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RESUMO Introdução: A cirurgia de mastopexia associada ao aumento mamário vem sendo cada vez mais solicitada. Ao mesmo tempo, pacientes com graus menores de ptose aceitam menos as correções por meio de cicatrizes verticais. Nesse contexto, a mastopexia periareolar (circum-areolar) com implante cônico é uma opção que resulta em cicatriz limitada ao perímetro areolar e possibilita o tratamento das alterações de posição e tamanho do complexo aréolo-papilar. Método: Foram avaliadas 22 pacientes, submetidas à mastopexia periareolar com utilização de próteses cônicas, revestidas com poliuretano, colocadas em posição subglandular e operadas pelo mesmo cirurgião. Resultados: Dados observados: 45% das pacientes apresentavam ptose grau I; 32%, grau II, e 23%, grau III; 86% das pacientes apresentavam assimetria do complexo aréolo-papilar; 27%, lateralização, e 18%, aréolas grandes, havendo associações na mesma paciente. O volume das próteses variou de 215 mL a 380 mL. Houve dois casos de alargamento da cicatriz, mas não houve casos de alargamento de aréola ou cicatriz hipertrófica. Não houve, no período pesquisado, complicações relacionadas à colocação do implante. No questionário de satisfação, a maioria das pacientes considerou o aspecto da mama natural, conferindo boas notas aos aspectos: formato, simetria e altura das mamas, qualidade da cicatriz e posição, formato e tamanho das aréolas. Conclusões: A técnica permite resultados satisfatórios nos casos indicados, como ptoses leves a moderadas, aréolas grandes, lateralização e assimetria do complexo aréolo-papilar. São aspectos técnicos importantes: a retirada conservadora de pele periareolar, o uso de implantes de tamanhos moderados e a confecção da sutura de contenção em round-block. ABSTRACT Introduction: Mastopexy surgery associated with breast augmentation is increasingly being requested. At the same time, patients with lower degrees of ptosis are less receptive to any correction through vertical scars. In this context, periareolar (circumareolar) mastopexy with a conical implant is an option that results in a scar that is limited to the areolar perimeter, and enables the treatment of changes in the position and size of the nipple-areola complex. Method: We evaluated 22 patients submitted to periareolar mastopexy with use of conical prostheses coated with polyurethane and placed in a subglandular position. All patients were operated on by the same surgeon. Results: Among the patients, 45% presented with grade I ptosis, 32% grade II, and 23% grade III, and 86% exhibited asymmetry of the nipple-areola complex, 27% lateralization, and 18% large areolas, with some combination in the same patient. The volume of the prostheses ranged from 215 to 380 mL. There were two cases of scar enlargement; however, there were no cases of enlargement of the areola or hypertrophic scar. During the period studied, there were no complications related to the placement of the implant. In the satisfaction questionnaire, most of the patients considered the aspect of the breast to be natural in appearance, giving good grades to the size, symmetry, and height of the breasts; the quality of the scar; and the position, shape, and size of the areolas. Conclusions: This technique produces satisfactory results in cases of mild to moderate ptoses, large areolas, lateralization, and asymmetry of the nipple-areola complex. Important technical aspects include the conservative removal of periareolar skin, use of implants of moderate sizes, and the use of the round-block containment suture.

Summary Purpose In addition to women, men also undergo breast surgeries, and early studies on the blood supply of breasts are nearly all conducted in female subjects. The vasculature of the male breast is seldom studied. Understanding the male-specific blood supply of the breast is important for pre-operative planning and reducing complications. The purpose of this retrospective study is to fill the gap in the literature by describing the main blood supply and its orientation in the male breast. Methods We retrospectively evaluated thoracic computed tomographic angiography (CTA) data from January 1, 2017 to July 30, 2019. Single or multiple dominant arteries and their origins were traced, and the artery route and orientation related to the nipple-areola complex (NAC) were revealed through data analysis of the images. Results Totally, 284 breasts were included. Most breasts were supplied by a single dominant artery (196, 69%), among which the lateral thoracic artery (LTA; 119, 41.9%; type I) and internal thoracic artery (ITA; 63, 22.2%; type II) were the most common arteries. A minority of breasts were supplied by vascular anastomoses formed by dual arteries (17, 6.0%; type III), and in 25.0% of breasts, no specific dominant artery was found (type IV). The predominant artery distribution was evaluated. Conclusion This study cohort of male thoracic CTA provided and analysed the elaborate vascular anatomy of the NAC region. Our results favour inferior periareolar incision in regard to diminished vascular-related complications in male surgeries without pre-operative vascular evaluation. This study also suggests that super-lateral or lower-lateral-based pedicles can reserve more vasculature.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe surgical techniques associated with mastopexy and mastopexy augmentation. 2. Understand the evolution of mastopexy and augmentation mastopexy. 3. Address patient goals. 4. Achieve a favorable cosmetic outcome. SUMMARY The surgical techniques associated with mastopexy and mastopexy augmentation have continued to evolve. Traditional mastopexy techniques have included periareolar, circumvertical, and inverted-T patterns; however, adjuncts to these have included the use of various surgical mesh materials, implants, and fat grafting. This evidence-based article reviews how the techniques of mastopexy and augmentation mastopexy have evolved to best address patient goals and provide a favorable cosmetic outcome.

Single-stage mastopexy with augmentation is a commonly performed procedure. The single-stage procedure can be performed in primary cases or a secondary procedure in patients with previous history of augmentation, mastopexy or mastopexy with augmentation. The procedure is challenging and not without its risks. A retrospective chart review of all consecutive cases of layered mastopexy with augmentation mammoplasties, carried out from September 2015 to August 2019, was performed. All patients had their implants placed in muscle splitting pocket first and access for the pocket was closed prior to the commencement of mastopexy. During the period of 4 years, 102 consecutive layered mastopexy with augmentations were performed in muscle splitting plane. Of these 102 patients, 74 (72.5%) patients had it as a primary and 28 (27.5%) as a secondary procedure. Of these 102 patients, 53 (52.0%) had textured, 37 (36.3%) had smooth and 12 (11.8%) had microtextured implants and 72 (70.6%) patients had high profile and 30 (29.4%) had medium profile implants. Same size implant was used in 89 patients with a mean of 298 cc, and 13 patients had different size implants with a mean of 362 cc on the right and 395 cc on the left. In current study, bilateral periareolar, vertical scar cat’s tail and Wise pattern mastopexies were performed in 11, 51 and 27 patients, respectively. Of the 102 patients, 5 had unilateral right periareolar, 5 unilateral right vertical scar cat’s tail, 2 unilateral left periareolar and 1 patient had a combination of periareolar and vertical scar combination. There was no nipple loss or periprosthetic infection. There was a minor wound breakdown seen in 4 (3.9%), haematoma in 2 (2.1%), nipple sensation loss in 2 (2.1%) and 12 (11.8%) had layered mastopexy as a part of a combined procedure. Revision was performed in 6 (6.5%), drains were used in 14 (13.7%), and 92 (90.2%) had the procedure performed as a day case. Layered mastopexy with augmentation is a safe procedure with added stability and safety to lower pole of the breast as well as nipple-areolar complex. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Background For the correction of small breasts with grade I ptosis, it is very challenging for plastic surgeons to obtain excellent aesthetic results by performing simultaneous breast augmentation and nipple-areolar complex (NAC) lifting. Previous research has introduced one-stage augmentation mastopexy, but most studies described using the periareolar approach. The current study proposes a technique for augmentation mastopexy using the inframammary fold approach for augmentation and the periareolar approach for mastopexy.Methods Twenty patients were enrolled, and surgery was performed on 40 breasts. A pocket was made with the inframammary fold approach and the dual-plane method; subsequently, a tear-drop shape implant was inserted using a funnel. We performed NAC lifting using the de-epithelialization and interlocking purse-string suture method through the periareolar approach.Results The mean distance from the mid-clavicular line to the nipple was 23.4 cm preoperatively, 19.6 cm at 7 days of follow-up, and 20.3 cm at 12 months of follow-up. Complications such as hematoma, infection, NAC necrosis, capsular contracture, and wound dehiscence were not reported.Conclusions We performed successful breast augmentation and mild ptosis correction. No specific complications were observed during 1 year of postoperative follow-up. Our method is a simple and fast method that enables surgeons to perform augmentation and mastopexy in one stage for breasts with grade I ptosis.

BACKGROUND Male tuberous breast is an exceedingly rare condition that not fit properly into the majority of existing classifications of gynecomastia. This deformity has been categorized by Cordova and Moschella as gynecomastia grade III; however, they do not make any reference to the isolated tuberous deformity of the nipple-areola complex (NAC). Considering that the areolar area is the main ''esthetic unit'' in the male chest, surgical correction of the isolated tuberous NAC deformity can be challenging. There is a belief that this deformity is unsuccessfully corrected when approached through a limited periareolar incision at the lower pole. A complete periareolar incision, with a concentric excision of excess areolar skin, is usually required leaving an unnatural-looking round periareolar scar on the male thorax. METHODS We describe a variation of a surgical technique for the correction of a male tuberous NAC deformity in a teenager who rejected a conspicuous round periareolar scar after surgery. This modification combines a conventional lower hemiareolar approach with a percutaneous intradermal purse-string suture in the superior areolar margin to reduce the areolar diameter, avoiding an evident circumareolar scar. RESULT At the six-month follow-up, areolar widening or tuberous deformity relapse was not observed. The patient felt satisfied with the outcome. CONCLUSION The use of percutaneous intradermal purse-string periareolar suture for correction of this rare deformity is a simple and reproducible surgical technique that could help to obtain a better cosmetic result by restoring the contour of the male chest while minimizing the visibility of the residual scar. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Chromobacterium violaceum is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative rod found in different ecosystems, especially tropical and subtropical areas. Human infections are rare, and just a few cases have been reported in literature. In this paper, we present the first non-lethal infection due to Chromobacterium violaceum, in an adult male with polycystic kidney disease in Colombia. Periareolar soft tissue infection was documented with isolation of Chromobacterium violaceum. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome are shown.

Capsular contracture (CC) is a significant complication and major reason for revision in breast augmentation. Many studies indicate that most bacteria found in contracted capsules originate from the skin, especially that of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC). To prevent implant contamination, protocols without a periareolar incision have been proposed and have become a limitation for breast augmentation. We sought to propose a strategy of proper skin management for periareolar incisions to prevent implant contamination and biofilm-related CC. The analyses in this study are based on data collected from February 2017 to July 2020. A total of 129 patients were included, and they were randomized into two groups. The control group was subjected to no skin treatment before the surgery, and the treatment group underwent preoperative cleaning and disinfection of the NAC. We collected bacteriologic swabs used to rub the skin of the NAC and chest after draping and suturing from the control and treatment groups. We assessed the potential risk of detecting bacteria or fungi in the swabs, and we analyzed the data. The relationship between the positive culture rate and complication rate indicated the effectiveness of our strategy. Initially, 774 swabs were obtained. In the control group, 6 swabs tested positive for pathogens, including 2 NAC swabs positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) after draping and 3 and 1 NAC swabs positive for S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) after suturing, respectively. All the other samples in the control and treatment groups were negative for bacteria or fungi. All patients had at least 16 months of follow-up. No CC (Baker grades II–IV) was recorded during the follow-up, and the treatment group experienced a better outcome associated with a lower rate of minor complications. Proper preoperative skin management helps keep the field pristine and potentially prevents implant contamination and even biofilm-related CC. With this strategy, breast augmentation using a periareolar incision or any other approach, even other surgery, could be a safe procedure. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Highlights • Diagnosis and management of giant juvenile fibroadenoma can be challenging. • Maintaining symmetry after complete excision is tougher in developing breasts. • Periareolar approach for subareolar fibroadenomas provides good cosmetic results. • Benign tumor to breast size ratio up to 70% provides excellent cosmetic outcome., Introduction Fibroadenoma is the most common benign lesion of breast in young women, characterized by an aberrant proliferation of both epithelial and mesenchymal elements. It is termed giant fibroadenoma when it is larger than 5 cm or weighs more than 500 g with an incidence of 0.5–2% of all fibroadenomas. Presentation of case In this report, we discuss a case of a 13-year-old Pakistani girl who presented with a giant juvenile fibroadenoma in left breast and was treated by a subareolar lump excision through a periareolar incision with excellent cosmetic outcome. To the best of our literature search, this is the first case of giant juvenile fibroadenoma in an adolescent being reported from Pakistan. Discussion Surgical management of giant juvenile fibroadenoma in immature breast is challenging as it may either result in asymmetric defect or damage to developing breast tissue resulting in long term poor outcomes. Surgical decision should be carefully undertaken and reported for future reference in such cases. Conclusion The diagnosis and management of giant juvenile fibroadenoma can be challenging because these tumors clinically and histologically mimic phyllodes tumor due to their rapid growth and large size. Excision through a periareolar approach for fibroadenomas located in subareolar region provides good cosmetic results in these patients with minimal scar visibility.

Breast ptosis is a deformity commonly found in patients seeking breast augmentation. Current mastopexy techniques rely on incisions on the breast to correct ptosis; nonetheless, they leave extensive scars. Having to opt for a visibly scarred breast over a ptotic breast can be a difficult choice. We sought an innovative internal suture mastopexy for hypomastia of mild breast ptosis. A procedure that left a tiny scar on the nipple-areolar complex was introduced. This method was safe and efficient when combining mastopexy with augmentation. Overall, 53 patients underwent this operation in the Plastic and Cosmetic Department of Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital from January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2017, with a mean follow-up of 38 ± 16 months. The pre-operation and post-operation SN-N lines (the distance from the sternal notch to the nipple) were 21.8 ± 1.2 cm and 20.7 ± 1.0 cm, respectively; the difference was statistically significant (P

Breast ptosis is one of the most common complaints in the clinical setting. Simultaneous mastopexy via areola excision involves a reliable modified aesthetic technique with distinctive features to correct mild and moderate pendulous breasts. The aim of this study is to determine whether the novel surgical approach is a safe and long-lasting technique for patients with breast ptosis. We performed a retrospective study of 48 patients who received simultaneous mastopexy through circumareolar excision and followed up for 12 months. Breast size, shape, fullness, symmetry, scar appearance, and sensitivity of nipple-areolar complex were evaluated. Patients were satisfied with upper pole fullness, symmetry and scar less appearance. There were no cases of NAC deformity or sensation loss, neither sever capsular contracture was observed. The new surgical technique, one-stage periareolar augmentation mastopexy, is a reliable and long-lasting operation for patients with mild and moderate breast ptosis. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Purpose We performed breast-conserving surgery (BCS) using periareolar incisions for cancers located far from the nipple–areolar complex (NAC) and examined if BCS via a periareolar incision maximized cosmesis and maintained oncologic safety. One of the most important goals of BCS is to improve cosmesis after surgery and quality of life, but the skin incision can affect cosmesis based on the tumor location. Methods Fifty-five patients with breast cancers located far from the NAC underwent BCS via periareolar incisions between January 2017 and April 2018. If a sentinel lymph node biopsy was required, another skin incision was created in the axilla using the conventional technique. Medical records of patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results The mean patient age was 48.1 ± 10.6 years. The mean tumor size was 1.8 ± 1.0 cm (range 0.2–4.5 cm) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the mean distance from the NAC to the tumor was 5.9 ± 1.9 cm (range 4.0–12.3 cm). Patients with cancers in the subareolar area were excluded even though the distance from the nipple was > 4 cm on MRI. Negative microscopic margins were obtained in all patients. There was no surgical complication such as seroma, bleeding, or infection. Re-operation was not needed. All patients received whole breast radiation therapy. After surgery and radiation therapy, periareolar incision scars were nearly invisible. Conclusion For cancers located far from the NAC, BCS via periareolar incisions is feasible and leads to superior cosmesis in selective patients. Moreover, BCS seems oncologically safe, although long-term outcomes need to be evaluated.

Summary Background The funnel has been used in esthetic breast surgery that requires a small incision. Recent advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques have led to more cases of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) through periareolar incision. However, prepectoral implant placement and complete coverage with acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is almost impossible with the periareolar approach. Funnels can also be useful for direct-to-implant breast reconstruction. Methods NSM with periareolar incision and direct-to-implant breast reconstruction were performed with prepectoral implant placement between January 2017 and July 2019. The ADM full-wrapped anatomic textured implant was inserted using a funnel without additional incisions during surgery. Results A total of 21 patients were enrolled, including 2 who received bilateral breast reconstruction. All operations were successfully performed using funnels with minimal periareolar incisions. Anatomic textured implants (mean: 251.7 cc, range: 90–450 cc) wrapped in ADM can be effectively inserted in the prepectoral plane using a funnel. Two patients experienced delayed wound healing of the areola that was treated by conservative wound management. Patients also experienced less pain overall, and the cosmetic result was very good. Patient satisfaction scores were also very high. Conclusions While the periareolar incision is esthetically pleasing, additional resection is often necessary. However, the use of funnels ensured that no additional incision was needed even in large implants. This subsequently led to better results in terms of pain and scarring. Prepectoral breast reconstruction involving complete implant coverage with ADM using a funnel through the periareolar approach represents a good alternative to the traditional dual plane subpectoral method. This method provides good patient satisfaction without adverse outcomes.

Zuska's disease describes the clinical condition of recurrent central or periareolar nonpuerperal abscesses associated with lactiferous fistulas. Pathogenesis involves the occlusion of an abnormal duct through an epithelial desquamation process that causes ductal dilatation, stasis of secretions, and periductal inflammation. Patients with Zuska's disease may develop chronic draining sinuses near the areola from lactiferous ducts fistula; therefore, the underlying abnormal duct system must be located and excised for proper treatment. Zuska's disease is often misdiagnosed and mistreated and is associated with significant morbidity, including the recurrence of abscess and cutaneous fistula formation. This case series aimed to help clinicians investigate and manage this disorder. The clinical and imaging findings, histopathologic correlation, and treatment of Zuska's disease are discussed.

Objectives: For management of mild degree breast ptosisperiareolar mastopexy had been commonly used. Since Benelli1990 had confined the scar to the areola in his round-blocktechnique, several authors has adopted this technique. Whethermastopexy had been done with or without augmentation, theproblems of breast shape, areolar irregularities,and stretch ofthe areola had been annoying to both patients and surgeons.These problems also represent a major challenge to thistechnique. In this paper purse string closure was used in twoconsecutive different layers one in dermal de-epithelized layerand another in the deep dermis of the skin. The aim is tominimize widening of scars of peri-areolar incision andimprove its long term appearance.Patients and Methods: 50 cases underwent mastopexywith breast augmentation. Cases were divided into two groups:Group A: Underwent closure by single purse string layer andGroup B: Two consecutive purse string closure. The secondconcentric row was applied to the deep dermal plane of thenormal non de-epthelialized skin similar to the classical pursestring closure described previously. Both subjective andobjective evaluation were done. Surgery was done by singlesurgeon and two surgeons not involved in research evaluatedthe post-operative photos. Follow-up was done at 3, 6 monthand at 1 year post-operative.Results: Group B patients showed superior results asregarding breast shape, contour, projection, superior fullness,periareolar scar shape, regularity, areola width and position.These results were followed-up for one year.Conclusion: Decreasing the tension of the periareolar sutureby applying double purse string technique in two differentplanes improved long term results of periareolar scar in orderto avoid widening, irregularities and hypertrophic scarring.

After a partial mastectomy, large or ptotic breasts can be reconstructed using breast reduction techniques. Wise-pattern reduction is typically used to remove masses in any quadrant of the breast, but this technique leaves a large inverted T-shaped scar. Instead, the short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction (SPAIR) technique involves a periareolar line and does not result in a scar along the inframammary fold (IMF). A 49-year-old patient with macromastia and severely ptotic breasts was diagnosed with invasive cancer of the left breast. Her large breasts caused pain in her back, shoulders, and neck. She also expressed concern about postsurgical scarring along the IMF. In light of this concern, we chose the SPAIR technique, and we designed and performed the procedure as described by Hammond. During surgery, we removed 36 g of breast tumor and 380 g of breast parenchyma from the left breast. To establish symmetry, we also removed 410 g of tissue from the right breast. Postoperatively, the patient reported satisfaction regarding the reduction mammaplasty and, in particular, noted decreased back, shoulder, and neck pain. In summary, we used the SPAIR technique to achieve oncologic and aesthetic success in a patient with macromastia and a tumor located lateral to the nipple-areolar complex.

Background Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), followed by immediate reconstruction (IR) of the breast, has become a preferred surgical procedure with good cosmesis results and patient satisfaction. However, nipple-areolar complex (NAC) ischemia and necrosis remain major problems after NSM and IR. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent NSM and IR at Gangnam Severance Hospital from January 2009 to June 2018. We compared the patient characteristics and complication rate among three different incisions (inframammary fold [IMF], radial, periareolar). Additionally, we identified the risk factors of NAC necrosis. Results Data from 290 eligible breasts in 275 patients were analyzed. Patients with IMF incision had relatively lower breast weights. The overall complication rate was the highest with periareolar incision and the lowest with IMF incision (42.6% vs. 18.8%, p, Highlights • Periareolar incision shows higher complication rate in nipple-sparing mastectomy. • Periareolar incision is a risk factor for nipple-areolar complex necrosis. • Other risk factors include tumor-nipple distance and breast weight.

In the surgical treatment of breast ptosis, the plastic surgeon's main challenge is to mobilize the nipple–areola complex (NAC) over long distances, preserving its sensitivity. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the NAC sensitivity following a periareolar dermis release in patients undergoing surgical correction of breast ptosis. This is a prospective, double-blinded, randomized study in which 39 patients (78 breasts) were operated on for the treatment of breast ptosis. Patients’ breasts were divided into two groups, each breast in a group. In breasts of the experiment group, the periareolar dermis release was used after decortication. This maneuver was not used in the control group's breasts. To analyze the sensitivity in relation with the distance that the NAC should be mobilized to correct breast ptosis, the value of 6 cm was used as boundary. Sensitivity of the NAC was assessed with monofilaments preoperatively and postoperatively—at three and six weeks and one year. Regarding the sensitivity of the areola, a significant difference was observed in the comparison between the control and experiment groups at the NAC mobility ≤ 6.0 cm in the preoperative. Regarding the nipple, a significant difference was observed in the comparison between the control and experiment groups at three weeks postoperatively for a NAC mobility ≤ 6.0 cm. After one year, there was no difference in the comparison between the groups in either areola or nipple. The periareolar dermis release does not compromise NAC vascularization and pressure sensitivity in patients undergoing breast ptosis correction. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Background and aim Atrial septal defects with anomalous venous connections are commonly repaired via sternotomy, requiring careful baffle reconstruction to redirect pulmonary venous return and ensure a durable result. The cosmetically appealing periareolar incision may provide an esthetically superior alternative to the anterolateral minithoracotomy incision used in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Methods We describe a patient with a sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection who underwent successful minimally invasive, endoscopic repair with apical vein translocation and autologous pericardial baffle reconstruction through a periareolar approach. Results Post-operative echocardiography demonstrated excellent results with no residual shunt and a widely patent baffle and preserved biventricular function. At 1-year post-op, our patient has had a greatly improved quality of life and an excellent cosmetic result with normal nipple-areolar sensation. Conclusions We believe that periareolar approaches should be considered for all adult patients with simple and complex atrial septal defects.

Scar placement has always been a bit of a concern for patients as well as surgeons; therefore, various periareolar oncoplastic techniques were introduced in an attempt to eliminate scars visibility, by limiting them to the periareolar region. Among these oncoplastic techniques, round block mammaplasty has recently been gaining more popularity. Round block mammaplasty is a level II volume displacement oncoplastic breast surgery technique involving adequate resection of the tumour while maintaining a good cosmetic outcome. Eighty-six patients who had round block mammaplasty over a period of 3 years were included in this retrospective study. The participants’ demography, breast cancer characteristics, postoperative complications and patients’ satisfaction were collected from their clinical records and their standard patient’s questionnaires. The standard patient’s questionnaire was completed by most patients as a mean of assessing patients’ outcome and satisfaction after a round block mammaplasty. Out of all 86 patients who underwent a round block mammaplasty, the average tumour size was 26 mm, and the average weight of the specimen was 52 g. Four patients (4.6%) had involved/close margins, two of which (2.3%) had re-excision in order to achieve clear margins and the other two patients (2.3%) required mastectomy. Twenty-six patients (41%) thought they had excellent results, 21 patients (33%) good results and 16 patients (26%) fair results. The round block mammaplasty technique can be used safely for management of all quadrants breast lesions with favourable cosmetic results and high degree of patient satisfaction.

Hundred and eleven patients of breast augmentation in trans women operated between January 2004 and September 2019 are presented. Two surgeons conducted the study with a slightly different antibiotic regime. Only round implants were used. Till December 2017, 72 implants used were textured. Thereafter, we switched over smooth silicone gel implants more for reasons of availability than others. It was used in 39 patients. We did not notice any difference in results. Our postoperative regimes consisted of antibiotics (usually amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) for 10 days, restricted shoulder movements for 3 weeks, use of an inner brassiere and outer sports vest for 2 months. Routes of implantation were either periareolar or inframammary, former being selected as per choice of the patient, provided the hemicircumference of the areola was 4.5 cm or more. We never used transaxillary route. The implants were always placed in a subfascial pocket. Routine irrigation of the pocket with 5% povidone iodine was done before insertion of implant. From 3 weeks postoperatively, routine massage of breasts for a period of 6 to 8 weeks were advised. Complications included delayed minor wound healing problems usually in periareolar technique requiring secondary suture under local anesthesia. This was negligible with inframammary technique. Capsular contracture was found in 12 patients. Two of these merited intervention but one of them refused operation. In one patient, implant had to be extracted due to severe suppurative infection resulting from a separate incidence of traumatic injury with hematoma formation 2 weeks post operatively. Poor scarring including one keloid were noticed in 11 patients.

Round block technique (RBT) is an oncoplastic technique used in periareolar lesions, particularly in breasts with moderate ptosis or hypertrophy. However, it has some drawbacks including the possibility of late-onset scar widening, change in areolar shape, and asymmetry of the breasts. Moreover, it is hard to be performed with tumors located in periphery of breast. Modified round block technique (MRBT) is a new technique described to overcome these problems. A circumferential periareolar incision was made around the areola followed by subcutaneous dissection to the entire breast. Wide local excision (WLE) could then easily be performed with a good field of view, the breast tumor was excised with an acceptable macroscopic safety margin, and specimens were marked with orienting sutures for intraoperative frozen section. Remodeling of the breast was done, a close suction drain was placed, and the wound was narrowed with a nonabsorbable purse-string suture and attached to the NAC with continuous subcuticular absorbable suture. This study was conducted on 144 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer. The median size of the tumor was 2 cm, the majority of the patients (66.7%) had moderate breast size (cup B) and the median distance of the tumor from NAC was 7 cm. Patients' satisfaction was assessed according to Harvard scale and good to excellent results were found in 88.8% of the patients. There were no postoperative changes in areolar shape or position. Complications in the form of hematoma, wound dehiscence, and infection were encountered in 25% of the patients. Modified round block technique is an oncoplastic technique that permits excision of peripherally located breast cancer without excision of periareolar skin and it is suitable for all quadrant tumors. It also avoids the scar which occurs after ordinary breast-conserving surgery.

To review cases of galactorrhea and galactocele postbreast augmentation, determine possible risk factors and consider management strategies of this rare complication.A systematic literature review was conducted in July 2019 searching Pubmed, Embase, and Google Scholar.The searches revealed 19 articles (17 case reports/series and 2 retrospective chart reviews) collectively comprising 38 women. The average age was 28 years, 42% were on oral contraceptives, whereas a quarter were nulliparous. The most common incision was periareolar (48%) followed by transaxillary (24%). The most common implant location was subglandular (57%) followed by subpectoral (37%). The average time to symptom onset was 61 days (range, 3-912 days) but only 3 cases presented more than a month after implant insertion. Twenty-one patients had galactorrhea, 7 had galactocele, whereas 10 women had both. Bilateral symptoms were present in 72% of cases, whereas hyperprolactinemia was present in only 62%. Management strategies included simple surveillance, antibiotics, dopamine agonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists, estrogenic agents, surgical washout, and implant removal (8 patients). The mean time to symptom resolution was 22.6 days.The numbers are too small for definitive conclusions but there is a weak suggestion that periareolar incisions, subglandular implants, prior hormonal contraceptive use, gravidity, and recent history of breastfeeding (1 year) may be risk factors for galactorrhea/galactocele. Symptom onset is usually within 3 months. Treatments providing the fastest response (2 days) comprised of a composite approach (antibiotics, dopamine agonist, surgical drainage, and implant removal), whereas the use of estrogenic medications appeared to confer little benefit.

Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed aesthetic procedure. Transaxillary approach is one of the widely accepted techniques for breast augmentation. It has an advantage of the remote nature of the access incision related to the breasts, thereby reducing the visibility of the scar. This is a letter to the editor of the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery journal about the study by Nguyen and to on comparison of endoscopic transaxillary and periareolar techniques in breast augmentation. We have talked about the advantages of the transaxillary approach compared to other techniques and presented the evidence. We recommend future studies comparing the transaxillary, periareolar, and inframammary approaches for breast augmentation with a large cohort and systematic reviews on the same topic. Studies can also be done by combining the cell-assisted lipotransfer with fat graft and endoscopic transaxillary approach for breast augmentation to determine if it provides the best outcome with minimal complications.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A standard method of performing breast lymphoscintigraphy is anterior and lateral views after periareolar intradermal injection of a radiotracer. However, a sentinel lymph node may be obscured by the activity at injection site, especially on anterior view. Also, breast tissue may cause attenuation to prevent sentinel node visualization. Repeat images during medial traction of breast by patient is an effective technique to improve visualization of sentinel lymph nodes in axillary region.

BackgroundMany techniques for the surgical treatment of gynaecomastia have been reported to be effective with reasonable limited scar formation. The aim of this study was to develop a grade adopted algorithm for effective and scar sparing techniques in reconstruction of the male breast dependent on aetiology and grading.MethodsOperative techniques, results, rates of revisions and complications were recorded between 2006 and 2018 and results of 164 male patients were analysed, retrospectively. Skin resecting methods have been used in the earlier stage but were later replaced by minimal periareolar incisions and subcutaneous mastectomy. Resections were combined with ultrasound-assisted liposuction up to grade 2b and inferior pedicled breast reduction in 3rd degree gynaecomastias resulting in reduction of scars and effective removal of breast tissue.ResultsRetrospective analysis showed that a periareolar mastopexy was used in 24% of patients with gynaecomastia grade I, IIa and IIb to reshape the breast after subcutaneous mastectomy in the early stage of this study from 2006 to 2010. With the established standardised use of ultrasound-assisted liposuction, only 2% of patients required a mastopexy in the following years. In grade 3 gynaecomastia, the classical approach resulting in an inverted t-scar was later abandoned for an approach with a periareolar and submammary scar and inferior dermoglandular flap. The rate of secondary surgery with the used techniques did not increase.ConclusionsWhen using standardised techniques in reshaping the male breast, an aesthetically pleasing and safe result can be achieved by scar sparing techniques in a safe single-stage procedure.Level of evidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study.

Background: The difficulty of treating severe grades ofgynecomastia lies in the resection of excess skin. This resectioncan result in extensive scars located in conspicuous sites. Toreach the optimum results, excess skin should be excised andthe excess fat and gland should be managed too. Managingthe excess fat, enlarged mammary gland, together with excisionof excess periareolar skin with nipple-areola transposition insingle-stage is associated with higher risk of injuring thevascular pedicle of nipple-areola, and also associated withexcessive pleating of periareolar skin due to the suddenreduction in the size of areola which don't allow for skinretraction to occur. Staged-reconstruction will allow for gradualreduction in the size of areola allowing for skin adaptationleading to minimal pleating of periareolar skin, and alsopreserve the nipple-areola vascularity.Aim of Work: Is to compare between reconstruction ofgrade III gynecomastia in single-stage versus two-stage, asregard the complications rate.Patients and Methods: Twelve patients with severe (gradeIII) gynecomastia with enlarged ptotic nipple-areola, underwentsurgery over a 2-year period. All patients were marked preoperatively.Under general-anesthesia, traditional liposuctionof the pei-glandular area was performed, followed by deepithelializationof excess peri-areolar skin to elevate thenipple-areola. The glandular tissue was delivered by “pullthrough”technique, through a lateral trans-dermal peri-areolarincision. Study performed on two groups, group I, surgerywas performed in single-stage, while in group II, surgery wasperformed in two-stages, with liposuction of excess fat andresection of excess peri-areolar skin with elevation of nippleareolain the first stage then, three months later, patientsunderwent minimal liposuction just to facilitate delivery ofthe gland, with its delivery using the “pull-through” technique.Results: Fellow-up period was 6 months. No hematoma,seroma, breast skin necrosis, breast asymmetry, or nippleareolamalposition were detected post-operative in both groups.Results were reported as “uniformly good to excellent” on apatient satisfaction scale, as all patients were satisfied withtheir breasts contour and nipple-areola position postoperative.Transient hyposthesia of nipple-areola occurred and improvedspontaneously at 6 months post-operative. By comparing thecomplications rate between both groups, results showed thatsingle-stage reconstruction in group I was associated withhigher complications rate as regard the nipple-areola vascularity,and as regard the presence of excessive pleating of69periareolar skin than in group II. One case in group I showcomplete loss of nipple-areola. Another case of nipple-areolavascular compromise and partial necrosis were also detectedin group I. While, no cases showed compromised vascularityof nipple-areola in group II patients with two-stage reconstruction.Conclusions: Two-stage reconstruction is considered assafe procedure for correction of severe (grade III) gynecomastia,which preserve nipple-areola vascularity, and permitsbroad resection of excess skin and mammary tissue, whileavoiding unattractive scars on the patient's chest, with minimalpleating of periareolar skin.

Purpose Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has become increasingly popular due to improved cosmesis without compromising oncologic safety. Radial and inframammary incisions are usually used to achieve NSM, with periareolar incisions usually being avoided because of the risk to nipple-areola complex viability. In an attempt to maximize esthetic effects, we performed NSM through periareolar incision with immediate reconstruction. We report our initial experience. Methods This case series consisted of all consecutive patients (n = 34) who underwent NSM through a periareolar incision in our institution between August 2017 and December 2018. All patients underwent NSM through periareolar incision followed by immediate reconstruction with an implant or deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Patient demographics, tumor and treatment characteristics, and short-term postoperative outcomes were reviewed. Results The mean patient age was 46.74 ± 6.69 years (range, 38-62 years), and the mean operation time was 96.68 ± 28.00 minutes. Indications included in situ cancer in 12 cases and invasive cancer in 22 cases. There was 1 major complication (postoperative hematoma) requiring operative reintervention. No other complications including fistula, implant exposure, or reconstruction failure was observed. At the time of writing, no case of local recurrence has been observed. Conclusion Our initial report shows that NSM with immediate reconstruction may successfully be performed through periareolar incision. This method maximizes esthetic effects and may be an appropriate surgical option for NSM.

The inferior pedicle is still the most commonpedicle used for breast reduction using both inverted T andvertical closure, however many unfavorable results may followas bottoming out and decreased upper pole fullness. Manytechniques were done to overcome the drawbacks of theinferior pedicle technique.Patients and Methods: 10 patients complain of huge ptoticbreast had inferior pedicle technique with full release ofpedicle from skin with glandular brassiere support in form oflower pillars on both sides with vertical skin closure.Results: Satisfactory long term results both objectivelyand subjectively, with good upper pole fullness and withoutbottoming out and only with vertical scar.Conclusion: This technique combined both the merits ofthe inferior pedicle reliability and better aesthetic results.

Background: Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) was used as an injectable implant for augmentation mammoplasty for over 30 years, but its use was ceased due to various related complications. The only way to treat these complications is PAAG removal, but this causes breast ptosis, nipple retraction, breast asymmetry, and skin laxity. Objectives: This article reports a new technique for breast reshaping after PAAG removal without prosthesis implantation. Method: From January 2015 to June 2018, twenty-three patients underwent periareolar mammoplasty with the tissue folding technique (PMTFT) for breast reshaping after PAAG removal. Postoperative breast shape and the degree of satisfaction of the patients were evaluated during follow-up. Results: All patients recovered well without severe complications. All patients were satisfied with their postoperative breast shape and their symptoms were relieved after surgery. Conclusions: PMTFT provides satisfactory postoperative breast shape results. Economical, practical, and technical advantages were found over traditional prosthesis-mediated breast reconstruction. PMTFT can be an ideal surgical choice in appropriate cases.

Regardless of size or severity, post-burn breast scars can be traumatic for patients. There are various approaches to post-burn scar management, but herein we present the results of a novel approach in which we tried to remove the scars in an early stage of treatment. Breast burn patients, whose wound area included the nipple-areolar complex, were treated using a periareolar incision design similar to that of periareolar reduction mammoplasty. The remnant scar was located only along the periareolar complex. As a result, more cosmetically satisfactory results were achieved compared to skin grafting or local flap procedures.

Background Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has been performed as a standard procedure because the addition of radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery in early breast cancer patients is similar to that of mastectomy.The surgical methods for breast cancer have been developed in recent years, and the cosmetic aspect has become important.Several incisions are used to reduce the scar to the incision site during BCS. The periareolar incision is often used when the small tumor relatively close to the nipple. However, periareolar incision does not have sufficient field of sight, which can result in difficult or impossible operations if the tumor is large or far from the nipple. In plastic surgery, various methods such as zigzag incisions have been recommended to achieve satisfactory esthetic results. The periareolar zigzag incision has the advantage of a not only good surgical field but also contributed to better surgical scars. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oncological safety of procedures by studying the status of the surgical margins of the excised tumor specimen and reduces the need for further surgery Methods From January 2016 to November 2017, we conducted a survey of female patients who underwent BCS using zigzag incision. Patients with exclusion criteria were excluded from this study if they had a Patients with bilateral breast cancer or neoadjuvant chemotherapy was included in the study. Intraoperative frozen section margin was evaluated in all patients and additional resection was performed when the positive margin was present. Final margin status was determined by examination of the permanent paraffin-embedded sections. In patients with invasive breast cancer or relatively large carcinoma in situ, axillary surgery was performed according to the presence of axillary metastasis. Patients characteristics, tumor characteristics, operative time, size of the specimen and the distance from the tumor to nipple were evaluated Results 393 patients were enrolled in the study, including 9 patients with bilateral breast cancer, and a total of 402 cases of BCS surgery were analyzed. Thirty-five patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median age of the patients was 51 (range: 25-84 years), the median time of operation was 72 minutes in patients who did not undergo axillary surgery or sentinel node biopsy only, and 83 minutes in patients who underwent axillary node dissection or supraclavicular node dissection. The median tumor size was 1.6 cm (range: 0-8.8 cm), median tumor distance from the nipple was 3.0 cm (range: 0.4-8.1 cm), mean excised specimen sized was 5.0 cm (range: 0.9-15.0 cm). Frozen biopsy of the resection margin during surgery revealed tumor-positive in 69 (17.2%) cases and re-excision was performed. All patients were discharged with no sign of infection or skin necrosis. Conclusions The periareolar zigzag incision technique has good cosmetic results and provides a sufficient surgical field, which can be useful for removing relatively large tumors or tumors far from the nipple. Citation Format: Ko B, Kim H, Chung I, Lee S, Kim J, Lee J, Son B, Ahn SH. Usefulness of periareolar zigzag incision in oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-08.

Background Periareolar mammoplasty is a volume displacement oncoplastic technique for patients with small to medium sized breasts. This approach provides good access for a safe excision for both central and peripheral lesions, especially for those in the upper half of the breast. Cosmetically it allows good reshaping of the breast, and contralateral symmetrisation is rarely required. This technique has the potential to replace the standard wide local excision for breast cancer. There is scarcity of data about the results of this procedure in the literature. We present a single surgeon experience with this technique in terms of surgical and oncological outcomes. Methods Retrospective review of patients' records from October 2013 to December 2017 was performed. The patients' demographics, tumour characteristics and the early oncological outcomes were studied. The postoperative complications and rate of symmetrisation were also studied. Results -There were 110 patients in this study period. The median age was 60 years (range 36 – 82 years) and screen detected tumours accounted for 66% (72 patients) of cases. -Neoadjuvant therapy was given in 14 patients (endocrine therapy – 12, chemotherapy – 1, dual targeted therapy – 1). -Most patients had the lesion in the upper half of the breast (upper outer-71, upper inner-33). -The average size of the tumour was 18.9mm (range 1.8 – 70mm) and the average weight of the excised specimen was 47.2gm (range 11-190gms). Invasive carcinoma was seen in 94 patients (85%) of which 86 patients had invasive ductal carcinoma, 4 had invasive lobular carcinoma and 4 had special type. Pure DCIS was present in 16 patients (15%). Most patients had grade 2 cancers (45%). DCIS was present with invasive carcinoma in 55% of cases. -Thirteen patients had positive margins ( -Of the 13 patients with positive margins: 5 required margin re-excision, 6 had completion mastectomy and 2 received only radiotherapy. -The median follow-up was 25 months (range 3 – 53 months). Seven patients developed complications which included 3 hematomas (2 requiring evacuation) and 4 wound infection which were treated with antibiotics. Only two patients required contralateral symmetrisation and no local recurrences were encountered in this study period. Conclusion Periareolar mammoplasty is a robust, easily adaptable and reproducible oncoplastic technique allowing for safe wide local excision of breast cancer. The margin re-excision, postoperative complication and recurrence rates in this study are acceptable and low compared to standard wide local excision. This technique gives excellent access, and allows better breast reshaping resulting in pleasing aesthetic outcome. Contralateral symmetrisation is rarely required with this technique. Citation Format: Burrah R, Vinayagam R, James K. Breast conserving surgery by periareolar mammoplasty – Surgical and oncological outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-06.

Background: Gynecomastia is the most common breast disorder in men. The usual treatment of grade III is surgical excision of the excess skin which may cause embarrassment and dissatisfying results Objective: To evaluate skin redraping after traditional liposuction in management of grade III gynecomastia Simon`s classification. Patients and methods: 20 patients with grade III gynecomastia with age group between 18 and 40 years old with mean 28.25 ± 4.18. It was a prospective observational cohort study. 11 cases underwent surgical gland excision through a semicircular infraareolar incision while 9 cases didn’t need to. The study was conducted at Alazhar university hospitals Results: The subjective results for all patients at 3 months assessment point. Four patients were very satisfied, eight satisfied, four neither satisfied nor dissatisfied while three patients dissatisfied. only one was very dissatisfied. The average sternal notch to nipple length pre and 3 months postoperative were respectively 27cm, 22cm. Our overall success rate is easily explained by several factors. The selection of young nonsmoker patient with no comorbid diseases or defective elasticity (varicosities or hernias), and the proper choice of the corset size and fiber as well as wearing it for the whole time of the study (3 months). The semicircular periareolar incision scars are not well defined as it become camouflaged by the color change between normal skin areola Conclusion: Conventional liposuction alone could be a reliable method to treat grade III gynecomastia in young patient with a good skin quality and helps in avoidance of undesirable scars.

Background:. Mastectomy and chest-wall contouring is the most common gender confirmation surgery. With increasing prevalence of transgender individuals, there is a demand for better surgical outcomes and aesthetic results. Our aim was to evaluate surgical techniques used and assess modifications in gender confirmation mastectomies at Karolinska University hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Methods:. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 464 patients undergoing gender confirmation mastectomies in our department between 2009 and 2018. Patient demographics, psychiatric comorbidity, surgical method, and outcome were analyzed. Follow-up was at least one year. Results:. The most frequently used surgical technique for gender confirmation mastectomies was double incision with free nipple graft (243 patients, 52.4%), followed by periareolar incision (113 patients, 24.4%) and semicircular incision (67 patients, 14.4%). The double incision technique and periareolar technique were associated with 18.9% and 28.3% complications, 3.3% and 12.4% acute reoperations, 28.4% and 65.5% secondary revisions, respectively. The double incision technique increased from being used in 17.8% of all mastectomies during 2009–2013 to 62.9% during 2014–2018, while periareolar incision decreased from 43.0% to 18.5%. Conclusions:. The current study describes a successful transition of surgical technique from periareolar incision to double incision with free nipple graft in gender confirmation mastectomy, leading to significant improvements in the overall outcome with fewer complications, less acute reoperations and less secondary corrections. Hence, we consider the double incision with free nipple graft technique to be the favored technique in the vast majority of cases in female-to-male chest wall contouring.