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This study investigates the environmental and food security implications of livestock abortions and calf mortality in Tanzanian dairy systems and Kenyan beef systems by utilizing data from previously published studies. The environmental impact of livestock abortion is assessed in Tanzanian dairy systems, examining indigenous and exotic breeds of cattle and goats in Northern Tanzania. Calf mortality’s impact is evaluated in Kenyan beef systems, involving local cattle breeds in western Kenya. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity (EI) is estimated for both countries. The GHG emissions in Tanzania consider enteric fermentation, manure management, and feed production in different cattle and goat groups, as well as total milk production. In Kenya, enteric methane (CH4) EI related to calf mortality is assessed by estimating lifetime enteric CH4 emissions and total carcass production from dams and their offspring. The EI is compared between the observed scenario (16% calf mortality) and alternative scenarios (8, 4, and 0% calf mortality). A life cycle assessment using the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model-interactive (GLEAM-i) examines GHG sources and potential tradeoffs. Estimates are made for milk and carcass losses due to abortions and calf mortality, scaled to represent the entire country. Abortion increases milk EI by 4–18% in Tanzania, while Kenya’s EI ranges from 25.9 to 27.6 kg CO2 eq per kg carcass weight. Animal protein loss due to abortions is equivalent to the potential annual animal protein requirements of approximately 649 thousand people in Tanzania, while a 16% calf mortality rate in Kenya is equivalent to per capita consumption of 4.5 million people. The findings highlight the significant impact of abortions and calf mortality on GHG emissions and animal protein availability, emphasizing the potential for reduced emissions and improved food security through mitigation efforts. The contribution of emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management is significant across both countries, underscoring the importance of a systems perspective in evaluating the environmental impact of livestock production. This study provides insights into the environmental and food security implications of livestock abortions and calf mortality in Tanzania and Kenya, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in sustainable livestock production.

Katya Peri,1 Mark J Eisenberg1– 3 1Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; 2Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 3Division of Cardiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, CanadaCorrespondence: Mark J Eisenberg, Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421.1, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada, Tel +1 (514) 340-8222 Ext.23564, Fax +1 (514) 340-7564, Email mark.eisenberg@mcgill.caAbstract: An ongoing challenge among healthcare certifying organizations is identifying an effective manner of evaluating a physician’s competency. The medical field is constantly changing, with new technology, research and pharmacology available, and physicians must be kept up to date in order to properly care for their patients. Maintenance of certification and specifically, recertification exams, are used to verify that a high standard of care is consistently met across all medical specialties. However, different countries have different structures in place to ensure physicians are kept abreast of the latest medical knowledge. For instance, American physicians must recertify themselves every ten years by passing a standardized exam to maintain their credentials. In comparison, Canadian physicians are not required to pass a formal examination. This contrast puts into question the value of the recertification exam in medical professional development programs. We outline the rectification situation in both Canada and the US and recommend MOC programs similar to Canada’s, which does not require a recertification examination.Keywords: professional development, continuing medical education, recertification exams

In this research study, the numerical Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) is used for forced laminar convection heat transfer of Cu-water nanofluid in a divergent wavy channel including a rotating cylinder turbulator. The above boundary of the channel is in low temperatures and the bottom boundary is in hot temperatures as well as the cylinder wall temperature. It is assumed that the cylinder rotates in the cavity and makes vortexes to enhance heat transfers. The dimensionless governing equations including velocity, pressure, and temperature formulation are solved by the Galerkin finite element method. The results are discussed based on the governing factors such as nanoparticle volume fraction, Reynolds number, cylinder diameter and rotating velocity. As a main result, among the all studied parameters (Re, u, Φ and r), increasing the Re number has the most effect on heat transfer which has 4.8 and 1.6 Average Nu for the cylinder wall and wavy wall, respectively.

The objective of this paper was to illustrate the frequent and wide occurrence of unsteady two dimensional MHD flow of an UCM fluid over a stretching surface in the presence of higher order chemical reaction in a diverse range of applications, both in nature and in technology. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation. The ordinary differential equations were numerically solved by using shooting technique. The effects of different governing parameters on the flow field and mass transfer are shown in graphs and tables. The governing physical parameters significantly influence the flow field and mass transfer. Also, existing results in the literature are compared with the present study as a special case. In addition to practical applications in foams, suspensions, polymer solutions and melts, the present study also contributed to the existing literature.

This study investigates the environmental and food security implications of livestock abortions and calf mortality in Tanzanian dairy systems and Kenyan beef systems by utilizing data from previously published studies. The environmental impact of livestock abortion is assessed in Tanzanian dairy systems, examining indigenous and exotic breeds of cattle and goats in Northern Tanzania. Calf mortality's impact is evaluated in Kenyan beef systems, involving local cattle breeds in western Kenya. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity (EI) is estimated for both countries. The GHG emissions in Tanzania consider enteric fermentation, manure management, and feed production in different cattle and goat groups, as well as total milk production. In Kenya, enteric methane (CH4) EI related to calf mortality is assessed by estimating lifetime enteric CH4 emissions and total carcass production from dams and their offspring. The EI is compared between the observed scenario (16% calf mortality) and alternative scenarios (8, 4, and 0% calf mortality). A life cycle assessment using the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model- interactive (GLEAM- i) examines GHG sources and potential tradeoffs. Estimates are made for milk and carcass losses due to abortions and calf mortality, scaled to represent the entire country. Abortion increases milk EI by 4–18% in Tanzania, while Kenya's EI ranges from 25.9 to 27.6 kg CO2 eq per kg carcass weight. Animal protein loss due to abortions is equivalent to the potential annual animal protein requirements of approximately 649 thousand people in Tanzania, while a 16% calf mortality rate in Kenya is equivalent to per capita consumption of 4.5 million people. The findings highlight the significant impact of abortions and calf mortality on GHG emissions and animal protein availability, emphasizing the potential for reduced emissions and improved food security through mitigation efforts. The contribution of emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management is significant across both countries, underscoring the importance of a systems perspective in evaluating the environmental impact of livestock production. This study provides insights into the environmental and food security implications of livestock abortions and calf mortality in Tanzania and Kenya, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in sustainable livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]