Search

Although most words have more than one meaning, the mechanisms underlying new-meaning learning have been understudied. This one-to-many mapping poses even greater challenges for second language learners. The present study examined the behavioral mechanisms underlying new-meaning learning among non-native speakers by focusing on the effects of word familiarity, an approximate measure of lexical quality. We found that learning new meanings for more familiar L2 words was easier, as indicated by better recognition and cued-recall performance throughout the learning phase and in delayed tests. Furthermore, new-meaning learning facilitated, rather than impeded, the processing of original meanings, especially after a delay. Comparing these findings with those from previous studies involving native speakers, it appears that lexical quality influences how new and prior knowledge interact during new-meaning learning.

The spine community is continuously adding to its armamentarium of intraoperative techniques for visualization and instrumentation of the spine. Recently, three-dimensional printed spine models were introduced for use in preoperative planning, surgical simulation, and intraoperative guidance. We present a 14-year old African male with congenital kyphoscoliosis, small stature, an obvious gibbus deformity and coronal imbalance, who underwent a three-staged posterior surgical correction procedure, during which a 3D-printed spine biomodel was utilized for better appreciation of his complex spinal deformity patho-anatomy. During the first stage of the procedure, he developed diminished lower extremity motor strength bilaterally and bowel/bladder control, but, following his third stage procedure and with focused rehabilitation efforts, he has regained full control of his bowel and bladder function, and is able to ambulate and perform activities of daily living independently, albeit still requiring intermittent walking support with a single forearm crutch due to residual left leg weakness. The 3D spine biomodel functioned successfully as a valuable tool and surrogate anatomic blueprint for the surgeons, enabling adequate appreciation of the complex bony anatomy which could not be easily resolved on the conventionally available imaging modalities, intraoperative navigation or robotic platform. Theoretically, up to $2900 USD in savings, translated from the mean estimated time saved per procedure with the use 3D-printed spine models has been proposed in some studies. Therefore, 3D-printed spine models have utility in complex spinal deformity correction surgery.

Primary objective: The significance of critical thinking (CT) has grown worldwide in recent years. In teacher education, for example, educators are expected to impart this skill to students but we lack comprehensive international comparative research on CT in pre-service teachers. To begin to develop such assessments, we comparatively analysed CT in Colombia's and Switzerland's teacher education intended curricula. Research design and methodology: We examined 384 curriculum documents at the national (macro), institutional (meso), and course-specific (micro) levels. The documents included 73 from Colombia and 311 from Switzerland. We also conducted interviews with nine teacher educators, four from Colombia and five from Switzerland. Results: Our analysis revealed that while both countries provide similar opportunities for student teachers to acquire CT skills, there are differences in the percentage of documents that reflect CT or any of its facets, and few university courses include several CT facets. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the possibility for international CT assessment with appropriate cultural and contextual adaptations. However, the results also highlight the need for better alignment within training curricula and a more cohesive approach to CT, ensuring that CT is not only mentioned in official macro-level documents but is also comprehensively integrated into the micro level.

ObjectiveDry eye disease (DED) is a condition associated with a myriad of systemic disorders. According to recent preliminary data, axial spondylarthritis (axial-SpA) could represent a new entity associated with DED. Therefore, this study aimed to assess DED in patients with axial SpA by performing quantitative and qualitative specific tests to investigate the potential association between DED and ocular surface damage in patients with axial-SpA and to identify potential variables associated with DED.MethodsA total of 71 patients with axial-SpA who fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Both the patients and the controls underwent a complete ocular assessment aimed at evaluating the tear film and ocular surface, which included the Schirmer test, tear break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein staining, and lissamine green staining. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was administered to all patients.ResultsDED symptoms were reported in 46 (64.8%) patients and three (15.8%) healthy controls (p = 0.0004). The odds ratio for receiving a diagnosis of axial-SpA based on the presence of dry-eye-related symptoms was 9.2 (95% C.I. 2.72–42.52, p = 0.001). The Schirmer test values of < 6 mm/5 min were observed in 31 (43.7%) patients with axial-SpA and two (10.5%) healthy controls (p = 0.013); a TBUT of

Time-lapse seismic provides a source of valuable information about the evolution in space and time of the distribution of hydrocarbons inside reservoirs. Seismic monitoring improves our understanding of production mechanisms and makes it possible to optimize the recovery of hydrocarbons. Although 4D seismic data are increasingly used by oil companies, they are often qualitative, due to the lack of suitable interpretation techniques. Recent modeling experiments have shown that the integration of 4D seismic data for updating reservoir flow models is feasible. However, methodologies based on sequential interpretation of 4D seismic data, trial and error processes and fluid flow simulation tests require a great effort from integrated teams. The development of assisted history matching techniques is a significant improvement towards a quantitative use of 4D seismic data in reservoir modeling. This paper proposes an innovative methodology based on advanced history matching solutions to constrain 3D stochastic reservoir models to both production history and 4D seismic attributes. In this approach, geostatistical modeling, upscaling, fluid flow simulation, downscaling and petro-elastic modeling are integrated into the same history matching workflow. Simulated production history and 4D seismic attributes are compared to real data using an objective function, which is minimized with a new optimization algorithm based on response surface fitting. The gradual deformation method is used to constrain the facies realization, globally or locally, which populates the geological model at the fine scale. Moreover, a new method is proposed to update facies proportions during the optimization process according to 4D monitoring information. We present here a successful application to the Girassol field. Girassol is a large, complex and faulted turbidite field, located offshore Angola. First, a detailed geostatistical geological model was built to describe reservoir heterogeneity at the fine scale, while respecting 3D base seismic data. Second, the model was constrained to production data and 4D seismic attributes, applying gradual deformation to facies realizations and varying facies proportions. The integration of 4D seismic data led to better production forecasts and improved predictions confirmed by a new seismic survey shot two years after the history matching period. 4D seismic data also contributed to better characterize the spatial distribution of heterogeneities in the field. As a result, the fine scale geological model was improved consistently with respect to the fluid flow simulation model and the observed data. The Girassol study, already presented in (Roggero et al., 2007, 2008), has been updated with recent information and a more detailed presentation concerning the construction of the geological model based on 3D seismic data. La sismique répétée (4D) constitue une source d’information précieuse sur l’évolution dans l’espace et le temps de la distribution des hydrocarbures dans les réservoirs pétroliers. Le monitoring sismique améliore notre compréhension des mécanismes de production et permet d’optimiser la récupération des hydrocarbures. Bien que les données de sismique 4D soient de plus en plus utilisées par les compagnies pétrolières, leur exploitation est souvent qualitative, en raison du manque de techniques d’interprétation appropriées. Des travaux de modélisation récents ont démontré la faisabilité de l’intégration des données de sismique 4D pour mettre à jour les modèles de simulation de réservoir. Cependant, les méthodologies basées sur l’interprétation séquentielle des données 4D, par essais et erreurs et tests successifs de simulations de réservoir, exigent un effort conséquent et la mobilisation d’équipes pluridisciplinaires. Le développement actuel des méthodes de calage d’historique assisté constitue un progrès significatif vers une utilisation quantitative des données de sismique 4D en modélisation de réservoir. Cette publication propose une méthodologie innovante basée sur des méthodes avancées de calage simultané des modèles 3D de réservoir par les données de production et de sismique 4D. Cette approche intègre dans le même processus de calage d’historique la modélisation géostatistique, les changements d’échelle, la simulation des écoulements et la modélisation pétro-élastique. Les données simulées de production et de sismique 4D sont comparées aux données réelles par l’intermédiaire d’une fonction objectif, qu’un algorithme d’optimisation par ajustement de surface de réponse permet de minimiser. La méthode de déformation graduelle est utilisée pour contraindre globalement ou localement la réalisation en facies du modèle géologique à l’échelle fine. De plus, une nouvelle technique est mise en oeuvre pour mettre à jour les proportions de facies pendant le processus d’optimisation en intégrant les informations de sismique 4D. Une application réalisée avec succès sur le champ de Girassol est présentée. Girassol est un vaste réservoir turbiditique, complexe et faillé, situé dans les grands fonds au large de l’Angola. Un modèle géostatistique détaillé a d’abord été construit pour décrire les hétérogénéités du réservoir à l’échelle géologique fine, en se basant sur les données initiales de sismique 3D. Le modèle a ensuite été contraint par les données de production et de sismique 4D après inversion, en explorant les réalisations géostatistiques par déformation graduelle et en ajustant les proportions de facies. L’intégration des données de sismique 4D a conduit à de meilleures prévisions de production, confirmées par une nouvelle campagne sismique acquise deux ans après la période d’historique initialement considérée. Les données de sismique 4D ont aussi contribué à mieux caractériser la distribution spatiale des hétérogénéités dans le réservoir. Le modèle géologique détaillé a ainsi été amélioré pour être cohérent avec la simulation des écoulements et les données mesurées. Cette étude du champ de Girassol, déjà présentée dans (Roggero et al., 2007, 2008), est ici complétée par des informations récentes et une présentation plus détaillée de la construction du modèle géologique basée sur les données de sismique 3D.

Phonological interference during written-word meaning judgments occurs in both Chinese and English, suggesting that word-level phonological activation is universal rather than dependent on the sublexical structures that vary with writing systems. To accommodate this universality, we distinguish two sources of phonological congruence between a meaning-bearing orthographic unit (word or character) and other units in the orthographic lexicon: (a) Global congruence between a word (or character) and its orthographic neighbors having the same pronunciation and (b) Local congruence between a word (or character) and its graphic constituents (letters or radicals). Recent evidence by Zhou and Perfetti in 2021 shows a greater role for global than local congruence in covert naming of Chinese characters. We hypothesize this is true also for meaning processing and use behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures to test this hypothesis during character meaning judgments. As expected, we found word-level phonological interference in meaning decision times. Further, ERPs detected interference effects related to global congruence at early and mid-latency ERP components; local congruence effects emerged only in interaction with global congruence. A late ERP component (LPC) also showed phonological interference, but no effect on mapping congruence. These time-course results suggest two phases of phonological activation: (a) character identification, influenced mainly by global congruence, as indicated in early and mid-latency ERP components and (b) meaning comparison, influenced only by lexical phonology, as indicated by the LPC component. The early phase of lexical processing is much the same whether meaning or pronunciation is required because it engages ortho-phonological associations that are not easily suppressed.

Abstract Background Programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) expression is a well‐known predictive biomarker of response to immune checkpoint blockade in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is limited evidence of the relationship between PD‐L1 expression, clinicopathological features, and their association with major driver mutations in NSCLC patients in Latin America. Methods This retrospective study included patients from Argentina with advanced NSCLC, and centralized evaluation of PD‐L1 expression concurrently with genomic alterations in the driver genes EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, and/or KRAS G12C in FFPE tissue samples. Results A total of 10 441 patients with advanced NSCLC were analyzed. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histological subtype (71.1%). PD‐L1 expression was categorized as PD‐L1 negative (45.1%), PD‐L1 positive low‐expression 1%–49% (32.3%), and PD‐L1 positive high‐expression ≥50% (22.6%). Notably, current smokers and males were more likely to have tumors with PD‐L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥50% and ≥ 80% expression, respectively (p

Abstract Background Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is a form of Stage B heart failure (HF) at high risk for progression to overt disease. Using baseline characteristics of study participants from the Aldose Reductase Inhibition for Stabilization of Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure (ARISE-HF) Trial we sought to characterize clinical characteristics of individuals with findings consistent with DbCM. Methods Among study participants meeting inclusion criteria, clinical characteristics, laboratory testing, imaging, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly (PASE) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) results were tabulated. Cluster phenogroups were identified. Results Among 691 study participants (mean age 67.4 years; 50% were female), mean duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 14.5 years. The median (Q1, Q3) N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T were 71 (35, 135) ng/L and 9 [6, 12] ng/L. The most common echocardiographic abnormalities were reduced global longitudinal strain in 25.3% and impaired diastolic relaxation in 17.7%. Despite rather well-preserved KCCQ scores the average PASE score was markedly impaired at 155 accompanied by an average maximal oxygen consumption of 15.7 mL/Kg/minute on CPET. In K-means clustering, 4 phenogroups were identified including a higher-risk group with more advanced age, greater elevation of cardiac biomarkers, and more prevalent evidence for diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions Baseline data from the ARISE-HF Trial provide clinical characterization of individuals with T2DM and features of stage B HF, and may help clarify the diagnosis of DbCM. Trial Registration ARISE-HF, NCT04083339.

Multi-camera devices are increasingly popular in various metrological applications, including cultural heritage digitalisation, where these devices are adopted as low-cost alternatives to more traditional methods or mobile mapping systems. They can be of two types: panoramic and non-panoramic configurations, with the former usually more compact and ready-made off-the-shelves and the latter usually custom-developed for metrological applications. In the paper, we compare the accuracy and reliability performance of two types of multi-camera: the spherical camera INSTA 360 Pro2 and the custom multi-camera rig Ant3D. The case study is a challenging spiral staircase environment, typical in many cultural heritage survey projects. The processed image datasets were evaluated in the most common constrain scenario (GCPs at both ends of the staircase) and the worst-case scenario (open-ended path, GCPs at the start). The datasets were processed with precalibrated IO and various degrees of multi-camera constraints up to precalibrated relative orientations. The results highlight that the nominal scale 1:50 can be achieved, e.g. an accuracy of

The advent of mobile mapping systems (MMSs) and computer vision algorithms has enriched a wide range of navigation and mapping tasks such as localisation, 3D motion estimation and 3D mapping. This study focuses on Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (V-SLAM) in the context of two in-houses MMSs: Ant3D, a patented five-fisheye multi-camera rig and GeoRizon, a high-resolution stereo fisheye rig. The aim is to leverage V-SLAM to enhance the systems performance in near-real-time and non-real-time 3D reconstruction applications. The research investigates both Monocular and Stereo V-SLAM applied to both MMSs and tackles the challenge of combining the V-SLAM estimated trajectory of one or a pair of cameras with known multi-camera relative orientation. We propose a state-of-the-art code that serves as a flexible and extensible platform for MMSs image acquisition and processing, along with an adapted version of the well-established ORB-SLAM3.0. Evaluation is performed in a cultural heritage challenging setup: the Minguzzi spiral staircase in the Duomo di Milano Cathedral. Performed tests highlight that introducing V-SLAM trajectories as well as pre-calibrated interior orientation and multi-camera constraints improve speed, applicability and accuracy of 3D surveys.

Photogrammetric applications nowadays envisage the use of more and more low-cost cameras such as those equipped on commercial UAV platforms. Typically, these low-grade cameras suffer from extreme radial distortion and strong vignetting among other defects. This, initiated a trend among the low-cost cameras’ manufacturers to try to hide the camera defects by applying software pre-corrections to the images. These Built-In Correction Profiles gets applied to both the JPG files, directly in-camera, and usually to the raw files as well, through the opcode functions of the DNG standard. In this paper we rise this issue that is still under-reported in the literature and further assess the accuracy implication of applying or discarding the Built-In Correction Profile in the scenario of UAV mapping. We tested the commercial UAV DJI Phantom 4 Pro v2 in a calibration environment and a field test to compare the performance of pre-corrected versus uncorrected images. In our tests, processing the original uncorrected images led to improved IO calibration and reduced bowing effect in the field test.

The Municipality of Venice, through Insula srl (Insula, 2024), started the RAMSES (Rilievo Altimetrico, Modellazione Spaziale E Scansione 3D) project in 2005 with the unprecedented intention of conducting a static laser scanner survey of an entire city. The authors of this paper, who have been involved in the project on behalf of the client, including drafting general contract technical specifications, wished to revisit the survey’s findings nearly two decades later. This contribution illustrates the procedures implemented to guarantee the future accessibility of the surveyed data. It is interesting to highlight how the detailed technical specifications outlined in the general technical contract section have facilitated the retrieval of the historical three-dimensional laser scanner measurements archive. Tests have been conducted to determine how the existing mobile mapping technologies may be utilised to update the three-dimensional historical data obtained in the Ramses project efficiently. Furthermore, the paper describes the surveying approach that has never been adequately described in the literature. The surveying and geo-referencing methodologies continue to have several interesting and relevant aspects, especially regarding how the topographic network has been implemented. The Ramses three-dimensional model represents an extraordinary, valuable digital archive containing portraits of the city’s conditions at the time of the mapping. Ramses 3D model, when enriched with field activities conducted using more updated technologies, can provide interesting and unique evaluations of the evolution of Venice’s landscape.

This study marks the first recorded case of TiO2 nanoparticle pollution in Chilean rivers, indicating significant progress in understanding the distribution of nanowaste and its effects on a global scale. By investigating four different locations, including the outlet of a wastewater treatment plant during summer, winter and spring, the research revealed varied concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles, with a notable range between 17.6 µg L−1 during the summer and 22.9 µg L−1 in spring in downstream river sections. The study used transmission electron microscopy to characterize nanoparticles, observing sizes between 10 and 206 nm, and an EDS detector confirmed titanium proportions of 4.84 % to 20.35 % by dry weight. These TiO2 nanoparticles, predominantly in Rutile and Anatase forms, denote a significant environmental presence, especially considering the low population densities of the sampling areas. The findings highlight the urgent need for international awareness and routine monitoring of nanowaste, advocating for preventive actions in the production of nanomaterials and adaptive management strategies in tune with the dynamic nature of water systems and environmental changes, both for places densely and sparsely populated.

Light plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and survival of aquatic organisms. To evaluate the survival of European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) larvae in relation to different light intensities (26, 359, and 910 lux, equivalent to 0.35, 4.74, and 12.29 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively), this study monitored the survival rates of reared spiny lobster from the early instar phyllosoma stages to their metamorphosis into the puerulus stage (111 days after hatching) at the three light intensities. The newly hatched larvae were cultured in 65-L Kreisel tanks with 200 individuals each (three replicates per treatment, i.e., light intensity). Phyllosoma stages I to III larvae showed no significant differences in survival rates under different light intensities. However, light intensity did have a significant impact on the survival rates of phyllosoma stages IV and V as well as the metamorphosis of phyllosoma VI into puerulus. The highest survival rates were observed under high and medium light intensity conditions. At the end of the experiment, the highest mean survival rate for stage VI, the metamorphosis into the puerulus stage, was 42.0 ± 2.52 % under high light intensity. These survival rates for reared pueruli were 84 times higher than those achieved in previous studies. The present study results show promise for the successful implementation of commercial scale rearing protocols for European spiny lobster and have implications for the design of crustacean larvae culture systems.

The European Trauma Course (ETC) exemplifies an innovative approach to multispecialty trauma education. This initiative was started as a collaborative effort among the European Society for Emergency Medicine, the European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology under the auspices of the European Resuscitation Council. With the robust support of these societies, the project has evolved into the independent European Trauma Course Organisation.Over the past 15 years, the ETC has transcended traditional training by integrating team dynamics and non-technical skills into a scenario-based simulation course, helping to shape trauma care practice and education. A distinctive feature of the ETC is its training of doctors and allied healthcare professionals, fostering a collaborative and holistic approach to trauma care. The ETC stands out for its unique team-teaching approach, which has gained widespread recognition as the standard for in-hospital trauma care training not only in Europe but also beyond. Since its inception ETC has expanded geographically from Finland to Sudan and from Brazil to the Emirates, training nearly 20,000 healthcare professionals and shaping trauma care practice and education across 25 countries. Experiencing exponential growth, the ETC continues to evolve, reflecting its unmet demand in trauma team education.This review examines the evolution of the ETC, its innovative team-teaching methodology, national implementation strategies, current status, and future challenges. It highlights its impact on trauma care, team training, and the effect on other life support courses in various countries.

According to Ong (1986), for a long time, in the human history, direct or "vis-à-vis" communication has been the only modality of communication; traditions have essentially been oral and their survival depended on the continuous renewal, which was represented by the "vis-à-vis" narration of stories and activities. In this way, the oral culture has created some expedients to remind and let people remind some aspects: a certain structure of the speech (fixed themes, formulas, proverbs, rhythmic style, etc.), a particular kind of (narrative) speech, a specific behavioral schematization ("strong" characters, types). The communication process is always a fundamental and essential process (Wright, 1976): it involves individuals in a deep relationship inside which the linguistic and paralinguistic codes, which come into play, take on complex meanings. In fact, despite the apparent facility through which two or more people come into contact among them, the deep sense of communication is something which is complicated and mysterious. Each person, who is involved in the communication process, attributes, on the basis of his/her subjective and social-group existential experience, his/her own meaning to each sign. According to Wolton (2006), communication has to do with four dimensions, which are complementary among them: first of all, communication is the ideal of expression and exchange which is at the origin of the Western culture and of democracy; talking about democracy presumes, as a basic concept, the existence of free and equal individuals. Communication concerns also those media which have remarkably transformed the relationships between communication and society. Still, communication concerns the whole mechanism of the new technologies that, with information science, telecommunications, audiovisuals and their interconnection, have globally modified the premises of the exchange of messages and power. In the end, communication includes also all those values, those symbols and those representations which function as a mechanism for the functioning of the public space, of democracies and of the international community through information and media.

Although the field of geomatics has seen multiple technological advances in recent years which enabled new applications and simplified the consolidated ones, some tasks remain challenging, inefficient, and time- and cost-consuming. This is the case of accurate tridimensional surveys of narrow spaces. Static laser scanning is an accurate and reliable approach but impractical for extensive tunnel environments; on the other hand, portable laser scanning is time-effective and efficient but not very reliable without ground control constraints. This paper describes the development process of a novel image-based multi-camera system meant to solve this specific problem: delivering accurate, reliable, and efficient results. The development is illustrated from the system conceptualization and initial investigations to the design choices and requirements for accuracy. The resulting working prototype has been put to the test to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

In this Scholarly Perspectives Essay, a group of physician-scientist trainee leaders—all serving in the American Physician Scientists Association—describe our experiences in identifying and pursuing training in the social determinants of health (SDOH). Our experiences were variable, but can reliably be traced by beginning at our pre-medical institutions. Further, we describe the limited information for potential trainees about available opportunities in the United States. Finally, we describe a series of actionable steps that governmental and non-governmental leadership should take to improve the process for cultivating SDOH-minded physician-scientists of tomorrow.

This study aimed to define the CT features of colorectal tumors in dogs and assess CT’s role in tumor staging. It was a retrospective, multicenter, descriptive study involving dogs with a cyto-histopathological diagnosis of colorectal tumors and high-quality pre- and post-contrast CT scans of the abdomen. CT successfully identified colorectal lesions in all cases, showing variations such as wall thickening, presence of masses, and luminal stenosis. It also detected lymph node involvement. Overall, this study helps us to understand the CT features of both epithelial and mesenchymal colorectal tumors, emphasizing CT’s importance in staging and surgical planning for affected dogs. Larger studies are needed to identify specific CT findings for different colorectal neoplasms.

Dyslexic children often fail to correct errors while reading aloud, and dyslexic adolescents and adults exhibit lower amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN)--the neural response to errors--than typical readers during silent reading. Past researchers therefore suggested that dyslexia may arise from a faulty error detection mechanism that interferes with orthographic learning and text comprehension. An alternative possibility is that comprehension difficulty in dyslexics is primarily a downstream effect of low-quality lexical representations--that is, poor word knowledge. On this view, the attenuated ERN in dyslexics is a byproduct, rather than a source, of underdeveloped orthographic knowledge. Because the second view implies a direct association of the error response with comprehension skill in populations of all ability levels, the present study evaluates these alternatives through a reanalysis of behavioral and neural data from 31 typical adult readers. If it is true that faulty error processing can manifest as dyslexia, a model in which error monitoring contributes directly to comprehension should outperform a model in which it does not. ERNs recorded during spelling judgments were used as a measure of error detection aptitude in path analyses of reading comprehension. The data were better fit by a model in which error detection aptitude was a consequence of word knowledge than a model in which it contributed directly to comprehension. The findings challenge the notion that comprehension difficulty in dyslexics is attributable to error processing deficits and are consistent with the hypothesis that comprehension difficulty in dyslexics is partially attributable to low-quality word knowledge.

Eye tracking and event-related potentials (ERPs) have complementary advantages in the study of reading processes. We used eye tracking to extend ERP evidence of Helder et al. (2020) that word-to-text integration at the beginnings and ends of sentences is primarily determined by local text factors (antecedents in a previous sentence) but that global factors (central theme) may make these antecedents more accessible in memory and thus facilitate their integration. The ERP evidence for these conclusions comes from the N400 on a target noun, which varied with the appearance of an antecedent in the previous sentence and whether that antecedent was related to the passage theme. Here, using the same materials, we report eye tracking evidence that reflects not only integration processes indexed by fixation on target words and words following, but also regressions to the antecedent, a measure not possible with ERPs. Interestingly, conclusions from eye-tracking measures align generally with those from Helder et al., but reading times did not consistently correspond to reduced N400s. A distinctive eye-tracking result is that when antecedents were not related to the central theme of the passage (thus less accessible in memory) there was a greater likelihood of return to the antecedent from the regions beyond the target word. These findings demonstrate an independent influence of both local and global context on reading patterns that are unique to eye-tracking measurement, thus both converging with ERP conclusions and adding new ones.

In this article, we provide a cross-linguistic perspective on the universals and particulars in learning to read across seventeen different orthographies. Starting from the assumption that reading reflects a learned sensitivity to the systematic relationships between the surface forms of words and their meanings, we chose a broad group of seventeen languages, representing syllabic, morphosyllabic, alphasyllabic (abugida), abjad, and alphabetic writing systems. We investigated the systematic variation among these languages in their written forms and in their mapping of writing units to language units, and demonstrated the universality of operating principles in learning to read across languages and writing systems.

Several studies have demonstrated that, beyond their antithrombotic effects, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may provide additional off-target effects through different mechanisms. These effects range from the preservation of endothelial barrier function to the modulation of inflammation or stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, with an impact on different cell types, including endothelial and immune cells. Many P2Y12 inhibitors have been developed, from ticlopidine, the first thienopyridine, to the more potent non-thienopyridine derivatives such as ticagrelor which may promote cardioprotective effects following myocardial infarction (MI) by inhibiting adenosine reuptake through sodium-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). Adenosine may affect different molecular pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis, such as the Wnt (wingless-type)/beta (β)-catenin signaling. An early pro-fibrotic response of the epicardium and activation of cardiac fibroblasts with the involvement of Wnt1 (wingless-type family member 1)/β-catenin, are critically required for preserving cardiac function after acute ischemic cardiac injury. This review discusses molecular signaling pathways involved in cardiac fibrosis post MI, focusing on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the off-target effect of P2Y12 receptor inhibition. A potential role of ticagrelor was speculated in the early modulation of cardiac fibrosis, thanks to its off-target effect.