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Background: Periodontal dressings play a crucial role in post-operative management of periodontal surgeries by protecting surgical sites and promoting wound healing. Biocompatibility evaluation is essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these materials. This study aims to assess the biocompatibility of periodontal dressings through an in vitro approach. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, three commercially available periodontal dressings were evaluated for their biocompatibility. The Dressings were Dressing A: Coe-Pak™ Dressing B: Barricaid® and Dressing C: PeriAcryl®. Human gingival fibroblast cells were cultured and exposed to extracts of the dressings using the MTT assay to assess cell viability. Additionally, cell morphology and attachment were observed under a microscope. The experiment was conducted in triplicate for each dressing. Results: The MTT assay revealed that Dressing A exhibited the highest cell viability with an absorbance value of 0.8 ± 0.1, followed by Dressing B with a value of 0.6 ± 0.2 and Dressing C with a value of 0.5 ± 0.1. Microscopic analysis showed normal cell morphology and attachment in cells exposed to Dressing A and Dressing B extracts, while cells exposed to Dressing C exhibited slight detachment and irregular morphology. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Dressing A and Dressing B demonstrate favorable biocompatibility profiles, as evidenced by higher cell viability and normal cell morphology.

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Multiple-pathogen periodontal disease necessitates a local release and concentration of antibacterial medication to control inflammation in a particular location of the mouth cavity. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively load and deliver medicine/antibiotics to treat numerous complex bacterial infections. This study developed chlorhexidine (CHX)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membranes with controlled release properties as periodontal dressings to prevent or treat oral disorders. Electrostatic spinning was adopted to endow the nanofiber membranes with a high porosity, hydrophilicity, and CHX loading capability. The release of CHX occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The CHX/PCL nanofiber membranes exhibited good biocompatibility with human periodontal ligament stem cells, with cell viability over 85% in each group via CCK-8 assay and LIVE/DEAD staining; moreover, the good attachment of the membrane was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. Through the agar diffusion assay, the nanofiber membranes with only 0.075 wt% CHX exhibited high antibacterial activity against three typical oral infection-causing bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Prevotella intermedia. The results indicated that the CHX/PCL nanofiber holds great potential as a periodontal dressing for the prevention and treatment periodontal disorders associated with bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background - A variety of periodontal dressings are available for use by periodontal surgeons but there is scarcity of original research on periodontal dressings. This makes evidence-based decision making challenging. Aim - The aim of the present study is to compare three different dressings that are Non-Eugenol (COE-PAK), Light cure dressing (Barricaid) and Cellulose based dressing (ResoPac) for evaluation and comparison in terms of wound healing, patient acceptance and plaque accumulation following periodontal flap surgery. Methods - Twenty-Four sites requiring periodontal flap surgery among eight chronic periodontitis patients were randomly divided into three groups. At baseline modified gingival index and Turskey – Glickman – Gilmore Modification of Quigley – Hein plaque index were recorded. In were placed preceding the surgery. At 7th and 14th day modified gingival index, Turskey – Glickman – Gilmore Modification of Quigley – Hein plaque index, wound healing index and using Visual analogue scale pain and discomfort were assessed. Statistical analysis was done using one way ANOVA test and paired t test. Results - At 7th post-operative day there was significant reduction in plaque accumulation and scores of modified gingival index in Barricaid and ResoPac compared to COE-PAK. Barricaid and ResoPac showed significantly better healing compared to COE-PAK. Statistically significant difference was seen in the VAS scores of Barricaid and ResoPac when compared to COE-PAK. Conclusions: - Barricaid showed better healing compared to COE-PAK and ResoPac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this study was to formulate an experimental light-cured periodontal dressing containing alpha-humulene and to compare its physical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties with commercial gold standards (Barricaid® and Periobond®). Two periodontal dressing formulations were developed (a and b). The formulations were divided into 5 groups according to the alpha-humulene concentration as follows: Ea - control group, Ea1 - 1%, Ea5 - 5%, Ea10 - 10%, and Ea20 - 20%; Eb - control group, Eb1 - 1%, Eb5 - 5%, Eb10 - 10%, and Eb20 - 20%. Materials characterization was performed using the degree of conversion, cohesive strength, sorption, and solubility assays. Antimicrobial assay was performed using the modified direct contact test against E. faecalis and S. aureus. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the cell viability experiment using L929 fibroblasts. In general, the cohesive strength values of materials decreased as the alpha-humulene concentration increased. All the experimental dressings showed antimicrobial activity against both bacteria tested. Cell viability results for the Ea, Ea1, Eb, and Eb1 groups showed moderate cytotoxic effect. The formulations containing alpha-humulene showed similar behavior to the commercial references. Thus, formulations containing alpha-humulene have potential to be used as periodontal dressing.

The objective of this study was to formulate an experimental light-cured periodontal dressing containing alpha-humulene and to compare its physical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties with commercial gold standards (Barricaid® and Periobond®). Two periodontal dressing formulations were developed (a and b). The formulations were divided into 5 groups according to the alpha-humulene concentration as follows: Ea - control group, Ea1 - 1%, Ea5 - 5%, Ea10 - 10%, and Ea20 - 20%; Eb - control group, Eb1 - 1%, Eb5 - 5%, Eb10 - 10%, and Eb20 - 20%. Materials characterization was performed using the degree of conversion, cohesive strength, sorption, and solubility assays. Antimicrobial assay was performed using the modified direct contact test against E. faecalis and S. aureus. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the cell viability experiment using L929 fibroblasts. In general, the cohesive strength values of materials decreased as the alpha-humulene concentration increased. All the experimental dressings showed antimicrobial activity against both bacteria tested. Cell viability results for the Ea, Ea1, Eb, and Eb1 groups showed moderate cytotoxic effect. The formulations containing alpha-humulene showed similar behavior to the commercial references. Thus, formulations containing alpha-humulene have potential to be used as periodontal dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the health of the gums and supporting structures (periodontium) is crucial during dental restoration procedures to achieve optimal function and appearance of the teeth. Understanding the anatomy, the impact of restorative materials, and their interaction with the periodontium is essential for successful treatment outcomes. Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of gingiva and bone tissue to expose more of the tooth structure, thereby increasing the visible portion of the tooth (clinical crown height). To protect the wound from mechanical trauma and stability of the surgical site during the healing process, periodontal dressing can be applied after surgery. Ozone therapy has demonstrated its effectiveness in promoting the healing of various types of wounds, including chronic and difficult-to-heal wounds, as an antibacterial agent and in modulating the immune system. Thus, this study aimed to compare, evaluate, and assess the use of periodontal dressing with that of ozonated olive oil after the crown lengthening procedure., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kotecha et al.)

Background: Periodontal dressings play a crucial role in post-operative management of periodontal surgeries by protecting surgical sites and promoting wound healing. Biocompatibility evaluation is essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these materials. This study aims to assess the biocompatibility of periodontal dressings through an in vitro approach., Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, three commercially available periodontal dressings were evaluated for their biocompatibility. The Dressings were Dressing A: Coe-Pak ™ Dressing B: Barricaid ® and Dressing C: PeriAcryl ® . Human gingival fibroblast cells were cultured and exposed to extracts of the dressings using the MTT assay to assess cell viability. Additionally, cell morphology and attachment were observed under a microscope. The experiment was conducted in triplicate for each dressing., Results: The MTT assay revealed that Dressing A exhibited the highest cell viability with an absorbance value of 0.8 ± 0.1, followed by Dressing B with a value of 0.6 ± 0.2 and Dressing C with a value of 0.5 ± 0.1. Microscopic analysis showed normal cell morphology and attachment in cells exposed to Dressing A and Dressing B extracts, while cells exposed to Dressing C exhibited slight detachment and irregular morphology., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Dressing A and Dressing B demonstrate favorable biocompatibility profiles, as evidenced by higher cell viability and normal cell morphology., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Multiple-pathogen periodontal disease necessitates a local release and concentration of antibacterial medication to control inflammation in a particular location of the mouth cavity. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively load and deliver medicine/antibiotics to treat numerous complex bacterial infections. This study developed chlorhexidine (CHX)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membranes with controlled release properties as periodontal dressings to prevent or treat oral disorders. Electrostatic spinning was adopted to endow the nanofiber membranes with a high porosity, hydrophilicity, and CHX loading capability. The release of CHX occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The CHX/PCL nanofiber membranes exhibited good biocompatibility with human periodontal ligament stem cells, with cell viability over 85% in each group via CCK-8 assay and LIVE/DEAD staining; moreover, the good attachment of the membrane was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. Through the agar diffusion assay, the nanofiber membranes with only 0.075 wt% CHX exhibited high antibacterial activity against three typical oral infection-causing bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Prevotella intermedia. The results indicated that the CHX/PCL nanofiber holds great potential as a periodontal dressing for the prevention and treatment periodontal disorders associated with bacteria.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of two commercially available and one experimental periodontal dressing materials. The cytotoxicity of Periobond ® , Barricaid ® and one experimental periodontal dressing based on Exothane ® 8 monomer was tested on 3T3/NIH mouse fibroblast. Genotoxicity was assessed by micronuclei formation, and cell alterations were analyzed using light microscopy. Both biological assays were performed using the eluate obtained from specimens after 24, 72, or 168 hours of incubation. Mechanical characterization was assessed through the ultimate tensile strength and the water sorption and solubility tests. The significance level of α = 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. All the materials promoted a cell viability lower than 60% in all evaluated times. In general, the cell viability was significantly reduced after 72 and 168h of specimens’ incubation. Considering the factor material, there were not statistical differences in the cell viability (p = 0.156). The genotoxicity was not statistically significant among the groups in the different periods of time (p > 0.05). Differences in the ultimate tensile strength values were not statistically significant different among the groups (p = 0.125). Periobond ® showed the higher water sorption values (p < 0.001). Regarding solubility, there were no statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.098). All the periodontal dressing materials evaluated in this study exerted a cytotoxic effect against mouse fibroblasts, and their toxicity became more evident over time. Among the materials evaluated, the experimental light-cure type has shown overall similar properties to the commercial references.

Background: Gingival-enlargement (GE) is enlargement of gingiva which reaches to the tooth cervical due to inflammation or fibrotic enlargement. Gingivectomy, an excision and incision procedure of gingival tissue for fibrotic GE patients to eliminate pockets and restore normal gingival contour. Periodontal-dressing is a postgingivectomy wound-dressing to promote healing in plasticine-like form which may cause discomfort because it stands-out on patient's gums. In addition, some periodontal-dressing contains eugenol, causing necrosis and allergies. Therefore, a material is needed periodontal-dressing which potentially accelerates post-gingivectomy wound healing. Combination of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) and hyaluronic-acid (HA) is biomaterial which can be obtained easily and potentially as antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in post-gingivectomy wounds and may accelerate wound healing. Hydrogel is a crosslinking polymer in colloidal-gel form which easily absorbs by gingiva. Purpose: to review the potential of core-shell nanoparticles EGCG and HA as absorbable-dressings based hydrogel to accelerate post-gingivectomy wound healing. Discussion: Gingivectomy is a lateral wall pocket elimination procedure at GE to restore normal gingival contours. HA is a natural polymer which is non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible which may stimulate cell migration, angiogenesis, reduce inflammation, and enhance fibroblast proliferation. EGCG is 80% catechin in green tea which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. EGGC may induce fibroblast proliferation in gingiva, inhibit free-radicals, also induce VEGF and FGF2. Periodontal-dressing in hydrogel form is able to comfort patient because it is absorbable and may maintains moist environment. Conclusion: Core-shell nanoparticle EGCG and HA potentially to be absorbable-dressing based hydrogel to accelerate post-gingivectomy wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of two commercially available and one experimental periodontal dressing materials. The cytotoxicity of Periobond®, Barricaid® and one experimental periodontal dressing based on Exothane® 8 monomer was tested on 3T3/NIH mouse fibroblast. Genotoxicity was assessed by micronuclei formation, and cell alterations were analyzed using light microscopy. Both biological assays were performed using the eluate obtained from specimens after 24, 72, or 168 hours of incubation. Mechanical characterization was assessed through the ultimate tensile strength and the water sorption and solubility tests. The significance level of a = 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. All the materials promoted a cell viability lower than 60% in all evaluated times. In general, the cell viability was significantly reduced after 72 and 168h of specimens' incubation. Considering the factor material, there were not statistical differences in the cell viability (p = 0.156). The genotoxicity was not statistically significant among the groups in the different periods of time (p > 0.05). Differences in the ultimate tensile strength values were not statistically significant different among the groups (p = 0.125). Periobond® showed the higher water sorption values (p < 0.001). Regarding solubility, there were no statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.098). All the periodontal dressing materials evaluated in this study exerted a cytotoxic effect against mouse fibroblasts, and their toxicity became more evident over time. Among the materials evaluated, the experimental light-cure type has shown overall similar properties to the commercial references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postoperative periodontal wound is in a complex physiological environment; the bacteria accumulation, the saliva stimulation, and the food residues retention will aggravate the wound deterioration. Commercial periodontal dressings have been widely used for postoperative periodontal treatment, and there still exists some problems, such as poor biocompatibility, weak adhesion, insufficient antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, a chitosan-gallic acid graft copolymer (CS-GA) is synthesized as a potential periodontal dressing hydrogel. CS-GA possesses high swelling rate, adjustable degradability, self-healing ability, biocompatibility, strong adhesion ability, high mechanical properties and toughness. Furthermore, CS-GA has good scavenging ability for ·OH, O 2 - , and 1 O 2. And CS-GA has good inhibition effect on different bacterial through bacterial membranes damage. CS-GA can stop bleeding in a short time and adsorb erythrocytes to form physical blood clots to enhance the hemostatic performance. In addition, CS-GA can reduce inflammatory factors expressions, increase collagen fibers deposition, and neovascularization to promote wounds healing, which makes it as a potential periodontal dressing for postoperative tissue restoration., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: Zinc oxide-eugenol dressing is widely used in the dentistry field. Eugenol in wound dressing acts as an antibacterial and analgesic agent but known to cause hypersensitivity reaction and allergies. Curcuma longa rhizome extract could perform as a substitute of eugenol as its active compounds have an anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. It has also been shown to have proangiogenic and promote wound healing. This study aimed to discover the number of neovascular in the wound healing process after the application of zinc oxide and C. longa rhizome extract wound dressing. Materials and Methods: Full-thickness excision wound of 6 mm × 6 mm was made in the dorsal of 32 Wistar strains Rattus norvegicus, before being equally divided into eight groups (n = 4): four control groups (C3, C5, C7, and C14) without any dressing and 4 treatment groups (T3, T5, T7, and T14) were dressed with zinc oxide and C. longa extract wound dressing. The rats consecutively sacrificed on day 3 (C3, T3), day 5 (C5, T5), day 7 (C7, T7), and day 14 (C14, T14) to observe the neovascular pattern and number using H and E staining. Obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The neovascular growth in both control and treatment groups have the same pattern, while the number of neovascular in treatment groups significantly higher than the control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Wound dressing combination of zinc oxide and C. longa extract can increase the number of neovascular in the wound healing process, while the optimum duration of application is 14 days.

ABM/P-15 is a combination of a natural anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix (ABM) and a synthetic cell-binding peptide (P-15; PepGen P-15) that has shown the capacity to encourage substantial clinical fill of periodontal infrabony defects. Human histology following its use has not been evaluated on pathologic root surfaces. A maxillary lateral incisor with advanced adult periodontitis that was treatment planned for extraction was treated with sulcular incisions, full-thickness flap reflection, debridement of granulomatous tissue from the defect, placement of a notch in the root at the apical extent of calculus, mechanical root planing, brief cleansing with citric acid, grafting with ABM/P-15, wound closure with sutures, and placement of a periodontal dressing. Biweekly to monthly recalls were made until removal of a small block section biopsy at about 6 months. Histologic evaluation of the region coronal to the apical edge of the calculus notch showed evidence of regeneration (new cementum, bone, and periodontal ligament). Graft particles were still present at 6 months, but no evidence of root resorption, ankylosis, or untoward inflammation was seen. This case report fulfills the proof of principle that use of ABM/P-15 can result in periodontal regeneration on previously diseased root surfaces in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zinc oxide-turmeric dressing was known to have better anti-inflammatory properties than zinc oxide-eugenol dressing, but the optimal application duration is yet to be discovered. Aims: This study aimed to determine the optimal application duration of zinc oxide-turmeric dressing through molecular observation of neovascularization and expression of MAC387 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) during wound healing process in rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5), Full-thickness excision of 6x6 mm was made on the dorsal area of all subjects and following the excision: the control (C) group was left undressed, while treatment groups was dresed with zinc oxide turmeric dressing for 3 days (T3 group), 5 days (T5 groups), and 7 days (T7 groups) prior to being sacrificed on day 7. All subjects were sacrificed on day 7. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to identify the neovascularization and MAC387 and COX-2 expressions. Data obtained were analyzed with analysis of variance and least significant difference test. Results: There was a significant higher neovascular number, higher MAC387 expression, and lower COX-2 expression in T5 and T7 groups compared to the C group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of zinc oxide-turmeric wound dressing for 5 and 7 days could increase both neovascularization and MAC387 expression and also decrease COX-2 expression on the observation day in day 7. The optimal application duration is 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study of a technique of using a copper band to enhance the retention of periodontal dressing on solitary teeth. A periodontal dressing is hypothesized of having several benefits in postoperative tooth immobilization, prevention of further damage and also some degree of hemostasis and tissue stasis and it is these benefits the technique aims to tap. The technique involves placing of a copper band, with vertical slits cut, which are then folded downward. Later a narrow roll is placed around the tooth. It was found that the copper band is recommendable as an aid to increase dressing stability and retention on surgical sites.

The article focuses on the treatment of gingival deformities by the regeneration of the interdental papillae by using periodic curettage. It is stated that the anterior dentition is disfigured by the gingival deformities caused by acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), and if the disease is treated early, spontaneous regeneration of the interdental papillae is possible. In the periodic curettage technique, the roots of the teeth adjacent to gingival cratering are smoothened, and gingival curettage is performed to remove the sulcular and junctional epithelia without damaging the underlying connective tissue. A periodontal pack is applied to protect the healing tissues. The article also presents several case studies on the treatment of gingival cratering.

Photographs of several clinical and laboratory procedures related to convertible periodontal prosthesis are presented.

Introduction: Zinc oxide-eugenol dressing is widely used in the dentistry field. Eugenol in wound dressing acts as an antibacterial and analgesic agent but known to cause hypersensitivity reaction and allergies. Curcuma longa rhizome extract could perform as a substitute of eugenol as its active compounds have an anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. It has also been shown to have proangiogenic and promote wound healing. This study aimed to discover the number of neovascular in the wound healing process after the application of zinc oxide and C. longa rhizome extract wound dressing. Materials and Methods: Full-thickness excision wound of 6 mm x 6 mm was made in the dorsal of 32 Wistar strains Rattus norvegicus, before being equally divided into eight groups (n = 4): four control groups (C3, C5, C7, and C14) without any dressing and 4 treatment groups (T3, T5, T7, and T14) were dressed with zinc oxide and C. longa extract wound dressing. The rats consecutively sacrificed on day 3 (C3, T3), day 5 (C5, T5), day 7 (C7, T7), and day 14 (C14, T14) to observe the neovascular pattern and number using H and E staining. Obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The neovascular growth in both control and treatment groups have the same pattern, while the number of neovascular in treatment groups significantly higher than the control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Wound dressing combination of zinc oxide and C. longa extract can increase the number of neovascular in the wound healing process, while the optimum duration of application is 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review is intended to find links between periodontal materials of the dentomaxillary apparatus and cell biology at the beginning of a century fraught with various forms of periodontal diseases and needing new treatment strategies. The manuscript has two different parts. The first describes the anatomy of tooth supporting structures, as well as related pathologies. The second part is related to cell and molecular biology in the context of periodontal regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim was to compare the gingival tissue response following placement of a light cure dressing (Barricaid®) and a non-eugenol periodontal dressing (Coe-Pak™) after periodontal flap procedure. This was carried out by evaluating plaque deposition underneath both the dressings, healing response and the patient preference for each. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis requiring surgery in at least two different quadrants were enrolled for this split-mouth study. After periodontal flap surgery, Coe-Pak™ was placed in the quadrant assigned to Group I and Barricaid® was placed in the other quadrant assigned to Group II. Clinical parameters were recorded on day 7 and day 14. Patient comfort and pain levels were also evaluated by a questionnaire. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in wound healing and the clinical gingival parameters between two groups. The only significant difference was found in the plaque attached underneath the dressing, with Coe-Pak™ showing greater plaque accumulation than Barricaid®. Seventy five (75) % of the patients preferred Barricaid® over Coe-Pak™, based on its appearance and taste. Conclusion: The non-eugenol dressing seemed to retain more plaque on its undersurface than light-cure dressing. However, this did not have much influence on the healing outcome and clinical gingival parameters, which were optimal and comparable in both groups. The greater number of patients showed a preference for light cure dressing, based on its superior esthetics and taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effects of two different concentrations of topical hyaluronic acid (HA) on postoperative patient discomfort and wound healing of palatal donor sites after free gingival graft (FGG) surgery.Methods: Thirty-six patients requiring FGG were randomly assigned into three groups in an examiner-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial. After harvesting palatal grafts, 0.2% and 0.8% HA gels were used in test groups 1 and 2, respectively. Gels were applied on donor sites and protected with periodontal dressing in the test groups, whereas the wound was covered only with periodontal dressing in the control group. On days 3, 7, 14, and 21, pain and burning sensation were recorded using a visual analog scale (VAS) as well as other parameters such as complete epithelization (CE) and color match on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42.Results: Test groups experienced less pain than the control group on days 3 and 7 (P <0.001 and P <0.001, respectively). Mean VAS score for burning sensation was higher in the control group on day 3 compared with test groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). CE in all patients was achieved on day 21 in both test groups, whereas it was achieved on day 42 in the control group. The test groups showed higher color match scores than the control group on days 21 (P <0.001 and P <0.001, respectively) and 42 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively).Conclusion: Topical application of HA exhibits positive impact on postoperative pain and burning sensation, and accelerates palatal wound healing in terms of epithelization and color match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to compare the cytotoxicity of Reso-Pac and Coe-Pak periodontal dressing. Material and Methods: According to ISO-10993-12:2012, 1-, 3- and 7-day extracts of the two periodontal dressings were prepared in cell culture medium and exposed to the two cultured cell lines. Cell viability and proliferation at 24 h and 72 h following exposure were evaluated using quantitative MTT assay. Results: The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the viability of cells exposed to the 3- and 7-day Coe-Pak extracts at 24 h and 72 h compared to the control group (no exposure to the extract). Reso-Pac extracts slightly decreased cell viability compared to the control group. Understudy materials showed greater cytotoxicity against human osteoblast-like compared to the human gingival fibroblast cells. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in the viability of cells exposed to undiluted (100%) one-day extract and diluted (50%) extract of both understudy materials at 24 h and 72 h after exposure. Conclusions: Based on the results, Reso-Pac periodontal dressing has less cytotoxicity than Coe-Pak.

Recent studies have indicated a potential correlation between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal inflammation. We undertook this study to verify whether RA mediates periodontitis-like phenotypes in experimental mouse models of RA and to explore the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in periodontal inflammation during RA pathogenesis. Periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss have been reported in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and in genetically modified tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) transgenic (TG) mouse models. Among the adipokines examined in our study, NAMPT expression was markedly upregulated in the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues in RA mouse models and in human PDL cells stimulated by the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL) 1β and TNF-α. When NAMPT was overexpressed with the Nampt-synthesizing adenovirus vector (Ad- Nampt), the PDL cells exhibited an increased expression of cytokines (IL6), chemokines (IL8 and chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 5 [CCL5]), inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase 2 [COX-2]), and matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] 1 and MMP3). Inhibition of NAMPT by the intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT) inhibitor, FK866, or by the sirtuin inhibitor, nicotinamide, in PDL cells led to inhibition of the IL1β or Ad- Nampt-induced upregulation of catabolic factors, whereas treatment with recombinant NAMPT protein or blockade of extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) with blocking antibody did not. Moreover, NAMPT inhibition by the intraperitoneal or intragingival injection of FK866 in CIA mice inhibited periodontal tissue damage, under conditions of RA. Thus, our results verified the co-occurrence of RA and periodontal inflammation using experimental mouse models of RA, suggesting that iNAMPT in PDL cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA-mediated periodontal inflammation by regulating the expression levels of catabolic genes, such as IL6, IL8, CCL5, COX-2, MMP1, and MMP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestos was used in dentistry as a binder in periodontal dressings and as lining material for casting rings and crucible. However, until now, only one case of malignant mesothelioma with occupational exposure to asbestos in dental practice has been reported. We present 4 pleural mesotheliomas out of 5344 cases identified in Lombardy, Italy, in 2000-2014. Three men had been working as dental laboratory technicians, with asbestos exposure for 10, 34, and 4 years, and one woman had been helping her husband for 30 years in manufacturing dental prostheses. The men described the use of asbestos as a lining material for casting rings, while the woman was not able to confirm this use. We confirm the association of malignant mesothelioma with dental technician work. Dental technicians suffering from mesothelioma should be questioned about past occupational asbestos exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose o f this study was to evaluate in vivo the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide (CH) dressings, with or without chlorhexidine (CHX), on human primary teeth with apical periodontitis. Methods: Forty root canals in 40 children were selected. A first microbiological sample was obtained after coronal opening, and the teeth were randomly assigned to Group I (root canals filled with CH paste) and Group 2 (CH paste plus 1.0 percent CHX). After 30 days, the dressing was removed and the canals were allowed to remain empty for 72 hours. Subsequently, the second microbiological sample was collected. After performing microbiological tests, the data were subjected to statistical analysis to compare the two CH dressings regarding reducing the absolute levels of microorganisms and with respect to total microbial elimination. All analyses were performed with a significance level of five percent. Results: Both CH dressings provided a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms (anaerobic, aerobic, black-pigmented bacilli, streptococci and Streptococcus mutans) in a similar way (P>0.05). However, in terms of complete elimination of microbiota, CH paste alone exhibited greater efficacy (P<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of chlorhexidine did not provide additional antimicrobial benefits compared with pure calcium hydroxide paste as an intraconal dressing in primary teeth with apical periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to compare the cytotoxicity of Reso-Pac and Coe-Pak periodontal dressing. Material and Methods: According to ISO-10993-12:2012, 1-, 3- and 7-day extracts of the two periodontal dressings were prepared in cell culture medium and exposed to the two cultured cell lines. Cell viability and proliferation at 24 h and 72 h following exposure were evaluated using quantitative MTT assay. Results: The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the viability of cells exposed to the 3- and 7-day Coe-Pak extracts at 24 h and 72 h compared to the control group (no exposure to the extract). Reso-Pac extracts slightly decreased cell viability compared to the control group. Understudy materials showed greater cytotoxicity against human osteoblast-like compared to the human gingival fibroblast cells. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in the viability of cells exposed to undiluted (100%) one-day extract and diluted (50%) extract of both understudy materials at 24 h and 72 h after exposure. Conclusions: Based on the results, Reso-Pac periodontal dressing has less cytotoxicity than Coe-Pak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelfoam biodegradable mesh was used in the surgical treatment of an infrabony defect in a 30-year-old patient. A similar defect in the same patient was treated in the same way, but the mesh was not placed. The soft tissue of the site that received the mesh healed faster, with regeneration of normal anatomy and keratinized epithelium, minimal soft tissue recession, and reduced postoperative crevice depths. The simple clinical placement technique and the complete resorption of the material, which obviates the need for a secondary surgical procedure for removal of the material, are advantages over the currently used nondegradable materials. Further work is required to establish whether this material has the potential to be used routinely in surgical regeneration procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Free gingival grafts have been used extensively for gingival augmentation procedures, but are associated with postoperative morbidity because of the open palatal wound. This study compares the clinical efficiency of two dressing materials, a non-eugenol-based dressing (Coe-Pak™) and a collagen dressing (Colla Cote® ) on palatal wound healing. Materials and Methods : Thirty-two patients in the age group of 25−50 years, who required gingival augmentation, were selected. Free gingival graft was harvested from the palatal mucosa and the wound was then protected using Coe-pak; in control group and Colla Cote; in test group. The subjective parameters pain and burning sensation were recorded on the 2 nd and 7 th day and the objective parameters colour and consistency were recorded on the 7 th and 42 nd day, using a visual analog scale. Thickness of the mucosa was measured using K file at baseline and 42 nd day. Histological examination was done on 42 nd day. Results : The subjective and objective parameters showed significant improvement in the test group when compared to control group. Histologically, there was a greater evidence of collagen formation and turn over in the test group than control group. Conclusions : Collagen-based dressing may thus offer significantly greater advantages over the traditional non-eugenol dressings.

Although the use of periodontal dressings is currently limited, there are some indications for their use. Selection of any material that will have direct contact with live tissues, such as periodontal dressings, should be careful in order to allow surgical wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity of inflammatory response and bone formation in tooth sockets of rats after implantation of three periodontal dressings. After removal of the right maxillary incisors of 84 male rats, each tooth socket received implantation of a polyethylene tube, 63 of which were filled with non-eugenol periodontal dressing and the remaining 21 tubes remained empty (control group). Histological evaluation assessed the intensity of inflammatory response and presence and location of bone tissue formation at postoperative periods of 7, 14 and 28 days. Statistical analysis was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Regarding the inflammatory infiltrate, at 28 days, there was statistically significant difference between one of periodontal dressings and control group (p

It has been claimed that periodontal dressing reduces the risk of wound infection, bleeding and granulation tissue formation and improves tissue healing. This study sought to assess the effect of periodontal dressing on wound healing and patient satisfaction following periodontal flap surgery.This clinical trial was conducted on 33 patients presenting to Hamadan University, School of Dentistry in 2012 whose treatment plan included two periodontal surgical procedures on both quadrants of the maxilla or mandible. The variables evaluated were severity of pain, bleeding, facial swelling and ease of nutrition experienced by patient during the first 3 days after surgery and inflammation, granulation tissue formation and gingival color at 7 and 14 days. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and R software and chi-square and t-tests.The mean (±SD) pain score was 1.73±1.153 and 2.79±1.933 in surgical sites with and without periodontal dressing, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.005). No significant difference was noted between sites with and without periodontal dressing in terms of swelling, bleeding, gingival consistency, granulation tissue formation, gingival color and ease of nutrition (P>0.05).According to the results of the present study, patients did not experience more bleeding, facial swelling or nutritional problems without periodontal dressing; however, the level of pain experienced was lower after surgeries with the use of periodontal dressing.

Introduction Calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH] 2 ) is a widely used interappointment dressing, but its antibacterial property is compromised by dentin. Hence, the addition of chlorhexidine (CHX) with Ca(OH) 2 has been proposed. However, the antimicrobial efficacy of this mixture compared with Ca(OH) 2 alone is currently still debatable. Cysteamine is a mucolytic agent used to reduce the viscosity of mucus through the disruption of proteins, which are also important components of the extracellular matrix of biofilms. The aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of cysteamine alone and in combination with Ca(OH) 2 to eradicate Enterococcus faecalis biofilm compared with CHX with Ca(OH) 2 , and to determine if this effect is affected by dentin. Methods The biofilm eradication efficacies of Ca(OH) 2 alone and with cysteamine were determined using 7-day E. faecalis biofilm cultured on dentin discs and compared with Ca(OH) 2 with 2% CHX. The effects of dentin on the efficacies of Ca(OH) 2 alone and with either cysteamine or CHX were examined. Results Cysteamine alone completely abolished E. faecalis biofilm at 200 mg/mL. The combination of Ca(OH) 2 with either cysteamine at 10 mg/mL or 2% CHX completely obliterated E. faecalis biofilm. Cysteamine with Ca(OH) 2 completely eradicated E. faecalis biofilm despite preincubation with dentin, whereas CHX with Ca(OH) 2 was less effective. Conclusions Cysteamine effectively eliminated E. faecalis biofilm and showed synergistic effects in combination with Ca(OH) 2 , which were unaffected by dentin. Hence, our findings support the use of cysteamine as a potential adjunct to Ca(OH) 2 as an interappointment dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical wound dressings have been employed over several centuries for the purpose of protection of surgical sites, to prevent postoperative infection and to accelerate healing. Periodontal dressings, also known as periodontal packs, provide similar benefits when applied after periodontal surgical procedures. They can broadly be categorized as eugenolbased dressings and noneugenol dressings. Over the years, many modifications have been made to the composition of such dressings to improve their physical and therapeutic properties. Controversies surrounding the rationale for their use, advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly employed periodontal dressings and their current status in clinical practice are described in this comprehensive review. From the evidence-based literature presented here, we have also attempted to answer the question of whether there is a universal need for the application of periodontal dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It has been claimed that periodontal dressing reduces the risk of wound infection, bleeding and granulation tissue formation and improves tissue healing. This study sought to assess the effect of periodontal dressing on wound healing and patient satisfaction following periodontal flap surgery. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 33 patients presenting to Hamadan University, School of Dentistry in 2012 whose treatment plan included two periodontal surgical procedures on both quadrants of the maxilla or mandible. The variables evaluated were severity of pain, bleeding, facial swelling and ease of nutrition experienced by patient during the first 3 days after surgery and inflammation, granulation tissue formation and gingival color at 7 and 14 days. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 and R software and chi-square and t-tests. Results: The mean (±SD) pain score was 1.73±1.153 and 2.79±1.933 in surgical sites with and without periodontal dressing, respectively and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.005). No significant difference was noted between sites with and without periodontal dressing in terms of swelling, bleeding, gingival consistency, granulation tissue formation, gingival color and ease of nutrition (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, patients did not experience more bleeding, facial swelling or nutritional problems without periodontal dressing; however, the level of pain experienced was lower after surgeries with the use of periodontal dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)) dressing in root canals and the effects of subsequent acid etching on the adhesion of luting resins to root canals. Materials and methods: Root specimens were prepared from extracted human permanent molars. Specimen canals were (1) filled with etch-and-rinse (Nexus® third generation (NX3)) and two self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem, Maxcem Elite) luting resins, respectively; (2) dressed with Ca(OH) before Ca(OH) removal and luting resin filling; (3) dressed with Ca(OH) before Ca(OH) removal and post-cementation; or (4) treated as described in item (2) except that the canals were further etched with phosphoric acid before luting resin filling. Push-out bond strengths were measured and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and Fisher's multiple comparison tests provided a follow-up comparison among these four canal treatments. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the specimen surfaces. Results: Ca(OH) dressing adversely affected the bond strengths to canal dentin of the three luting resins tested. Acid etching did not increase the bond strengths. Infrared analysis revealed that Ca(OH) dressing caused no structural changes on the dentin surface. XPS and SEM analyses revealed Ca(OH) remnants as the ultimate chemical cause leading to the decrease in bond strength. Conclusions: The bond strength of luting resin to dentin was affected by Ca(OH) dressing. Acid etching treatment could not increase the bond strength. Clinical relevance: Adhesion of the fiber post to the root canal wall may be compromised after Ca(OH) dressing. An effective method for complete removal of Ca(OH) dressing or increase of bond strength for luting resin needs to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To quantify bacterial equivalents before and after chemomechanical preparation using 3% sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl) and intracanal dressing with calcium hydroxide paste ( Ca(OH)2) or 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate gel ( CHX) in necrotic pulps associated or not with apical periodontitis and to further compare this quantification with counts of anaerobic microorganisms. Methodology Prospective clinical trial in 69 single-rooted adult teeth (strict inclusion criteria); CHX group: 34; Ca(OH)2 group: 35. Bacteria samples were taken at baseline ( S1), after chemomechanical preparation ( S2) and after 14 days of intracanal dressing ( S3). Bacterial equivalents were assessed by broad-range real-time polymerase chain reaction (q PCR), and live viable bacteria measured with conventional anaerobic culture ( CFU/mL). Descriptive/inferential analysis was performed with spss vs. 20.0 (α = 0.05) using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests and Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results Both groups showed a significant decrease between S1 and S2 (Mann-Whitney U-test; P < 0.001) both in q PCR and in culture. In the Ca(OH)2-group, no variation was observed between S2 and S3 by q PCR and culture. In contrast, the CHX group showed a significant increase from S2 to S3 by both techniques. The two groups were only significantly different in S3 (Mann-Whitney U-test; P ≤ 0.001), with a worse performance in the CHX group. Again, these results were congruent by both approaches. Data from both approaches correlate reasonably ( rS < 0.5). Conclusions Infected root canals contained a high bacterial load, and the chemomechanical root canal preparation reduced bacterial equivalents by 99.1% and anaerobic counts by 98.5%. Intracanal dressings were not efficient at reducing bacterial load, but the 14-day intracanal dressing with Ca(OH)2 performed significantly better than CHX, particularly in cases with apical periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]