shows that PFASs are widely found in the Finnish aquatic environment. Different PFAS profiles in samples from background areas and densely populated areas indicate diverse sources of PFASs. Although atmospheric deposition has a substantial influence on PFAS occurrence in remote areas, it is not the dominant source of all PFASs to the aquatic environment of Finland. Rather, wastewaters and presumably contaminated land areas are major sources of PFASs to this aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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25. Accumulation of perfluorinated compounds in radish: a hierarchical model approach

Author

Suominen, Kimmo, Ranta, Jukka, Perkola, Noora, Marttinen, Sanna, Markkanen, Anne, Rosendah, Kirsi, and Salo, Tapio

Subjects
Perfluoroalkylated compound, Organic fertliser, PFOS, Biogas plant, PFOA, Bioconcentration factor, food and beverages, Finland
Abstract

Biogas technology is a competitive process for managing biodegradable wastes and by-products and a green method for energy production. Biogas plants digestates (BGD) can be used as fertilizers or soil improvers. This is of great importance, since phosphorus is a depleting nutrient and nitrogen fertilizers are manufactured in an energy-intensive process. However, BGDs may contain hazardous organic chemicals. When BGDs are used in agriculture, these compounds may accumulate in the soil and eventually in food of plant and animal origin. Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFC) comprise a large group of compounds that have been widely used in a myriad of applications such as electronic parts, firefighting foams, photo imaging, hydraulic fluids and stain-resistant coatings. PFCs are persistent and have harmful effects on humans and the environment. PFCs can be taken up by plants via the roots and they can accumulate in food of animal origin. The most widely used compounds have been perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of PFCs in radish as a result of the use of biogas plant digestate as an agriculture fertilizer. We measured the concentrations of four PFCs (perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA, perfluoroheptanoic acid PFHpA, PFOA, PFOS) in 19 digestates from ten biogas plant production lines in Finland. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to predict the concentration of these compounds in agricultural soil after a single addition of digestate (15 t fresh matter (f.m.)/ha). Bioconcentration factors for the selected PFCs in radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus) were determined in a pot experiment, in which a known amount of PFC was mixed in soil and the concentration of the compounds was determined in the soil and plants. Finally, we estimated the concentration of the compounds in radish grown on agricultural land using the predicted concentration of PFCs in the soil and the posterior distribution of the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for radish. The predicted median increase in concentration of PFOS in radish after a single addition of digestate to agricultural land described in this paper (0.02 ng/kg f.w.) was 1/200 of the concentration of PFOS in vegetables in Sweden (4.1 ng/kg), while the predicted concentration of PFOA (0.01 ng/kg f.w.) was 1/2200 of the concentrations in vegetables in Sweden (22 ng/kg). The 97.5th percentiles of the estimates reported in this paper for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, were 1/9 and 1/200 of the concentrations in vegetables in Sweden.

Published
2014
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26. Accumulation of Perfluorinated Compounds to Radish – a Hierarchical Model Approach

Author

Suominen, Kimmo, Ranta, Jukka, Perkola, Noora, and Marttinen, Sanna

Subjects
PFOS, Biogas plant, PFOA, Bioconcentration factor, Perfuoroalkylated compound, Finland, Organic fertiliser
Abstract

Biogas plant digestates (BPD) can be used as fertilizers. BPDs may contain organic pollutants, which may accumulate in soil and in food chain. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to predict the increase in concentration of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) in agricultural soil and, consequently, in radish after a single addition of BPD in soil. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) for PFCs from soil to radish were estimated in a pot experiment. The model quantifies uncertain variability in concentrations of PFCs in BPDs and uncertainty in BCF for radish. The predicted median increase in concentration of PFOS in radish after a single addition of digestate to agricultural land described in this paper (0.02 ng/kg f.w.) was 1/200 of the concentration of PFOS in vegetables in Sweden (4.1 ng/kg), while the predicted concentration of PFOA (0.01 ng/kg f.w.) was 1/2200 of the concentrations in vegetables in Sweden (22 ng/kg). The 97.5th percentiles of the estimates reported in this paper for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, were 1/9 and 1/200 of the concentrations in vegetables in Sweden.

Published
2014
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28. Haitallisten orgaanisten yhdisteiden esiintyminen yhdyskuntajätevedenpuhdistamoilla ja kaatopaikoilla

Author

Mehtonen, Jukka, Mannio, Jaakko, Kalevi, Kirsti, Huhtala, Sami, Nuutinen, Jari, Perkola, Noora, Sainio, Pirjo, Pihlajamäki, Jenna, Kasurinen, Ville, Koponen, Jani, Paukku, Raija, and Rantakokko, Panu

Subjects
suotovesi, jätevedenpuhdistamot, kaatopaikat, haitalliset aineet, jätevesi, kemikaalit, orgaaniset yhdisteet, jätevesiliete
Abstract

Kemikaalien riskinhallinnan tavoitteena on tunnistaa markkinoilla olevista tuhansista kemikaaleista ennakolta sellaiset aineet, jotka voivat aiheuttaa haittaa ympäristössä, sekä varmistaa, että niiden käyttö on riskitöntä. Haitallisten aineiden riskinhallinnan ongelmana ovat puutteelliset tiedot aineiden ominaisuuksista, käytöstä, päästöistä sekä esiintymisestä ympäristössä. Kansallisen vaarallisia kemikaaleja koskevan ohjelman yhtenä tavoitteena on parantaa tätä tietopohjaa. Kartoituksella saatiin tietoa yhdyskuntajäteveden ja -lietteen sekä kaatopaikkojen suotoveden sisältämistä kemikaaleista. Kartoitus painottui POP-yhdisteisiin ja vaarallisten aineiden asetuksen mukaisiin haitallisiin ja vaarallisiin aineisiin. Useita tutkittuja aineita päätyy vesiympäristöön puhdistetun yhdyskuntajäteveden kautta, mutta vielä useampia aineita kaatopaikkojen suotoveden kautta. Lisäksi monia aineita löytyy puhdistamolietteestä. Johtopäätösten tekemistä vaikeuttaa suomalaisen mitatun pitoisuustiedon vähäisyys ja huono vertailukelpoisuus johtuen mm. erilaisista analyysimenetelmistä ja määritysrajoista, mitatuista isomeereistä tai siitä, että tulokset on raportoitu liian yleisellä tasolla. Vaarallisten aineiden riskinhallinnassa pyritään pintaveden ympäristönlaatunormien alittumisen lisäksi siihen, että niiden päästöt ympäristöön loppuvat ja niitä ei löydetä ympäristöstä. Vastaavasti haitallisten aineiden riskinhallinnassa tavoitteena on pintaveden ympäristönlaatunormien alittumisen lisäksi se, että niiden päästöt vesiympäristöön vähentyvät. Tämä selvitys on edistänyt kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman altistumiseen liittyviä toimenpiteitä. Seuraava vaihe toimenpiteiden toteuttamisessa on päästömäärien arviointi koko Suomen tasolla yhdyskuntajätevedenpuhdistamoilta ja kaatopaikoilta.

Published
2013

29. Fate of artificial sweeteners and perfluoroalkyl acids in aquatic environment

Author

Helsingin yliopisto, bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tiedekunta, ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, bio- och miljövetenskapliga fakulteten, miljövetenskapliga institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Suomen ympäristökeskus, Perkola, Noora, Helsingin yliopisto, bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tiedekunta, ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, bio- och miljövetenskapliga fakulteten, miljövetenskapliga institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Suomen ympäristökeskus, and Perkola, Noora

Abstract

The newly detected chemicals, the environmental distribution, fate, and effects in the environment of which are not well known, are called emerging compounds. Artificial sweeteners are one group of emerging compounds. The consumption of artificial sweeteners is high, and because they do not significantly metabolise, all that is consumed finds its way to wastewater treatment plants. Two artificial sweeteners, acesulfame and sucralose, do not degrade in wastewater treatment either, leading to elevated concentrations in the receiving water bodies. Another group of emerging compounds is perfluoroalkyl acids. They have been used both in industry and consumer products since the 1950s. The fluorine-carbon chain of perfluoroalkyl acids makes them extremely resistant to biological, chemical and physical degradation. They are ubiquitous in the environment and are suspected to be carsinogenic, immunotoxic and to interfere with reproduction. The aim of this study was to add to knowledge about the environmental distribution, fate and effects of artificial sweeteners and perfluoroalkyl acids. The occurrence of artificial sweeteners and perfluoroalkyl compounds was surveyed in surface waters. Wastewater effluents and sludge, storm water, and landfill leachate were analysed to evaluate the fluxes of perfluoroalkyl acids into the aquatic environment. Artificial sweeteners and perfluorooctanoic acid were irradiated under artificial sun to investigate their potential to transform via direct and indirect photochemical reactions in surface waters and ultraviolet radiation and during germicidal ultraviolet water treatment. Furthermore, Daphnia magna were exposed to artificial sweeteners to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects. It was discovered that artificial sweeteners and perfluoroalkyl acids are ubiquitous in the Finnish aquatic environment. Of the studied emission sources, wastewater effluents were the most important source of perfluoroalkyl acids in environmental waters. Based on, Kemikaalien määrä on lisääntynyt merkittävästi viime vuosikymmeninä, ja ympäristöstä löydetään jatkuvasti kemikaaleja, joita ei ole aikaisemmin havaittu. Näitä kemikaaleja, joiden levinneisyydestä, kohtalosta ja vaikutuksista ympäristössä tiedetään hyvin vähän tai ei lainkaan, kutsutaan nouseviksi aineiksi. Tällaisia yhdisteitä ovat muun muassa keinotekoiset makeutusaineet ja perfluoratut alkyylihapot. Kalorittomat makeutusaineet asesulfaami, sukraloosi, syklaamihappo ja sakariini eivät juurikaan metaboloidu elimistössä. Asesulfaami ja sukraloosi eivät myöskään hajoa jätevedenpuhdistamoilla. Koska makeutusaineiden käyttömäärät ovat suuria, niitä päätyy puhdistettujen jätevesien mukana merkittäviä määriä vastaanottaviin vesistöihin. Perfluorattuja alkyylihappoja on käytetty teollisuudessa ja kuluttajatuotteissa 1950-luvulta lähtien. Perfluoratut yhdisteet ovat erittäin pysyviä vahvan fluori-hiilisidoksen ansiosta. Reagoimattomuudestaan huolimatta niiden epäillään olevan muun muassa karsinogeenisia, immunotoksisia ja lisääntymistervettä häiritseviä aineita. Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoitus oli selvittää keinotekoisten makeutusaineiden ja perfluorattujen alkyylihappojen esiintymistä, pysyvyyttä ja vaikutuksia vesiympäristössä. Yhdisteiden levinneisyydestä Suomessa on hyvin vähän tietoa, minkä vuoksi työssä kartoitettiin niiden pitoisuuksia pintavesissä. Lisäksi selvitettiin jätevesien, lietteen, kaatopaikan suotoveden ja huleveden merkitystä perfluorattujen alkyyliyhdisteiden päästölähteinä. Auringonvalon kykyä hajottaa pintavesiin päätyneitä perfluorattuja karboksyylihappoja ja keinotekoisia makeutusaineita tutkittiin keinoauringon avulla. Tutkittavat yhdisteet altistettiin myös ultraviolettisäteilylle, jotta saatiin tietoa niiden käyttäytymisestä vedenpuhdistuksessa. Lisäksi arvioitiin keinotekoisten makeutusaineiden vaikutuksia vesikirpuille ekotoksikologisten kokeiden avulla. Keinotekoisia makeutusaineita ja perfluorattuja alkyylihappoja esiintyy laajalti pintavesissä.

Published
2014

33. Additional file 2 of Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Author

Tiwari, Ananda, Anna-Maria Hokajärvi, Domingo, Jorge Santo, Elk, Michael, Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash, Hodon Ryu, Sallamaari Siponen, Vepsäläinen, Asko, Kauppinen, Ari, Puurunen, Osmo, Artimo, Aki, Perkola, Noora, Huttula, Timo, Miettinen, Ilkka T., and Pitkänen, Tarja

Subjects
13. Climate action, 6. Clean water
Abstract

Additional file 2: Supplemental Data Sheet: Core bacterial communities. Supplemental Data Sheet S1. Municipal influent. Supplemental Data Sheet S2. Municipal effluent. Supplemental Data Sheet S3. Industrial effluent I. Supplemental Data Sheet S4. Industrial effluent II. Supplemental Data Sheet S5. Mine runoff. Supplemental Data Sheet S6. Surface water. Supplemental Data Sheet S7. Pretreated water. Supplemental Data Sheet S8. Groundwater (combine groundwater observation and production wells). Supplemental Data Sheet S9. Groundwater observation wells. Supplemental Data Sheet S10. Groundwater production wells.

34. Additional file 1 of Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Author

Tiwari, Ananda, Anna-Maria Hokajärvi, Domingo, Jorge Santo, Elk, Michael, Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash, Hodon Ryu, Sallamaari Siponen, Vepsäläinen, Asko, Kauppinen, Ari, Puurunen, Osmo, Artimo, Aki, Perkola, Noora, Huttula, Timo, Miettinen, Ilkka T., and Pitkänen, Tarja

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 6. Clean water
Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Geographical locations of sampling area. Table S2. Climatic condition at nearby stations. Table S3. Public health-related bacteria (PHRB) and their detection frequencies. Table S4. Correlation between various alpha diversity indices. Table S5. Seasonal variation of sequencing reads and alpha diversity indices in surface water. Table S6. Top 3 highest sample prevalence OTUs in each sample group. Table S7. Seasonal variation of KO hits. Table S8. Seasonal variation of PHRB read counts in surface water. Figure S1. Rarefaction curve of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences in sample groups. Figure S2. Variation in read counts, Chao1, Shannon index, and Simpson index in sample groups. Figure S3. Variation in OTUs number, Observed index, and ACE index in sample groups. Figure S4. Seasonal variation of read counts, Chao1, Shannon index, and Simpson index in surface water. Figure S5. Seasonal variation of OTUs number, Observed index, and ACE index in surface water. Figure S6. Seasonal variation of bacterial taxa in surface water. Figure S7. Bacterial diversities in different surface water types.

35. Additional file 2 of Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Author

Tiwari, Ananda, Anna-Maria Hokajärvi, Domingo, Jorge Santo, Elk, Michael, Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash, Hodon Ryu, Sallamaari Siponen, Vepsäläinen, Asko, Kauppinen, Ari, Puurunen, Osmo, Artimo, Aki, Perkola, Noora, Huttula, Timo, Miettinen, Ilkka T., and Pitkänen, Tarja

Subjects
13. Climate action, 6. Clean water
Abstract

Additional file 2: Supplemental Data Sheet: Core bacterial communities. Supplemental Data Sheet S1. Municipal influent. Supplemental Data Sheet S2. Municipal effluent. Supplemental Data Sheet S3. Industrial effluent I. Supplemental Data Sheet S4. Industrial effluent II. Supplemental Data Sheet S5. Mine runoff. Supplemental Data Sheet S6. Surface water. Supplemental Data Sheet S7. Pretreated water. Supplemental Data Sheet S8. Groundwater (combine groundwater observation and production wells). Supplemental Data Sheet S9. Groundwater observation wells. Supplemental Data Sheet S10. Groundwater production wells.

36. Additional file 1 of Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Author

Tiwari, Ananda, Anna-Maria Hokajärvi, Domingo, Jorge Santo, Elk, Michael, Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash, Hodon Ryu, Sallamaari Siponen, Vepsäläinen, Asko, Kauppinen, Ari, Puurunen, Osmo, Artimo, Aki, Perkola, Noora, Huttula, Timo, Miettinen, Ilkka T., and Pitkänen, Tarja

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 6. Clean water
Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Geographical locations of sampling area. Table S2. Climatic condition at nearby stations. Table S3. Public health-related bacteria (PHRB) and their detection frequencies. Table S4. Correlation between various alpha diversity indices. Table S5. Seasonal variation of sequencing reads and alpha diversity indices in surface water. Table S6. Top 3 highest sample prevalence OTUs in each sample group. Table S7. Seasonal variation of KO hits. Table S8. Seasonal variation of PHRB read counts in surface water. Figure S1. Rarefaction curve of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences in sample groups. Figure S2. Variation in read counts, Chao1, Shannon index, and Simpson index in sample groups. Figure S3. Variation in OTUs number, Observed index, and ACE index in sample groups. Figure S4. Seasonal variation of read counts, Chao1, Shannon index, and Simpson index in surface water. Figure S5. Seasonal variation of OTUs number, Observed index, and ACE index in surface water. Figure S6. Seasonal variation of bacterial taxa in surface water. Figure S7. Bacterial diversities in different surface water types.

37. Organic Pollutants In Biogas Plant Digestates - Environmental Burden And Risk To Food Safety

Author

Suominen, Kimmo, Marttinen, Sanna, Suominen, Kimmo, Marttinen, Sanna, Huhtala, Sami, Pyykkönen, Helena, Perkola, Noora, and Verta, Matti

Subjects
Biogas plant, Digestate, Organic fertilizer, Organic pollutant, Finland
Abstract

Biogas technology is a sustainable method for managing biodegradable material and for energy production. Sludge from waste water treatment plant (WWTP), sorted municipal biowaste, industrial by-products or animal manure can be used as raw material in biogas plants (BGP). Biogas plant digestates can be used in agriculture as fertilizers or soil improvers. If the raw material for a biogas plant contains organic pollutants, they may end up in the digestate, and finally in agricultural soil. Some of the organic pollutants may have the potential to accumulate in the food chain. We measured concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), nonylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP+NPEO), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in digestates from eight biogas plants. Burden of these pollutants into soil after a single addition of digestate was estimated., FI; en; pdf; efsafocalpoint@evira.fi

Published
2013
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