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A surgical procedure for the repair of damaged periodontal tissue is Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR), which involves the use of a barrier membrane to prevent soft tissue ingrowth and create a space for slow regeneration of periodontium and bone. GTR membrane should have pores able to facilitate the diffusion of fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and bioactive substances for cell growth, but also be impermeable to epithelial cells or gingival fibroblasts, which could overpopulate the defect space and inhibit infiltration and activity of boneforming cells. In this paper, a bilayer PLGA membrane was realized by coupling the dip coating and electrospinning techniques. The rough layer of the double-sided structure was electrospun on the previously prepared smooth dip-coated membrane. A rotating drum collector at two rotating speeds was used to generate different fibers orientation. The bilayer membrane with different superimposed surfaces was successfully fabricated and characterized from a morphological, physicochemical, and the mechanical point of view. Performed analyses revealed that the membrane possesses suitable properties, especially from mechanical point of view, for its possible use as a scaffold for the GTR of periodontum. A high fiber alignment and improved mechanical properties with respect to available GTR membranes characterized the product resulting from this study. KEYWORDS biodegradable, biological applications of polymers, biomaterials, dental polymers, electrospinning, mechanical properties, 1 | INTRODUCTION The untreated periodontal disease such as chronic periodontitis can provoke loss of gingival tissue, connective tissue, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments and consequently the destruction of periodontium, [...]

A study was conducted to evaluate the overall effect of treating periodontal disease during pregnancy. Results show that the highest-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) do not support the hypothesis of a reduction of preterm birth (PTB) or low birth weight (LBW) in women who are treated for periodontal disease.

Reports of two cases in which platelet-rich plasma (PRP) combined with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) was used to treat periodontal endosseous defects. Findings indicate that the combination of PRP and DFDBA may be clinically and radiographically efficacious in the treatment of periodontal endosseous defects.

Trends show that new tools are allowing researchers to understand the mysteries of oral biology and to change the treatment of oral, dental and craniofacial diseases and disorders. It is believed that emerging technologies such as salivary diagnostics and high-resolution imaging will lead to highly effective personalized dental treatments.

It is believed that advances in periodontology in the past 150 years have changed how clinicians detect and treat periodontal diseases. These developments include the demonstration that gingivitis and periodontitis are biofilm-induced infections caused by components of oral microbiota. The relationships between dental plaque and the host periodontal tissues are also examined.

A study was conducted to assess the radiographic characteristics of Class II mandibular furcation involvements as prognostic indicators of healing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Findings indicate that furcation width and lesion height may influence the response of Class II mandibular furcations to nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

A study was conducted to compare contemporary orthodontic treatment with no interventions. Periodontal outcomes measured after end of treatment are evaluated. It is concluded that there is an absence of reliable evidence that will describe the positive effects of orthodontic treatment of periodontal health.

Older patients are more susceptible to periodontal disease (PD), which is an oral inflammatory disease that can lead to ro ot caries and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus . The causes of PD and its proper treatment for elderly patients is discussed based on a review of literature on the topic.

Periodontal disease is estimated to affect 75% of the people in the United States to some extent, and 20 to 30% of the country's adults suffer moderate to severe forms [...]

Attachment loss, the extent of a tooth's root (in millimeters) that is no longer attached to surrounding bone by periodontal ligament, is often used to measure the current state of a patient's periodontal disease and monitor disease progression. Attachment loss data can be analyzed using a conditionally autoregressive (CAR) prior distribution that smooths fitted values toward neighboring values. However, it may be desirable to have more than one class of neighbor relation in the spatial structure, so the different classes of neighbor relations can induce different degrees of smoothing. For example, we may wish to allow smoothing of neighbor pairs bridging the gap between teeth to differ from smoothing of pairs that do not bridge such gaps. Adequately modeling the spatial structure may improve the monitoring of periodontal disease progression. This article develops a two-neighbor-relation CAR model to handle this situation and presents associated theory to help explain the sometimes unusual posterior distributions of the parameters controlling the different types of smoothing. The posterior of these smoothing parameters often has long upper tails, and its shape can change dramatically depending on the spatial structure. Like previous authors, we show that the prior distribution on these parameters has little effect on the posterior of the fixed effects but has a marked influence on the posterior of both the random effects and the smoothing parameters. Our analysis of attachment loss data also suggests that the spatial structure itself varies between individuals. KEY WORDS: Conditional autoregressive prior; Gaussian Markov random field; Identification; Neighbor relations; Periodontal data.

The role of good nutrition in regulating inflammation in periodontal diseases is studied.

The effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on preterm birth was studied to determine the association of maternal periodontal disease with an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. The findings suggested that treatment of periodontitis in pregnant women improves periodontal disease and is safe but does not significantly alter rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, or fetal growth restriction.

Abstract Cyclosporine (CSA) is a commonly used immunosuppressive medication in pediatric transplantation. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is a frequent side effect associated with CSA use and can impair the patient's [...]

A study on use of strong and nonrigid calcium phosphate cement in periodontal osseous repair and to overcome tooth mobility related fractures is presented.

Abstract Gingival diseases are the most widely held diseases in America. In some patients, periodontal disease appears in a generalized form, but more often it appears in localized areas. Furthermore, [...]

Dentists must establish a set of criteria to determine whether any particular treatment for periodontal disease results in a clinical benefit for the patient. Many research studies only evaluate whether one particular treatment is statistically better than another treatment. However, statistical significance is not the same as clinical significance. A treatment can be statistically better than no treatment at all but still not provide a substantial clinical benefit to the patient.

Several procedures are described and illustrated showing dentists how to correct some of the gum abnormalities experienced by patients who have had surgery for periodontal disease. These problems include excessive gum tissue, an uneven gumline, and exposed tooth roots. Crown lengthening, papillary regeneration, and root coverage can be used to correct these problems.

The non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease is effective and can last for up to five years, according to a study of 81 patients. Non-surgical treatment includes scaling, root planing, and the use of antibiotics.

Using a chlorhexidine chip to treat periodontal disease may be more expensive initially, but should result in fewer surgeries. In a study of 484 patients, those who were treated with scaling an root planing plus a chlorhexidine chip were 50% less likely to have surgery than those who were treated with scaling and root planing.

Byline: K. Noguchi (1), K. Iwasaki (1), M. Shitashige (2), M. Umeda (1), Y. Izumi (3), S. Murota (2), I. Ishikawa (1) Keywords: prostaglandin E.sub.2; lipopolysaccharide; ICAM-1; gingival fibroblasts Abstract: In the present study, the effect of prostaglandin E.sub.2 (PGE.sub.2) on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was investigated. LPS were isolated from periodontopathic bacteria, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), by the phenol-water method and Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS was used as a control. PGE.sub.2 significantly inhibited A. actinomycetemcomitans-, P. gingivalis- and E. coli-LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression. Next, of four PGE.sub.2 receptor subtypes (EP.sub.1, EP.sub.2, EP.sub.3 and EP.sub.4), we examined which subtype(s) was involved in inhibition of LPS-elicited ICAM-1 expression by PGE.sub.2. Eleven-deoxy-PGE.sub.1, a selective EP.sub.2/EP.sub.4 agonist, and butaprost, a selective EP.sub.2 agonist, attenuated A. actinomycetemcomitans-, P. gingivalis- and E. coli-LPS-elicited ICAM-1 expression, although butaprost was less potent than PGE.sub.2 and 11-deoxy-PGE.sub.1. Sulprostone, an EP.sub.1/EP.sub.3 agonist, and ONO-AP-324, an EP.sub.3 agonist, was inert to the LPS-elicited ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, dibutyryl cAMP, a cAMP analogue, and forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, downregulated A. actinomycetemcomitans-, P. gingivalis- and E. coli-LPS-elicited ICAM-1 expression in HGF. Our data suggest that PGE.sub.2 downregulates A. actinomycetemcomitans- and P. gingivalis-LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression in HGF, via EP.sub.2/EP.sub.4 receptors by cAMP-dependent signaling pathways. The cAMP-elevating agents such as EP.sub.2/EP.sub.4 receptor activators may serve to control inflammatory and immune responses in periodontal disease. Author Affiliation: (1) Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1--5--45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113--8549, Japan (2) Section of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1--5--45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113--8549, Japan (3) Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890--8544, Japan Article History: Registration Date: 17/10/2004

Most patients with mild-to-moderate periodontal disease can be treated with manual and ultrasonic cleaning. Antibiotics can be used for patients who do not respond to this treatment.

Both tooth planing and antibiotics are needed to combat periodontal disease. Tooth planing involves scraping plaque off teeth, especially below the gumline. Patients will also need to practice good dental hygiene, including the use of home irrigators.

Good oral hygiene is the best way to prevent periodontal disease. Treatments include ultrasonic scaling, topical antibiotics, plastic surgery, and bone replacement grafts.

Dentists should try non-surgical approaches to treating periodontal disease before using surgery. Non-surgical treatments include small biodegradeable polymers containing antibiotics or antiseptics that can be placed inside the periodontal pocket. PerioChip contains the antiseptic compound chlorhexidine and two products called Atridox and Periostat contain the antibiotic doxycycline. Other non-surgical therapies include scaling and root planing.

Fluoride may be useful in the treatment and prevention of gum disease. Long used on tooth surfaces to prevent dental cavities, fluoride solutions may be beneficial in periodontal treatment to improve soft-tissue health and reduce cavities of the tooth root. Daily stannous fluoride irrigation may increase gum attachment to teeth and lessen bleeding, possibly reducing the need for surgery. Stannous fluoride gel may reduce gum inflammation and bacteria levels below the gums. Fluoride treatment during gum surgery may impair tissue healing, so it should be used during nonsurgical dental visits.

The 1996 World Workshop in Periodontics focused on objective evidence-based approaches to diagnosis and treatment rather than subjective experience-based ones. With such stringent methods as the double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, evidence-based approaches to a therapy can be quantified to determine their strengths and weaknesses. The workshop discussed techniques of diagnosis, nonsurgical treatments of gingivitis and periodontitis, and surgical procedures of periodontal therapy. It is hoped that incorporation into individual practice of innovative procedures based on scientific research will serve to benefit doctor and patient alike.

Smokers may heal more slowly after periodontal therapy than non-smokers. Researchers gave detailed mouth examinations to 143 people with periodontal disease who were treated with scaling and root planing. These are mechanical techniques that remove all dental plaque below the gumline. Sixty of the patients were smokers and 55 were former smokers. Current smokers healed more slowly and had greater amounts of bacteria in the pocket between the teeth and gums. Former smokers had the same healing rates as non-smokers.

Tooth loss may not be an accurate measure of the effectiveness of periodontal treatment. In a study of 114 patients with periodontal disease, 60% of the teeth lost after treatment occurred in those who had been classified as downhill or extreme downhill regardless of which treatment they received. Patients in the downhill group lost 4 to 9 teeth during the follow-up while those in the extreme downhill group lost 10 to 23. Half of the 18 people in these two groups had a history of early-onset periodontal disease. Most of the people in the well-maintained group had adult-onset disease. These people lost zero to 3 teeth during the study period.