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The positive effects of dance on health indices in youth are widely recognized, but participation in dance is accompanied with a certain risk of injury. This prospective study aimed to investigate injury occurrence and to evaluate the possible influences of specific predictors on the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems and injuries in adolescent dancers. Participants were 126 dancers (21 males 11–18 years), who were competitors in the urban dance, rock and roll, and standard/Latin dance genres. Predictors included sociodemographic factors, anthropometric/body build indices, sport (dance) factors, and dynamic balance. The outcome variable was injury status, and this was evaluated by the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC). Predictors were evaluated at baseline, and outcomes were continuously monitored during the study period of 3 months. During the study course, 53% of dancers reported the occurrence of a musculoskeletal problem/injury, and dancers suffered from an average of 0.72 injuries over the study period (95% CI: 0.28–1.41), giving a yearly injury rate of 280%. Gender and dance styles were not significantly related to the occurrence of injury. Higher risk for injury was evidenced in older and more experienced dancers. Dynamic balance, as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), was a significant protective factor of injury occurrence, irrespective of age/experience in dance. Knowing the simplicity and applicability of the SEBT, continuous monitoring of dynamic balance in adolescent dancers is encouraged. In order to prevent the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems/injuries in youth dancers, we suggest the incorporation of specific interventions aimed at improving dynamic balance.

The influence of COVID-19 infection on performance of professional athletes is rarely reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in match running performance of professional soccer players after COVID-19 infection following all prerequisites for a safe return to play.

Professional ballet is a highly challenging art, but studies have rarely examined factors associated with injury status in ballet professionals. This study aimed to prospectively examine gender-specific correlates of injury occurrence and time-off from injury in professional ballet dancers over a one-year period. The participants were 99 professional ballet dancers (41 males and 58 females). Variables included: (i) predictors: sociodemographic data (age, educational status), ballet-related factors (i.e., experience in ballet, ballet status), cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and consumption of illicit drugs and (ii) outcomes: injury occurrence and time-off from injury. Participants were questioned on predictors at the beginning of the season, while data on outcomes were collected continuously once per month over the study period. Dancers reported total of 196 injuries (1.9 injuries (95% CI: 1.6–2.3) per dancer in average), corresponding to 1.4 injuries per 1000 dance-hours (95% CI: 1.1–1.7). In females, cigarette smoking was a predictor of injury occurrence in females (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 1.05–17.85). Alcohol drinking was a risk factor for absence from dance in females (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–4.21) and males (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–3.41). Less experienced dancers were more absent from dance as a result of injury than their more experienced peers (Mann-Whitney Z: 2.02, p < 0.04). Ballet dancers and their managers should be aware of the findings of this study to make informed decisions on their behavior (dancers) or to initiate specific programs aimed at the prevention of substance use and misuse in this profession (managers).

U ovom završnom radu opisana je uloga pokretnih genetičkih elemenata, transpozona (TE), u evoluciji genoma, stvaranju genetičke raznolikosti, adaptaciji i invazivnosti vrsta. Transpozoni se dijele na DNA transpozone i retrotranspozone koji se razlikuju prema načinu premještanja u genomu. DNA transpozoni se uglavnom premještaju tzv. „isijeci i prenesi“ mehanizmom, a retrotranspozoni „kopiraj i prenesi“ mehanizmom i sličniji su virusima. Transpozoni su snažni insercijski mutageni te mogu imati i pozitivne i negativne utjecaje na domaćina. Prisutni su u genomima svih organizama, a kod nekih čine većinu sadržaja genoma. Kralježnjaci su skupina organizama koji su evolucijski jako uspješni i imaju strukturno i funkcionalno složene genome koji sadrže sve vrste TE elemenata. Smatra se da su oni imali značajnu ulogu u njihovoj evoluciji. Kontrola transpozicije u genomu se prvenstveno odvija epigenetski, putem RNA interferencije ili DNA metilacije. Aktivacija TE elemenata može biti posljedica relaksacije epigenetske kontrole uzrokovane promjenama u okolišu, posebno u uvjetima stresa. Smatra se i da je prilagodljivost invazivnih vrsta, unatoč smanjenoj genetičkoj raznolikosti zbog učinka uskog grla, u vezi s aktivnošću transpozona koji stvaraju nove varijacije i raznolikost. Opisani su primjeri kod različitih vrsta.

Poduzetništvo je širok pojam koji je prisutan u svim djelatnostima te se smatra generatorom ekonomskog rasta. Turizam bez poduzetništva je nezamisliv jer upravo poduzetništvo stvara konkurentsku prednost i oblikuje destinaciju kreiranjem turističke ponude. Poduzetnici u turizmu suočavaju se sa mnogo izazova zbog dislociranosti od izvora potražnje, nemogućnosti reagiranja na promjene u pojavama na turističkom tržištu i nemogućnosti u prostornom premještanju poslovanja u slučaju izostanka potražnje. Predmet završnog rada je prikazati važnost procesa poduzetništva u formiranju turističke ponude smještajnih kapaciteta otoka Visa na primjeru poduzetničkog plana za otvaranje Glamping resorta „Issa“. Cilj istraživanja je prikazati i objasniti kako se analizom okoline i kreativnim razmišljanjem može napraviti inovacija koja bi proširila turističku ponudu i potakla ekonomski rast područja. Ovaj završni rad može doprinijeti svim osobama koje se smatraju poduzetnicima na turističkom tržištu.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) in childhood is an important determinant of body build and consequent overall health status but various determinants of PA are rarely studied in relation to body built indices in early school-age children. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether children who exhibit PA risk be- haviors differ in their waist circumference as a measure of central obesityMethods: This study uses data from the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) 2015/2016 in Croa-tia. The study was conducted in accordance with the COSI-Protocol of the WHO/Europe on children 7-9 years. Sampling was conducted randomly at the national level with class as a sampling unit and the final sample size being 5591 children (response rate 79%). Children’s anthropometric measures were taken in schools by trained examiner teams using standardized equipment. Additional data on children’s sociodemographics and lifestyle habits were gathered from their parents and schools using standardized forms. PA-risk behaviors included five measures: (i) using inactive transportation going to and from school, (ii) going to a sports or dancing club

Introduction: Consumption of doping has many negative consequences and one of the approaches of antidoping campaigns is to investigate which of these consequences are important for each specifi c group of athletes so specifi c and targeted campaigns against doping behaviour can be created (Plagemann et al., 2009). The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with potential doping behaviour (PDB) in competitive Olympic sailors. Methods: In this study, we tested competitors in Olympic Laser class (n = 80, 39 females ; all >18 years). Variables were collected by previously validated questionnaires (Rodek et al. 2012, Devcic et al 2018), with PDB as criterion. To establish the relationships between variables and the criterion, multinomial logistic regression models were calculated. Results: Majority of tested athletes observed doping as mainly a fair play issue, and not health threatening behaviour. The signifi cant correlations between factors of hesitation against doping behaviour and PDB were evidenced for all social consequences among men. Meanwhile, for women, the signifi cant correlation with criterion was evidenced solely for one social consequence (e.g. condemnation of the family), and all negative health related consequences. Discussion: Until few years ago, athletes considered doping mostly as health-related problem, but recent studies evidenced change in general perception over the past years as athletes started to look it as mainly fair-play issue (Sekulic et al 2016). The results of this study provided another confi rmation that negative social consequences should be prioritized in anti-doping campaigns. Results for women can be explained with regard to specifi cs of sailing as a sport. Sailing is sport where familiar support is of crucial importance from the very beginning of one’s career and it is particularly important for female athletes. Also, specifi c sailing conditions are particularly demanding for women due to physiological specifi cities of the female body, and therefore women are much responsive to health in general

Amyloidosis is an abnormal deposition of insoluble amyloid proteins in extracellular spaces. Protein deposits are components of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells and B–lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation. Three different forms of systemic amyloidosis can be distinguished, those are primary (AL), secondary (AA) and family form. Localized amyloidosis occurs in the pancreas in type 2 diabetic patients and in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Amyloidosis of the breast is a rare entity, mostly involving elderly women, and may be misdiagnosed as carcinoma on mammography. A 70 years old woman presented with monoclonal IgG gamapathy, hydronephrosis, acute renal insufficiency and suspicious lesion in the breast on ultrasound. Mammography revealed a lobulated, ill demarcated area without visible microcalcifications.

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj primjene vježbi joge na fleksibilnost kod početnika u taekwondo-u. Istraživanje je provedeno na 24 djece, podijeljenih u dvije uzrasne skupine: 10 predškolaca i 14 školaraca. Inicijalno i finalno mjerenje napravljeno je na početku i kraju šestotjednog trenažnog procesa. U tom procesu, djeca su dva puta tjedno na treningu izvodili slijed vježbi/položaja „pozdrav suncu“, karakterističnim slijedom u vježbanju joge. Iako u nijednoj varijabli nisu dobiveni statistički značajne razlike u fleksibilnosti, očiti su brojačani pokazatelji napretka kod svih ispitanika, u svim testiranim varijablama fleksibilnosti. Uz rezultate vidljive u tablicama, povratne informacije trenera su pozitivne zbog uvođenja relativno novih i lako prmjenjivih vježbi na ovom uzrastu predškolske i školske djece. Obzirom na navedno, takav slijed vježbi može se preporučiti za pospješenje treninga fleksibilnosti u taekwondo.

The aim of this study was to explore correlation of alcohol consumption with sport factors in high school adolescents on island Brač. The participants were all high school students, 267 (114 Female, 153 Male), from all schools on island Brač (Supetar, Bol and Pučišća), aged 16.25±1.48 years. For the purpose of this study, we used an extensive, previously validated, self-administered AUDIT questionnaire which also included sociodemographic factors. Collected data was processed in Statistica by descriptive statistics, frequency tables and logistic regression for some of the variables examined. The results show that 29.21% of students reported harmful alcohol drinking, while 70.78% belong to the category of non-harmful alcohol consumption. “Sport result” (54%) increases possibility of harmful alcohol drinking, while other sport factors are not preventive ones. Preventive and education programme, as well as future studies are needed to prevent potential health and social risk of adolescents living and studying on island.

The main purpose of this research was to determine to what extent some of the characteristics of female athletes in synchronized swimming hypothetically explains their results and offers predictions. The research was conducted on 30synchronized swimmers, height 165.49±3.57cm and body weight of 53±4.23kg who regularly train and compete in the junior level of championship (age 16 to 18).Variables of the participants’ morphological characteristics were obtained by the analysis of their body composition by using the method of bioelectrical impedance (BIA).Variables of functional skills were based on four tests. Variables for the evaluation of the performance of figures consisted of two basic and two selected figures according to the FINA rule book. The data analysis was done by the use of SPSS 20.0. Each variable result was presented as the basic central and dispersion parameters. The obtained results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that there is a difference between the two groups of participants according to the all the research spaces. The research found a certain number of connections that were expected having in mind the nature of morphological and functional skills involved in performance in all the tested subspaces. The obtained results refer to some further research which will enable better understanding of the body functions of synchro swimmers. The results of this research are practically applicable in higher qualitative preparation of the synchro swimmers and achieving top results.

Sva takmičenja u sportskom penjaju diljem sveta, umesto na prirodnim, održavaju se na veštačkim stenama, zbog lakše organizacije (kontrolisani uslovi, gotovo beskonačan broj smerova na malom prostoru, nemogućnost poznavanja smera koji se penje). Čitajući radove iz drugih područja koji se bave metodima poučavanja, pretpostavka je bila da će verbalni metod podučavanja, koji se inače nepravedno zanemaruje u hrvatskim sportsko-penjačkim klubovima, pokazati više rezultata u odnosu na ostala dva metode podučavanja. Ako se ta pretpostavka pokaže tačnom, treneri u sportsko- penjačkim klubovima trebali bi razmisliti o češćem korišćenju verbalnog metoda podučavanja, barem prilikom rada s početnicima u postupku objašnjavanja. Cilj dakle ovog istraživanja je pokušati utvrditi i objasniti uticaje različitih metoda poučavanja/učenja na proces memorisanja tačnog redosleda pokreta podučavanog (uvežbavanog) sportsko penjačkog smera kod početnika.

Background: Adolescent alcohol consumption is a significant public-health problem, although there is a lack of studies investigating this issue in Kosovo. Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to examine the prevalence of alcohol drinking, and the factors associated with harmful drinking (HD) in Kosovar 17-18years old adolescents. Methods: The sample comprised 636 girls and 366 boys (17-18years old) from Pristina, Kosovo. The independent variables included sociodemographic factors, variables examining familial-monitoring and conflict (familial-variables), and sport-factors. Alcohol-drinking (dependent variable) was measured by means of the alcohol use disorders identification test scale. Results: 39% of the girls and 43% of the boys reported HD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.17 ; 95% confidence interval = 0.90-1.55). A higher likelihood of HD is found for those girls whose mothers have an advanced education (OR = 1.59), who reported a higher level of conflict with their parents (OR = 1.95), whose parents are frequently absent from home (OR = 1.93), and who reported lower religiosity (OR = 0.90). HD is more frequent among boys who have participated longer in sports (OR = 1.49), whose fathers have an advanced education (OR = 1.80), and who reported higher level of familial conflict (OR = 2.87). Conclusions/Importance: The prevalence of HD is high. Knowing the problems related to alcohol drinking in girls (violence, trafficking, etc.), public-health authorities should urgently develop a specific preventive programme (SPP) to combat the misuse of alcohol. In preparing SPP, special attention should be paid to the varying influences of the studied factors on HD in boys and girls.

Sportsko-rekreativne (kineziološke) aktivnosti vrlo su raširen oblik vježbanja. Zbog pozitivnog utjecaja kojeg imaju na unapređenje i održavanje antroploških sposobnosti te transformacije antropoloških osobina, prakticiraju ih ljudi svih dobnih skupina (Zaletel i sur. 2013.). Bilo da se radi o individualnim ili grupnim oblicima vježbanja, broj i vrsta takvih rekreativnih aktivnosti stalno su u porastu. Među popularnijim oblicima grupnog vježbanja, naročito kod ženske populacije, ističu se plesne rekreativne aktivnosti. Jedna od takvih aktivnosti je Zumba fitness. Zumba fitness je dinamičan program grupnog vježbanja koji spaja elemente aerobnog treninga sa plesnim koracima te je trenutno jedan od najpopularnijih fitness programa u svijetu (Thompson, 2011). U takav fitness program ukomponirane su sve osnovne komponente tjelesnog vježbanja: kardiorespiratorna izdržljivost, mišićna izdržljivost i snaga, ali i fleksibilnost (Pereг 2009). Koraci koji se lako prate i pokreti tijelom unaprijeđuju nivo ravnoteže i koordinacije (Sanders, Prouty, 2012), što trenutno čini гumbu atraktivnim oblikom vježbanja. Obzirom da vježbačice dobrovoljno i u svoje slobodno vrijeme dolaze vježbati odrerđene fitness programe, autore ovog rada zanimalo je koliko su ispitanice sposobne vježbati u nekim predvidivim situacijama. Da bi se doznalo koliko su vježbači (vježbačice) spremni prisustvovati treningu u različitim okolnostima, koristio se ESES (Exercise self efficacy scale) upitnik (Kroll 2007.). Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio utvrditi povezanost sociodemografskih karakteristika sa razinom spremnosti i želje za vježbanjem u različitim situacijama. Primjenom takvog upitnika dobili bi smjernice za bolju organiгaciju treninga, bolji pristup vježbačicama te praktičnije formiranje grupa.

The main objective of this study was to determine the differences in swimming performance of two generations of male students of Kinesiology. The sample of subjects comprised 90 male students, including 47 students of generation 2013/2014 (GEN13) and 43 students of generation 2014/2015 (GEN14). GEN13 did their swimming training throughout a period of 15 weeks, and training sessions took 2 times a week for 45 minute, while GEN14 had the same training programme for 7.5 weeks, but 4 times a week for 45 minutes. The sample of variables consisted of 4 swimming variables: 25 meters freestyle (25mS), 50 meters freestyle (50mS), 400 meters freestyle (400mS), 50 meters butterfly (50mD). Apart from a descriptive analysis, t-test for independent samples to determine statistically significant differences between groups, and t-test for paired samples to determine difference between initial and final testing were used. Results showed improvement in all swimming variables regardless of swimming program. Significant diffences between PROGRAM1 and PROGRAM 2 were found in variables: 25mS, 50mS, 400mS. Results suggested a positive effect of both programs, but students in PROGRAM 2 showed significantly be

Synchronized swimming is an Olympic sport which, from the kinesiological aspect, belongs to the aesthetic sport group. Considering the lack of specific tests in the field, the authors set the goal to produce tests to assess the synchronized swimming skills of female adult beginners. The study involved 25 kinesiology students aged 20.5 ± 1.29. Their synchronized swimming knowledge had been evaluated through 4 tests by judges and marked by grades 1-5, mandatory composition was graded 0-1-2. The 4 tests ((back layout position (BLP), Tub position (TP), Ballet leg position (BP), Flamingo position (FP)) were performed as a part of the subject called Swimming - the basics of movement. Given that construction and validation of the tests have been performed, we determined the objectivity of judges on statistically significant level, the homogeneity of particles sensitivity (KS test), factor validity had been demonstrated on 3 out of 4 tests (BLP, TP, FP), while pragmatic validity (regression analysis) was absent due to a small number of subjects insufficient amount of choreography training

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a newly constructed reactive-agility test that can be used to define reactive-agility performance in sports that employ a repeated scenarios of "stop'n'go" agility. Measuring is done by original hardware based on the ATMEL microcontroller AT89C51RE2. A total of 36 college-aged male athletes (age 22.1 +/- 2.4 years ; body height 182.45+/-5.19 cm ; body mass 80.67+/-7.69 kg) and 21 college-aged female athletes (21.4 +/- 2.5 years ; 171.45+/-6.81 cm ; 61.95+/-6.70 kg) were evaluated for a stop'n'go reactive-agility-test (SNG-RAT), stop'n'go change of direction speed (SNG-CODS), counter- movement jump (CMJ), and anthropometrics. The reliability analyses suggested a high consistency for the applied tests (SNG-CODS ; ICC = 0.87 and 0.92 ; SNG-RAT ; ICC = 0.81 and 0.86, for males and females, respectively). The SNG-RAT and SNG-CODS shared less than 40% of the common variance. The longer version of the SNG-RAT, which included 5 unpredictable changes of direction, was found to be valid among males. At the same time, the shorter version of the SNG-RAT (3 unpredictable changes of direction) is suggested for females since it better discriminates more from less agile athletes. Because the SNG-RAT and SNG-CODS were performed on the same course, we believe that simultaneously performing both tests can be beneficial when defining "stop'n'go" agility. Namely, the calculated SNG-CODS-to-SNG-RAT ratio will allow strength and conditioning coaches to indirectly determine the perceptual- and reaction-capacities of their athletes.

In the present study 111 children (mean age 9.2 years), participants of universal sports school were investigated. The aim of the study was to determine their structure orientation towards physical exercising. Descriptive analysis showed higher task orientation (TO) (Mean=4.56) and lower ego orientation (EO) (Mean=2.86). Cluster analysis revealed four groups of participants by the level of their EO and TO. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between groups in EO and TO. Post hoc analysis (Fisher LSD test) revealed significant differences between all groups in EO. First group had the lowest and fourth group had the highest values of EO, while the second and the third group were characterized by average values. In TO, children from first, third and fourth group had very high similar values (above 4.5). The only exception were children from the second group, who had significantly lower values of TO than children in other groups.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koliko je koordinacija u sinkronoziranom plivanju ovisna o specifičnoj snazi i brzini. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 19 sinkro plivačica, natjecateljica u juniorskoj i seniorskoj kategoriji. Matricom korelacija utvrđeno je kako koordinacija u sinkroniziranom plivanju nije ovisna o snazi i brzini. Kod ovakve skupine ispitanica, zbog automatizacije zaveslaja i velikog broja ponavaljanja pri uvježbavanju pokreta, potrebna razina koordinacije razijena je na onoj razini koja je plivačicama dovoljna za uspješno izvođenje. Iz toga proizlazi zaključak kako se koordinacija kod sinkro plivačica ne treba izolirano razvijati jer je koordinacija kao motorička sposobnost već sadržana u primarnoj selekciji sinkro plivačica, a do koje je došlo u prethodnim uzrasnim kategorijama.

Predmet ovog istraživanja je analizirati postoji li i u kojoj mjeri utječe koordinacija malih mišićnih skupina i sofisticiranih pokreta na koordinaciju cijelog tijela koju uvriježeno smatramo sposobnošću vremenski i prostorno učinkovitog, te energetski racionalnog izvođenja složenih motoričkih zadataka. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi mogući utjecaj precizne motoričke integracije i ambidekstrije na bilateralnu koordinaciju posebno po spolu.Ukupno 56 učenika u dobi od 8±1 godina sudjelovalo je u ovom istraživanju. Na ispitanicima je primijenjen BOT-2 (˝Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2˝) test za provjeru bazičnih motoričkih znanja i vještina (Bruininks i Bruininks, 2005). Prema rezultatima t testa za nezavisne uzorke (Tablica 1) između dječaka i djevojčica ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u preciznoj motoričkoj integraciji, međutim pronađene su statistički značajne razlike u području ambidekstrije u korist djevojčica. Analizirajući utjecaj ambidekstrije na bilatelarnu koordinaciju, multiple korelacije nemaju statistički značajne vrijednosti ni kod djevojčica ni kod dječaka, što znači da prethodno utvrđene razlike po spolu ne utječu na bilateralnu koordinaciju ni kod jednog spola. Na uzorku djevojčica i dječaka utvrđena je značajna linearna povezanost između precizne motoričke integracije i bilateralne ambidekstrije. Područja precizne motoričke integracije i ambidekstrije vrlo su rijetko predmet kinezioloških znanstvenih istraživanja te su potrebna dalja istraživanja kako bi se utvrdila njihova povezanost, uvjetovanost i/ili integracija sa općom koordinacijom.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio konstruirati i validirati testove za procjenu specifične snage i specifične brzine kretanja u sinkroniziranom plivanju. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 14 sinkro- plivačica, natjecateljica u juniorskoj i seniorskoj kategoriji. Obzirom na pouzdanost, postignute su zadovoljavajuće metrijske karakteristike svih devet novokonstruiranih testova. Faktorskom analizom testova, izolirale su se tri latentne dimenzije. Prvi faktor opisuje brzinu kretanja rukama, drugi brzinu kretanja nogama dok treći faktor opisuje snagu. Ustanovljeno je kako ne postoji značajna korelacija novokonstriuiranih testova s antropometrijskim mjerama dok su neki od testova (eksplozivna snaga, brzina kretanja rukama ) korelirani sa uspješnošću sinkro-plivačica. Svih devet novokonstruiranih testova, bez obzira na tehničke zahtjeve izvedbe, ima dobru upotrebnu vrijednost u sinkroniziranom plivanju.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ustanoviti eventualne promjene i utjecaj različitih trenažnih operatora na neke od morfoloških obilježja i motoričkih sposobnosti, bitnih u različitim periodima natjecateljske sezone u sinkroniziranom plivanju. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 11 sinkro-plivačica, natjecateljica u juniorskoj i seniorskoj kategoriji. Osim tjelesne težine i visine, ispitanicama su kroz 6-mjesečni trenažni proces testirane neke od motoričkih sposobnosti. Napravljeno je šest testova koji procjenjuju fleksibilnost pojedinih mišićnih regija ; iskret (ISKRET), most (MOST), pretklon stojeći (PRK), bočni otklon trupa (BOTK), špagat ženski (SPA Z), špagat muški (SPA M) te dva testa repetitivne snage ; pretklon-uzručenje (PR UZR) te sklekovi (SKL). Većina primijenjenih motoričkih testova snage i fleksibilnosti, statistički se značajno razlikuje od inicijalnog do tranzitivnog i finalnog mjerenja. Iako se događa povećanje i nepoželjno opadanje vrijednosti rezultata na testovima između mjerenja, rezultati ovakovog istraživanja, u budućnosti pridonose kvalitetnijem planiranju i programiranju trenažnog procesa u određenoj natjecateljskoj sezoni.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi objektivnost i osjetljivost testa za procjenu izvođenja koreografije u sinkroniziranom plivanju, kao i utvrditi relacije motoričkih sposobnosti te specifičnih motoričkih znanja s izvođenjem koreografije u sinkroniziranom plivanju. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 25 studentica početnica u sinkroniziranom plivanju, kronološke dobi od 19-22 godine. Za testiranje motoričkih sposobnosti primjenjeno je 12 standardnih testova, a za procjenu motoričkih znanja primjenjena su 3 specifična testa sinkroniziranog plivanja. Uspjeh u izvođenju elemenata i koreografije su procijenjivala četiri ista suca, koristeći videozapise. Analiza rezultata ukazuje na visoku objektivnost i osjetljivost testa za procjenu izvedbe koreografije. Regresijske analize ukazuju na statistički značajnu povezanost kriterija s motoričkim sposobnostima, kao i povezanost sa specifičnim motoričkim znanjima. Značajni prediktori u prostoru motoričkih sposobnosti su statička snaga ruku i ramenog pojasa, te koordinacija u ritmu, dok u prostoru motoričkih znanja nijedan prediktor nije značajno objasnio kriterij. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako je sinkronizirano plivanje primjenjivo u nastavnom procesu studentica, obzirom da su ispitanice uspješno savladale specifična motorička znanja i koreografiju.

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je da se putem regresijskih analiza utvrdi utjecaj motoričkih sposobnosti na uspjeh u izvođenju osnovnih elemenata sinkroniziranog plivanja (osnovnog leđnog položaja, položaja kade i položaja flaminga) na uzorku odraslih početnica. Za ovo istraživanje primjenjeno je 6 standardnih motoričkih testova te 3 testa za procjenu motoričkih znanja. Procjenu uspjeha u izvođenju motoričkih znanja iz sinkroniziranog plivanja izvršila su četiri suca, preko videozapisa na Likertovoj ljestivici od 5 točaka. Prema dobivenim rezultatima test - položaj kade ima najbolje metrijske karakteristike i visoku povezanost s motoričkim prostorom. Regresijskom analizom uočavamo značajnu povezanost između sustava prediktora s kriterijem kod osnovnog leđnog položaja i položaja kade, a statistički značajan doprinos (Beta koeficijenti) nalazimo dominantno kod varijable za procjenu snage (eksplozivne i repetitivne). Dobivene informacije mogu se koristiti u svrhu planiranja i programiranja kinezioloških programa (rekreacijskih i edukacijskih) u kojima se kao kineziološki operatori koriste vježbe sinkroniziranog plivanja.

Trening snage kod žena ima niz pozitivnih učinaka na antropološki status. Stilovi treninga s utezima mogu biti različiti i mogu se koristiti za različite ciljeve. Prednosti ove vrste tjelovježbe u kombinaciji s kvalitetnom prehranom su golemi. Neke od tih dobrobiti su povećana čvrstoća kostiju koja smanjuje rizik od osteoporoze, povećana čvrstoća vezivnog tkiva, veća brzina metabolizma, poboljšana izvedba u sportu i svakodnevnom životu, smanjena nefunkcionalna masnoća i povećana nemasna tjelesna masa, smanjen rizik od ozljeda te značajno smanjen rizik od bolesti srca. Isto tako, trening snage pozitivnog utječe na mentalno zdravlje, smanjenje depresije te poboljšanje kognitivnih performansi kod starijih žena., Strength training in women has a number of positive effects on anthropological status. Strength training styles can vary and can be used for different goals. The benefits of this type of exercise in combination with quality nutrition are enormous. Some of these benefits are increased bone strength that reduces the risk of osteoporosis, increased connective tissue strength, higher metabolic rate, improved performance in sports and everyday life, reduced non-functional fat and increased lean body mass, reduced risk of injury and significantly reduced risk of hearts disease. Likewise, strength training has a positive effect on mental health, reducing depression and improving cognitive performance in older women.

Bavljenje fizičkom aktivnošću jedan je od osnovnih preduvjeta za zdrav i dugovječan život. Rekreativno bavljenje sportom uvelike doprinosi smanjenju sve većeg negativnog utjecaja modernog života i sjedilačkog načina rada na čovjeka. Od iznimne je važnosti i poticanje tjelesne aktivnosti od najranije dobi kako bi se na vrijeme usvojile zdrave navike. U današnje vrijeme, velik je izbor različitih vrsta tjelesnih aktivnosti što zapravo omogućava da svatko sebi pronađe onu koja mu najbolje odgovara. Aerobik kao jedna od fizičkih aktivnosti ujedno je i najzastupljeniji oblik vježbanja koji ne zahtijeva posebnu educiranost, na njega ne utječu vremenski uvjeti, može ga se odraditi na jednom mjestu i moguće ga je individualno prilagoditi vlastitom nivou pripremljenosti. Također, namijenjen je svim dobnim skupinama a zahvaljujući pravilnom načinu izvođenja vježbi uvjetuje i nastanak čitavog niza zdravstvenih prednosti., Engaging in physical activity is one of the basic prerequisites for a healthy and long life. Recreational sports greatly contribute to reducing the growing negative impact of modern life and sedentary lifestyle on man. Encouraging physical activity from an early age is also extremely important in order to adopt healthy habits in time. Nowadays, there is a large selection of different types of physical activities, which actually allows everyone to find the one that suits them best. Aerobics as one of the physical activities is also the most common form of exercise that does not require special education, it is not affected by weather conditions, it can be done in one place and it is possible to individually adjust it to your own level of preparation. It is also intended for all age groups and, thanks to the correct way of performing exercises, it conditions the emergence of a number of health benefits.

Fiziologija je znanost koja objašnjava fizičke i kemijske činioce odgovorne za razvoj i održavanje života, dok nam fiziologija sporta govori o krajnjim tjelesnim mogućnostima tijekom napora (Guyton i Hall, 2017.). Unutar ljudskog tijela, u svakom trenutku, bilo da je tijelo u stanju mirovanja ili u stanju neke tjelesne aktivnosti, događaju se brojni fiziološki procesi koji su međusobno povezani i ovisni jedni o drugima. Ta ovisnost očituje se kroz zamršenu komunikaciju između stanica, tkiva, organa i organskih sustava koja savršeno funkcionira. Za vrijeme tjelovježbe, aktivnost većine sustava se značajno povećava. Cilj ovoga rada je pokušati objasniti kako se tijelo prilagođava na povećane fiziološke zahtjeve uslijed bavljenja rekreativnim sportom i fitnesom, točnije kako se mišićni sustav adaptira na dodatne zahtjeve tjelesne aktivnosti. Da bi mogli razumjeti na koji način se mišići adaptiraju na određene fiziološke zahtjeve, za početak je potrebno razumjeti kako nastaje pokret, koji je ujedno i osnovni element bilo koje tjelesne aktivnosti. Dalje se javlja pitanje što pokreće i kontrolira djelovanje mišića te što je mišićima potrebno kako bi došlo do njihove kontrakcije i samog pokreta. Kada dođe do pokreta i kako bi se svi daljnji pokreti mogli nesmetano izvoditi, unutar mišića odvijaju se razne kemijske reakcije koje se zajedničkim imenom nazivaju metabolizam. Dominacija određenog energetskog sustava uvelike će odrediti rezultat adaptacijskih promjenama unutar mišića. Kako bismo razumjeli prilagodbe koje nastaju unutar mišića, moramo razumjeti i metodologiju tjelesne aktivnosti, koja je glavna smjernica u razvijanju mišićnih sposobnosti. Ono što nam je u konačnici od interesa je odgovor na pitanje; koje se sve kronične prilagodbe događaju unutar mišića na sustavno bavljenje nekom od aktivnosti? Bavljenje tjelesnim aktivnostima donosi i neke neželjene posljedice poput ozljeda mišića pa je bitno razumjeti uzroke ozljeda te kako se ozljede mogu klasificirati prema njihovoj težini. Pristup ozljedama mišića uvelike će se odraziti na daljnje bavljenje aktivnostima. I za kraj potrebno je znati koje prilagodbe postiže naš najsnažniji mišić u tijelu, srce., Physiology is the scientific study that explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the development and maintenance of life, while the physiology of sports tells us about the ultimate physical capabilities during effort (HALL, 2016). Numerous interconnected and interdependent physiological processes occur inside the human body at any moment, whether the body is in a state of rest or in a state of physical activity. This dependence is manifested through the intricate communication between cells, tissues, organs and organic systems that work perfectly. During any exercise, the activity of most systems increases significantly. The aim of this paper is to try to explain how the body adapts to increased physiological demands due to recreational sports and fitness, more precisely how the muscular system adapts to the additional demands of physical activity. In order to understand how muscles adapt to certain physiological requirements, it is first necessary to understand how movement occurs, which is also the basic element of any physical activity. Next, there is the question of who initiates and controls the action of the muscles and what the muscles need in order for muscle contraction and the movement itself to occur. When a movement occurs and in order for all further movements to take place smoothly, various chemical reactions take place inside the muscles, which are collectively called metabolism. The dominance of a particular energy system will largely determine the result of adaptive changes within the muscles. In order to understand the adjustments that occur within the muscles, we must also understand the methodology of physical activity, which is the main guideline in developing muscle abilities. Ultimately, what we are interested in is the answer to the following question; what are all the chronic adjustments that occur within the muscles to systematically engage in any of the activities? Engaging in physical activities also has some unwanted consequences such as muscle injuries, so it is important to understand the causes of injuries and how injuries can be classified according to their severity. The approach to muscle injuries will greatly affect the further engagement in activities. And finally, it is necessary to know what adjustments are achieved by our strongest muscle in the body, the heart.

Potreba za sportskom rekreacijom sve je veća u današnje vrijeme novih životnih navika i razvijanja sve većeg i opsežnijeg broja aktivnosti pa time i raste potreba za istraživanjem sportske rekreacije i u turističkom aspektu. Hrvatska kao brzorastuća turistička destinacija treba ići u korak s novim navikama, trendovima i razvojima. Konkretno Splitsko-dalmatinska županija obogaćena je potencijalima za stvaranje novih atrakcija i aktivnosti i to na području sportskih grana kao što su hodanje, trčanje, plivanje, rafting, planinarenje, biciklizam i slično, te je tako odlična podloga za privlačenje većeg broja turista. Naravno uvijek postoje već postojeći problemi koji se mogu unaprijediti te tako pripomoći uključivanju sporta u turističku atrakciju uključujući poboljšanje infrastrukture, uvođenje novih i kreativnih aktivnosti te poboljšanje općenitog života u Hrvatskoj., The need for sports recreation is increasing in today's time of new life habits and the development of an increasingly large and extensive number of activities, and thus the need for researching sports recreation in the tourist aspect is also growing. Croatia, as a fast-growing tourist destination, needs to keep up with new habits, trends and developments. In particular, the Splitsko-Dalmatian County is enriched with potential for creating new attractions and activities in the field of sports such as walking, running, swimming, rating, hiking, cycling and the like, and is thus an excellent basis for attracting more tourists. Of course, there are always existing problems that can be improved and thus help the inclusion of sports in the tourist attraction, including the improvement of infrastructure, the introduction of new and creative activities and the improvement of general life in Croatia.

Ubrzan način života, poslovi koji su uglavnom sjedilačkog tipa, neadekvatna prehrana. Sve su to razlozi zašto sve veći broj ljudi ima prekomjernu tjelesnu kilažu te brojne bolesti. Upravo su to neki od razloga zašto se pojedinici odluče baviti nekim vidom rekreacije te odluče paziti na svoju prehranu. Ovaj rad detaljnije obrađuje važnost usklađivanja prehrane i tjelesne aktivnosti. Rad je koncipiran u nekoliko cjelina. U prvom poglavlju usmjerenost je postavljena na konkretan prikaz predmeta i cilja samog rada, metoda istraživanja koje su korištene unutar rada kao i prikaz strukture rada. Drugo poglavlje odnosi se na tjelesnu aktivnost općenito. Unutar ovog poglavlja definirat će se tjelesna aktivnost, konkretan doprinos rekreacije i fitnessa tjelesnom zdravlju kao i važnost sporta u kvaliteti čovjekova života. Nadalje, treće poglavlje obrađuje tematiku prehrane, njezinu važnost i utjecaj na čovjekovo zdravlje. Unutar ovog poglavlja detaljnije ćemo se dotaknuti bjelančevina, ugljikohidrata, masti, vitamina i minerala te pobliže objasniti njihovu esencijalnu važnost za čovjeka. Spomenuti će se važnost vode i hidracije organizma. Nastavno na treće poglavlje, četvrto poglavlje elaborira utjecaj prehrane u području rekreacije i fitnessa na način da se objasni važnost prehrane pri reguliranju tjelesne mase, važnost prehrane pri poboljšanju performansi, ali ujedno i pri samom oporavku nakon vježbanja. Na kraju rada nalazi se zaključak rada u kojem su izvedeni svi relevantni zaključci doneseni na temelju izrade., A fast - paced lifestyle, mostly sedentary jobs, inadequate nutrition. All of these are the reasons why an increasing number of people have excessive body weight and numerous diseases. These are precisely some of the reasons why individuals decide to engage in some form of recreation activity and decide to pay attention to their diet. In this paper we will deal more in detail why is balancing our diet and physical activity so important. The paper is conceived in several parts. In the first chapter, the focus is on a concrete represetnation of the subject and goal of the work itslef, the research methods used within the work, as well as a representation of the structure of the work. The second chapter refers to physical activity in general. Within this chapter, we will define the term of physical activity, the specific contribution of recreation and fitness to physical health, as well as the importance of sport in everyday life. Furthermore, the third chapter deals with the topic of nutrition, its relevance and impact on human health. Within this chapter, we will touch on more in details on proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals and explain their essential importance for humans. The body hidration and importance of water will be mentioned as well. Following on from the third chapter, the fourth chapter elaborates the impact of nutrition in the field of recreation and fitness in a way that explains the importance of nutrition in regulation of body mass, in imporoving performance, but also in recovery after excercize. At the end of thessis there is a conclusion based on this work.

Trening jakosti odličan je odabir treninga u svrhu rekreacije. Koristeći ga moguće je izbjeći neke od najčešćih oboljenja današnjice uzrokovanih lošim životnim navikama i pretežito sjedilačkim načinom života. Ova vrsta treninga pozitivno utječe na rast i očuvanje mišića, održanje zdravlja kostiju, održanje zdravlja respiratornog i krvožilnog sustava, a odlična je i kao prevencija razvoja pretilosti i dijabetesa. Budući da je dobro poznato da je u zdravom tijelu zdrav duh, potvrđeni su i pozitivni učinci treninga jakosti i na mentalno zdravlje. Ukratko, trening jakosti je siguran, jeftin i vremenski jako efikasan način očuvanja i poboljšanja zdravstvenog stanja ljudi svih dobi, spolova i prethodnog zdravstvenog stanja, kao i trenažnog iskustva., Strength training is an excellent choice of training for the purpose of recreation. Using it, it is possible to avoid some of today’s most common diseases caused by bad lifestyle habits and a predominantly sedentary lifestyle. This type of training has a positive effect on the growth and preservation of muscles, maintenance of bone health, maintenance of the health of the respiratory and circulatory system, and is also excellent as a prevention of the development of obesity and diabetes. Since it is well-known that a healthy mind is in a healthy body, the positive effects of strength training on mental health have also been confirmed. In short, strength training is a safe, inexpensive and time-efficient way of preserving and improving the health of people of all ages, genders and previous health conditions, as well as training experience.

Snagu uvriježeno definiramo kao sposobnost sportaša koja se očituje svladavanjem konkretnih i mjerljivih različitih vrsta otpora. Sama je snaga uvjetovana reaktivnošću mišića, što bi značilo da je zapravo uvjetovana silom kojom mišić odgovara na određeni podražaj ili impuls. Ona nije jednoznačno definirana, već ovisi o vrsti i obliku manifestacije prilikom konkretnih sportskih napora. Kod treninga s opterećenjem dolazi zapravo do treninga snage koji mišićni sustav sportaša treba uložiti kako bi proizveo silu koja će se suprotstaviti konkretnom vanjskom opterećenju. Kako bi bilo moguće pratiti razvoj snage putem treninga s opterećenjem potrebno je definirati konkretne parametre opterećenja, kao i konkretne očekivane ishode koji se specifičnim opterećenjima nastoje postići. U ovom završnom radu opisan je koncept i vrste fizičke snage, kao i očekivani tijek razvoja snage kod aktivnih sportaša. Razmotreni su i faktori koji utječu na razvoj snage, kao i biološke predispozicije i ograničenja po pitanju razvoja snage. U radu je definiran koncept treninga s opterećenjem, kao i njegove vrste primjenjive u razvoju snage sportaša. Ujedno, paralelno s utjecajem ovog oblika treninga na sportaše razmatra se i njegov učinak na trening kod rekreativaca, kojima u prvom planu nije mjerljivi rezultat niti kompetitivnost s drugim profesionalcima, već vlastita zdravstvena dobrobit, jačanje vlastite fizičke snage, zajedno sa svim drugim u radu spomenutim benefitima., Strength is commonly defined as an athlete's ability to overcome specific and measurable different types of resistances. The strength itself is conditioned by the reactivity of muscles, which means that it is actually conditioned by the force exerted by the muscle when it responds to a specific stimulus or impulse. It is not unambiguously defined, but depends on the type and form of manifestation during particular sports efforts. During weight training, the athlete's muscular system is actually performing the strength training because it needs to produce a force that will oppose the specific external load. In order to be able to monitor the development of strength in weight training, it is necessary to define specific load parameters, as well as specific expected outcomes that are aimed to be achieved with specific loads. This paper describes the concept and types of physical strength, as well as the expected progression of strength development in active athletes. Factors that influence strength development, as well as biological predispositions and limitations in terms of strength development, are also discussed. The paper defines the concept of weight training, as well as the types of weight training applicable in the strength development of athletes. At the same time, in parallel with the influence of this form of training on athletes, its effect on the training of recreational athletes is considered, for whom the first priority is not a measurable result or competitiveness with other professionals, but their own health well -being, strengthening their own physical strength, together with all other benefits mentioned in the paper.

Grupni treninzi su vrlo energičan i uravnotežen način vježbanja namjenjen onim osobama kojim osim treninga vole zajedništvo i druženje. Grupni programi omogućuju raznovrsne programe vježbanja, čiji je glavni cilj razvoj kardiovaskularnog sustava, fleksibilnosti i snage, te oblikovanje tijela bez obzira na dob, spol, motoričke sposobnosti i antropometrijske karakteristike. Grupna dinamika omogućuje motivaciju klijenata, socijalnu edukaciju i timski rad za postizanje zajedničkog cilja. Uključivanjem velikog broja ljudi u razne sportsko rekreativne programe i sve veća popularnost grupnih fitnes programa stvorila je potrebu za specifičnim i stručnim kadrom. Danas grupni fitnes programi obuhvaćaju različite vrste treninga, a većina ih se ubraja u workout programe., Exercising in group sessions is a very energetic and balanced way of training, which is intended for everyone that is fueled by the feeling of collectiveness. Group training sessions allow many diverse programs, all of which have got very important goals, such as: strengthening of cardiovascular system, increasing overall strength of the body, flexibility, sculpting the body regardless of individuals age, gender, motoric skills, anthropometric abilities and so on. Group dynamic allows for mutual motivation of the participants, social education and team work which are commonly mutual goals between these individuals. Involving a large number of people in various sport programs, rising popularity of fitness has created a need for specific and diversified training programs that are a product of well educated training professionals. Nowadays group fitness programs include various forms of training most of which we can categorise under the category of workout programs.

Ovaj rad napravljen je kao sekundarno istraživanje s ciljem identificiranja poželjnih kompetencija i karakteristika fitness trenera od strane vježbača. Nalazi iz istraživanja ukazuju na problematiku u smislu formalnog obrazovanja fitness trenera jer u današnje vrijeme, osim sveučilišnih diploma, akreditacije fitness trenera moguće je steći putem različitih kratkoročnih edukacija pa čak i online tečajeva. Ova činjenica upućuje na postojanje razlika u znanjima među fitness trenerima. Međutim, brojne studije pokazale su kako formalno obrazovanje i razina znanja nije presudan faktor zadovoljstva i percepcije kvalitete rada fitness trenera. Ustanovljen je čitav niz drugih karakteristika koje čine kompletnu sliku trenerskog rada. Ovo najčešće uključuje njegove socijalne i komunikacijske vještine. Što je fitness trener ljubazniji, komunikativniji i pokazuje veći interes za vježbače, to će ga oni smatrati uspješnijim, biti će privrženiji tjelovježbi i zadovoljniji njegovim radom. Manjak navedenih elemenata uočen je kod fitness trenera koji provode grupne treninge obzirom da su upravo njihovi vježbači iskazivali nezadovoljstvo u odnosu na razinu ukazane im pažnje i interesa tijekom sesija tjelovježbe., This thesis was done as a secondary research with the aim of identifying the desired competencies and characteristics of a fitness trainer by the exercisers. Findings from the research indicate a problem in terms of formal education of fitness trainers, because nowadays, in addition to university degrees, fitness trainer accreditation can be obtained through various short-term educations and even online courses. This fact points to the existence of differences in knowledge among fitness trainers. However, numerous studies have shown that formal education and level of knowledge is not a decisive factor in the satisfaction and perception of the quality of work of fitness trainers. A whole series of other characteristics have been established that form a complete picture of coaching work. This usually includes his social and communication skills. The friendlier, more communicative and more interested the fitness trainer is in the exercisers, the more successful they will consider him, the more attached to the exercise and the more satisfied he will be with his work. The lack of the mentioned elements was observed among fitness trainers who conduct group trainings, since it was their trainees who expressed dissatisfaction with the level of attention and interest shown to them during the exercise sessions.

Vaterpolo je vodeni ekipni sport prepoznatljiv po brzim, eksplozivnim promjenama smjera i brzine plivanja, hrvanju i šutiranju koji čine sastavni dio igre. Iz tog razloga anaerobna izdržjivost i snaga mišića ruku i ramenog pojasa imaju veliku važnost u vaterpolu. Novokonstruirani ručni Wingate test je osmišljen iz razloga što u praksi nema mnogo istraživanja u sportovima u kojima su zahtjevi slični vaterpolu odnosno potrebe za snagu i izdržljivost mišića gornjeg dijela tijela te je za testiranje sposobnosti često korišten Wingate test koji mjeri snagu i izdržljivost nogu. Također, istraživanja koja su koristila ručni test koji je izvođen na način da ispitanik sjedi. Na taj način ispitaniku dajemo mogućnost manipuliranja korištenjem i ostalih mišića odnosno kompenzacije. Te mogućnosti smo otklonili na način da smo ispitanika postavili u ležeću poziciju te ga pričvrstili za klupicu. Pošto smo postigli izolaciju mišića na testu možemo reći da je novokonstruirani test valjan. Zbog svojih karakteristika, novokonstruirani test je primjenjiv i za druge sportove kojima su snaga i izdržljivost gornjeg dijela tijela neophodni za vrhunske rezultate poput bacačkih disciplina u atletici, rukometu, plivanju, pa i hrvanju. U daljnjim istraživanjima biti će potrebno uključiti više sportaša iz više različitih sportova kao i praćenje još nekih parametara s kojima se razina anaerobne izdržjivosti može još preciznije dijagnosticirati., Water polo is a team sport played in water and is recognized for its rapid, explosive changes in direction and speed of swimming, wrestling and shooting, which are crucial components of the game. For this reason, anaerobic endurance and muscle strength of the arm and shoulder girdle are of great importance in water polo. The newly constructed arm Wingate test was created due to the fact that in practice there is not much research in sports in which the requirements are similar to water polo, i.e. the need for strength and endurance of the muscles of the upper body, and the Wingate test, which measures the strength and endurance of the legs, is the most used test. Also, research that used an arm Wingate test that was performed with the subject sitting. In this way, the subject has the possibility to manipulate compensation by using other muscles as well. In newly constructed arm Wingate test those posibilities are eliminated by placing the subjects in a lying position and attaching them to a bench. Since we achieved muscle isolation in the test, we can say that the newly constructed test is valid. Due to its characteristics, the newly constructed test is also applicable for other sports where strength and endurance of the upper body are necessary for top results, such as throwing disciplines in athletics, handball, swimming, and even wrestling. In further research, it will be necessary to include more athletes from several different sports, as well as to monitor some other parameters with which the level of anaerobic endurance can be diagnosed even more precisely.

Jedrenje na dasci je fizički vrlo zahtjevan sport u kojem jedriličar koristi vjetar kako bih se kretao prema naprijed. Iako je vrlo popularan i na rekreativnoj i na natjecateljskoj razini, te je olimpijski sport, postoji ograničeno znanje o ovom sportu općenito, a posebno o ozljedama. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi pojavnost ozljeda među jedriličarima i moguće spolne razlike. Uzorak sudionika uključivao je 18 međunarodnih elitnih jedriličara na dasci (8 žena, 10 muškaraca). Svi sudionici ispunili su novo konstruirani upitnik putem online ankete. Varijable su uključivale sociodemografske parametre, sportske čimbenike i čimbenike ozljeda. Statistička analiza uključivala je deskriptivne parametre (aritmetičku sredinu i standardnu devijaciju te učestalosti i postotke, ovisno o karakteru varijable). Za analizu razlika među spolovima korišten je T-test za parametrijske i Mann-Whitneyev test za neparametrijske varijable. Prijavljeno je ukupno 80 ozljeda sa značajno većom pojavnosti među ženama (n=56; t=-2.37, p=0.03) u usporedbi s muškarcima (n=24). Najčešće ozlijeđena mjesta bila su donji dio leđa (n=16; 20% svih ozljeda), prsa i ramena (n=11; 14%), koljena (n=9; 11%) te glava i vrat (n=9; 11%). Utvrđene su značajne razlike između promatranih skupina u učestalosti ozljeda donjeg dijela leđa (t=2.04, p=0.04) te ozljeda glave i vrata (t=2.08, p=0.04). Oko dvije trećine ozljeda (n=54; 68%) dogodilo se tijekom treninga, dok se 26 dogodilo na natjecanjima. Među sportskim čimbenicima, značajne razlike među spolovima pronađene u broju kondicijskih treninga, pri čemu žene bilježe veće brojke (Z=-1.99, p=0.05). Iako mehanizam i vrsta ozljeda nisu analizirani, rezultati sugeriraju da jedriličari na dasci moraju uključiti preventivne vježbe za donji dio leđa. Prethodne studije su pokazale najveću pojavnost ozljeda donjeg dijela tijela, dok su rezultati ove studije pokazali da je distribucija ozljeda jednaka s visokom pojavnosti ozljeda među gornjim dijelovima tijela., Windsurfing is a physically highly demanding sport in which a surfer moves the board forward on the water surface with the usage of wind. Although it is very popular on both recreational and competitive levels, and is an Olympic sport, a limited body of knowledge is present about this sport in general and injuries in particular. The main aim of this study was to investigate injury prevalence among windsurfers and possible gender differences. The sample of participants included 18 international elite windsurfers (8 female, 10 male). All participants filled newly constructed questionnaire through online survey. Variables included socio-demographic parameters, sports factors and injury factors. Statistical analysis included descriptive parameters (arithmetic mean and standard deviation and frequencies and percentages, depending on the character of the variable). For the analysis of differences between genders, T-test was used for parametric and Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables. Total number of 80 injuries were reported with significantly higher prevalence among women (n=56; t=-2.37, p=0.03) compared to men (n=24). Most frequently injured body sites were lower back (n=16; 20% of all injuries), chest and shoulders (n=11; 14%), knee (n=9; 11%) and head and neck (n=9; 11%). Significant differences between observed groups were found in injury prevalence for lower back (t=2.04, p=0.04) and head and neck (t=2.08, p=0,04) injuries. Around two-thirds of injuries (n=54; 68%) occurred during training, while 26 happened in competitions. Among sports factors, only significant gender differences were found for the number of conditioning training per week, with women recording higher numbers (Z=-1.99, p=0.05). Although the mechanism and type of injuries were not analyzed, results suggest that windsurfers need to include lower back prevention exercises. Previous studies reported the highest prevalence of lower body injuries, while the results of this study showed that the distribution of injuries is equal with the high prevalence of injuries among upper body parts.

Tijekom lockdowna neki su klubovi imali uobičajen pristup treningu dok neki drugi nisu zbog propisanih mjera. Do razlika u treningu je došlo i zbog nepoštivanja ili nepoštivanja mjera. Neki teoretičari sporta tvrde da bi to trebalo utjecati na rezultate na svim razinama sporta. CILJ: Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati modele rada i količine pojedinih aspekata treninga tijekom lockdown u kickboksingu. Drugi je cilj utvrditi povezanost između modela rada / količine treninga u lockdown i rezultata u kickboksingu. METODE: Validiranim upitnikom su prikupljeni podaci od 40 aktivnih boraca iz raznih hrvatskih klubova. Podatci su obrađeni deskriptivnim statističkim parametrima (frekvencije, medijan, mode) a povezanosti su testirane Spearmanovim koeficijentom korelacije. REZULTATI: Kickboksači su uglavnom trenirali kod kuće ili na otvorenom, nisu se radili posebni program, odlučivao je u pravilu sam sportaš, psihološku podršku su dobivali od trenera. U odnosu na ranije sparing su radili manje od 50%, TE-TA trening 60%, izdržljivost 70% a rad na snazi 80%. Borci koji su prije pandemije imali dobre rezultate više su pažnje posvetili treniranju tijekom pandemije. Borci koji su više radili na izdržljivosti bolje su se plasirali 2022. Razlika između rezultata prije i poslije lockdown značajno je povezana sa količinom TE-TA treninga. ZAKLJUČAK: Aktivnosti klubova tijekom lockdown će utjecati na rezultate. Klubovi moraju balansirati između poštivanja mjera i rezultata, svjesni su činjenice da neke stvari koje ne smiju radit njihova konkurencija radi. Temeljem ovog istraživanja mogu se dati naputci za trening u sličnim situacijama., During Lockdown, some clubs had the usual approach to training while others did not because of the prescribed measures. Differences in training also occurred due to compliance or non-compliance with measures. Some sports theorists argue that this could affect results at all levels of sport. PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to examine work models and the amount of individual aspects of training during lockdown in kickboxing. The second goal is to determine the relationship between the work model / amount of training in lockdown and the results in kickboxing. METHODS: A validated questionnaire collected data from 40 active fighters from various Croatian clubs. Data were processed by descriptive statistical parameters (frequency, median, mode) and correlations were tested by Spearman 's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Kickboxers mostly trained at home or outdoors, there was no special program, it was usually decided by the athlete himself, they received psychological support from the coach. Compared to previous sparring, they did less than 50%, TE-TA training 60%, endurance 70% and strength work 80%. Fighters who had good results before the pandemic paid more attention to training during the pandemic. Fighters who worked harder on endurance placed better in 2022. The difference between the results before and after the lockdown is significantly related to the amount of TE-TA training. CONCLUSION: Club activities during lockdown will affect results. Clubs need to balance between adherence to measures and results, aware of the fact that some things their competition is not allowed to do work. Based on this research, training instructions in similar situations can be given.

U svijetu fitnessa, relativno novi trend je korištenje vodenih plutajućih podloga. Koristi se na vodenoj površini, a na njemu se mogu izvoditi brojne vrste vježbi i treninga. Trening na vodenim strunjačama je zabavan, a glavna razlika u odnosu na druge fitness programe je što kroz bilo koju vrstu treninga sportaši/sudionici vježbaju ravnotežu. Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinke treninga na plutajućoj vodenoj prostirci. Osnovna ravnoteža je inicijalno testirana na platformi BIODEX, proveden je 5-tjedni program treninga u bazenu s plutajućim strunjačama, a na kraju je ravnoteža konačno testirana na istoj platformi uključujući dinamičke i statičke testove. Sudionici su bili 15 studenata i 13 studentica (u dobi 23,5±3,65, BH=173,8±11,26cm, BM=70,6±12,7 kg) Kineziološkog fakulteta u Splitu, Hrvatska. Statistička analiza uključivala je izračun deskriptivne statistike i normalitet distribucije za testirane varijable, T-test za nezavisne uzorke uspoređujući inicijalno i finalno testiranje izvedbe osnovne ravnoteže na BIODEX platformi. Nije bilo značajne razlike u rezultatima statičke ravnoteže između inicijalnog i završnog testiranja iako je bilo trostrukih promjena u rezultatima na ukupnom uzorku (p=0,10/0,04, T-vrijednost-1,67/-2,1). Međutim, rezultati dinamičke ravnoteže značajno su bolji na finalnom testiranju. Cijeli proces treninga na vodenim plutajućim strunjačama poboljšao je i statičku i dinamičku ravnotežu na kopnu. Dinamička ravnoteža se znatno više poboljšala zbog samog procesa treninga. Iako su bile uključene vježbe statičke ravnoteže, zbog nestabilne površine vode dinamička ravnoteža bila je prisutna cijelo vrijeme. Vodene plutajuće prostirke pogodne su za vježbanje i poboljšanje ravnoteže, posebice dinamičke. U buduća istraživanja trebalo bi uključiti više sudionika i sportaša., In fitness world, relatively new trend is the usage of the water floating mat. It is used on water surface, and plenty types of exercises and trainings could be performed on it. Training on water mats is fun and the main difference from other fitness programs is that through doing any type of training, athletes/participants practice balance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the training effects on floating water mat. The participants were 15 male and 13 female students (aged 23.5±3.65, BH=173.8 ±11.26cm, BM=70.6±12.7 kg) of Faculty of Kinesiology in Split, Croatia. Statistical analysis included calculation of descriptive statistics and normality of distribution for tested variables, T-test for independent samples comparing initial and final testing of basic balance performance on BIODEX platform. The basic balance was tested initially on BIODEX platform, 5-week training programme in the pool with floating mats was conducted, and finally, the balance was finally tested on same platform including dynamic and static tests. There was no significant difference in static balance results between initial and final testing although there were 3-fold changes in the results on overall sample (p=0.10/0.04, T-value-1.67/-2.1). However, the results of dynamic balance significantly improved on final testing. Whole training process on water floating mats improved both static and dynamic balance on land. Dynamic balance improved significantly more because of the training process itself. Even though the static balance exercises were included, due to the unstable surface of the water dynamic balance was present all the time. Water floating mats are suitable for training and improving balance, especially dynamic balance. In future studies, more participants and athletes should be included.

Kardiovaskularne bolesti (KVB) su i dalje glavni uzrok smrti, posebno uzrokovane ishemijskim bolestima, moždanim udarom i zatajenjem srca. Isto tako, u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća značajno se povećala prevalencija klasičnih kardiovaskularnih čimbenika rizika kao što su hipertenzija, dijabetes, dislipidemija i pretilost u općoj populaciji te prevalencija pušenja među mladim odraslim ženama. U ovom radu razmatraju se najvažniji aspekti koji se odnose na prevenciju kroz promjenu načina života i tjelesnu aktivnost na pojavu kardiovaskularnih bolesti., Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the leading cause of death, especially caused by ischemic diseases, stroke and heart failure. Likewise, the prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity in the general population and the prevalence of smoking among young adult women has increased significantly in recent decades. This paper discusses the most important aspects related to prevention through lifestyle changes and physical activity on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.

Ravnoteža u općem smislu podrazumijeva balans tijela, odnosno sposobnost tijela da se zadrži u stanju mirovanja ili kretanja. S obzirom na to osnovna podjela ravnoteže je na statičku i dinamičku. Pregled literature pokazuje nedostatak istraživanja koji se bave specifičnom ravnotežnom na nestabilnim vodenim površinama. U ovom radu proveli smo istraživanje na 28 studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta u Splitu s ciljem ispitivanja konstrukcije i validacije novokonstruiranih testova za procjenu dinamičke ravnoteže na aquabalance dasci. Dva testa su sačinjavala strukturu skakanja (TEST ŠKARE, TEST SKOK), a preostala dva su se sastojala od strukture hodanja (TEST KRUG, TEST SKIP). Uz to sve odradili smo i osnovne testove za procjenu statičke i dinamičke ravnoteže na BIODEX platformi (PS, LST). Statističkom analizom obradili smo podatke i na taj način izračunali deskriptivnu statistiku, ispitali normalitet distribucije za osjetljivost testa, korelacije između novokonstruiranih testova i koeficijenta pouzdanosti, homogenost testa i korelacije najboljih rezultata testova s osnovnim testovima na BIODEX PLATFORMI za praktičnu valjanost. Testiranje je rezultiralo visokim i pozitivnim korelacijama s osnovnim testom za dinamičku ravnotežu na BIODEX platformi., Balance in the general sense implies the balance of the body, that is, the ability of the body to remain in a state of rest or movement. Considering this, the basic division of balance is static and dynamic. A review of the literature shows a lack of research dealing with specific equilibrium on unstable water surfaces. In this study, we conducted research on 28 students of the Faculty of Kinesiology Split, with the aim of examining the construction and validation of newly constructed tests for assessing dynamic balance on the aquabalance board. Two tests consisted of a jumping structure (SCISSOR TEST, JUMP TEST), and the remaining two consisted of a walking structure (CIRCLE TEST, SKIP TEST). In addition to all of this, we also performed basic tests for assessing static and dynamic balance on the BIODEX platform (PS, LST). We processed the data with statistical analysis and thus calculated descriptive statistics, examined the normality of the distribution for test sensitivity, correlations between newly constructed tests and reliability coefficients, test homogeneity and correlations of the best test results with basic tests on the BIODEX PLATFORM for practical validity. The testing resulted in high and positive correlations with the basic test for dynamic balance on the BIODEX platform.

Važnost provođenja tjelesne aktivnosti u svim uzrastima općepoznata je činjenica diljem svijeta. Unatoč znanjima o pozitivnim učincima iste, globalni problem današnjice upravo je smanjena razina tjelesne aktivnosti. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati razinu tjelesne aktivnosti kod populacije studenata Sveučilišta u Splitu, prediktore tjelesnog vježbanja te razlike među spolovima u učestalosti bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnošću i faktorima koje utječu na razinu tjelesnog vježbanja. U svrhu prikupljanja podataka provedeno je anketno istraživanje kod 263 studenata akademske godine 2021./2022. Za obradu podataka korišten je računalni statistički program STATISTICA verzija 13.0 (TIBCO Software Inc, USA). Rezultati su pokazali da studenti Sveučilišta u Splitu redovno ili povremeno provode neki oblik tjelesne aktivnosti, pri čemu su studenti aktivniji u odnosu na studentice. Uočena je značajna razlika u redovitosti vježbanja i aktivnostima u slobodno vrijeme. U provođenju tjelesne aktivnosti većinu ispitanika najviše motivira pozitivan učinak tjelesnog vježbanja na zdravlje. Od ostalih faktora, najviše ih motivira učinak smanjenja stresa i poboljšanje fizičkog izgleda. Promatrajući razlike među spolovima, studentice značajno više motivira pozitivan učinak na zdravlje i smanjivanje razine stresa. Kao najmanje važni faktori motivacije pokazali su se socijalizacija i društveno priznanje. Socijalizacija je jednako bitna studentima i studenticama, a društveno priznanje značajno više motivira pripadnike muškog spola., The importance of physical activity at all ages is a well-known fact all over the world. Despite the knowledge about the positive effect of physical activity, the global problem of today is precisely the reduced level of physical activity. The main goal of this research is to examine the level of physical activity among the student population at the University of Split, predictors of physical exercise, gender differences in the frequency of physical activity and factors that influence the level of physical exercise. For the purpose of data collection, a survey was conducted among 263 students of the academic year 2021/2022. A computer statistical program so called STATISTICA version 13.0 (TIBCO Software Inc, USA) was used for data processing. The results showed that university students in Split regularly or occasionally carry out some form of physical activity, with male students being more active than female students. A significant difference was observed in the regularity of exercise and leisure activities. In carrying out physical activity, the majority of respondents are most motivated by the positive effect of physical exercise on health. Many students are as well motivated by the effect of reducing stress and improving physical appearance. Observing the differences between the genders, female students significantly motivates the positive effect on health and reducing the stress level. Socialization and social recognition are proved to be the least important factors of motivation. Socialization is equally important for male and female students and social recognition, on the other hand, motivates male members significantly more.