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2. Thermal neutron cross sections of amino acids from average contributions of functional groups

Author

Romanelli, G., Onorati, D., Ulpiani, P., Cancelli, S., Perelli-Cippo, E., Damián, J. I. Márquez, Capelli, S. C., Croci, G., Muraro, A., Tardocchi, M., Gorini, G., Andreani, C., and Senesi, R.

Subjects
Physics - Chemical Physics
Abstract

The experimental thermal neutron cross sections of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids have been measured over the incident-neutron energy range spanning from 1 meV to 10 keV and data have been interpreted using the multi-phonon expansion based on first-principles calculations. The scattering cross section, dominated by the incoherent inelastic contribution from the hydrogen atoms, can be rationalised in terms of the average contributions of different functional groups, thus neglecting their correlation. These results can be used for modelling the total neutron cross sections of complex organic systems like proteins, muscles, or human tissues from a limited number of starting input functions. This simplification is of crucial importance for fine-tuning of transport simulations used in medical applications, including boron neutron capture therapy as well as secondary neutrons-emission induced during proton therapy. Moreover, the parametrized neutron cross sections allow a better treatment of neutron scattering experiments, providing detailed sample self-attenuation corrections for a variety of biological and soft-matter systems.

Published
2021
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4. Measurement of the Gamma-Ray-to-Neutron Branching Ratio for the Deuterium-Tritium Reaction in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas

Author

Dal Molin, A, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Angelone, M, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Cazzaniga, C, Craciunescu, T, Croci, G, Dalla Rosa, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Kazakov, Y, Khilkevitch, E, Muraro, A, Panontin, E, Perelli Cippo, E, Pillon, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Shevelev, A, Žohar, A, Tardocchi, M, Dal Molin A., Marcer G., Nocente M., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Angelone M., Bracco A., Camera F., Cazzaniga C., Craciunescu T., Croci G., Dalla Rosa M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Kazakov Y., Khilkevitch E. M., Muraro A., Panontin E., Perelli Cippo E., Pillon M., Putignano O., Scionti J., Shevelev A. E., Žohar A., Tardocchi M., Dal Molin, A, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Angelone, M, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Cazzaniga, C, Craciunescu, T, Croci, G, Dalla Rosa, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Kazakov, Y, Khilkevitch, E, Muraro, A, Panontin, E, Perelli Cippo, E, Pillon, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Shevelev, A, Žohar, A, Tardocchi, M, Dal Molin A., Marcer G., Nocente M., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Angelone M., Bracco A., Camera F., Cazzaniga C., Craciunescu T., Croci G., Dalla Rosa M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Kazakov Y., Khilkevitch E. M., Muraro A., Panontin E., Perelli Cippo E., Pillon M., Putignano O., Scionti J., Shevelev A. E., Žohar A., and Tardocchi M.

Published
2024

5. Development of a multi-layer high-efficiency GEM-based neutron detector for spallation sources

Author

Cancelli, S, Caruggi, F, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Celora, A, Gorini, G, Krzystyniak, M, Muraro, A, Romanelli, G, Pinna, R, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Cancelli, S., Caruggi, F., Perelli Cippo, E., Putignano, O., Celora, A., Gorini, G., Krzystyniak, M., Muraro, A., Romanelli, G., Pinna, R. S., Tardocchi, M., Croci, G., Cancelli, S, Caruggi, F, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Celora, A, Gorini, G, Krzystyniak, M, Muraro, A, Romanelli, G, Pinna, R, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Cancelli, S., Caruggi, F., Perelli Cippo, E., Putignano, O., Celora, A., Gorini, G., Krzystyniak, M., Muraro, A., Romanelli, G., Pinna, R. S., Tardocchi, M., and Croci, G.

Abstract

Neutron detection is nowadays mostly based on 3He gas detectors, but its shortage and the continuous upgrades of the neutron facilities require new devices to perform experiments with maximum performances. This work presents a new detector based on the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) combined with several boron layers. This detector combines the features of GEM technology with the properties of boron as a neutron converter and the device is produced to sustain high neutron fluxes with high detection efficiency. The detector has been characterised at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source (UK). Based on the analysis of our results, the detector has shown a good response to thermal and epithermal neutrons reaching a detection efficiency of 16% at 1.8 Å (25 meV). The good detection efficiency (even increasable with the addition of further boron GEM foils) and the good time resolution, make the detector a unique device for the neutron techniques. In particular, its use can easily be envisaged in techniques involving neutron transmission measurements, that require high fluxes impinging on the detectors, with the added bonus of a 2D-resolved capability due to the padded anode.

Published
2024

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Author

Kushoro, M, Angelone, M, Bozzi, D, Cancelli, S, Dal Molin, A, Gallo, E, Gorini, G, La Via, F, Parisi, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Kushoro M. H., Angelone M., Bozzi D., Cancelli S., Dal Molin A., Gallo E., Gorini G., La Via F., Parisi M., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Tardocchi M., Rebai M., Kushoro, M, Angelone, M, Bozzi, D, Cancelli, S, Dal Molin, A, Gallo, E, Gorini, G, La Via, F, Parisi, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Kushoro M. H., Angelone M., Bozzi D., Cancelli S., Dal Molin A., Gallo E., Gorini G., La Via F., Parisi M., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Tardocchi M., and Rebai M.

Published
2024

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Author

Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Dal Molin, A, Marcer, G, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Farina, D, Gorini, G, Khilkevitch, E, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Shevelev, A, Zohar, A, Tardocchi, M, Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Dal Molin A., Marcer G., Bracco A., Camera F., Farina D., Gorini G., Khilkevitch E., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Scionti J., Shevelev A., Zohar A., Tardocchi M., Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Dal Molin, A, Marcer, G, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Farina, D, Gorini, G, Khilkevitch, E, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Shevelev, A, Zohar, A, Tardocchi, M, Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Dal Molin A., Marcer G., Bracco A., Camera F., Farina D., Gorini G., Khilkevitch E., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Scionti J., Shevelev A., Zohar A., and Tardocchi M.

Published
2024

8. Development of a measuring technique based on JET second D-T campaign (DTE2) experience for assessing fusion power at ITER during D-T operation using the radial gamma-ray spectrometer

Author

Marcer, G, Scioscioli, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Coriton, B, Kovalev, A, Polevoi, A, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Cazzaniga, C, Tardocchi, M, Marcer, G., Scioscioli, F., Croci, G., Dal Molin, A., Gorini, G., Muraro, A., Nocente, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Rebai, M., Rigamonti, D., Coriton, B., Kovalev, A., Polevoi, A., Khilkevitch, E., Shevelev, A., Bracco, A., Camera, F., Cazzaniga, C., Tardocchi, M., Marcer, G, Scioscioli, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Coriton, B, Kovalev, A, Polevoi, A, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Bracco, A, Camera, F, Cazzaniga, C, Tardocchi, M, Marcer, G., Scioscioli, F., Croci, G., Dal Molin, A., Gorini, G., Muraro, A., Nocente, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Rebai, M., Rigamonti, D., Coriton, B., Kovalev, A., Polevoi, A., Khilkevitch, E., Shevelev, A., Bracco, A., Camera, F., Cazzaniga, C., and Tardocchi, M.

Abstract

The ITER Radial Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (RGRS) consists of three gamma-ray detectors observing the plasma through three collimated, coplanar, radial lines of sight (LoS). The system was initially designed to monitor the runaway electron emission and the alpha-particle density profile [Nocente et al., Nucl. Fusion 57, 076016 (2017)]. This work presents a novel technique for measuring the fusion power during D-T operation using the RGRS. This method is based on the absolute measurement of the 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays and a semi-analytical computation of their transport from the plasma source to the detectors. This approach was initially developed and tested at JET during the second D-T campaign (DTE2) on a single LoS diagnostic [Dal Molin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (submitted) (2024); Rebai et al., Phys. Rev. C (submitted) (2024); and Marcer et al., Nucl. Fusion (unpublished) (2024)]. This work exploits the multiple LoS of the RGRS to create a combined virtual diagnostic whose detected fraction of the total plasma emission is less affected by variations in the plasma emission profile, reducing systematic uncertainties on the estimated total emission, compared to the individual detectors.

Published
2024

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Author

Kushoro, M, Angelone, M, Bozzi, D, Gorini, G, La Via, F, Perelli Cippo, E, Pillon, M, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Kushoro M. H., Angelone M., Bozzi D., Gorini G., La Via F., Perelli Cippo E., Pillon M., Tardocchi M., Rebai M., Kushoro, M, Angelone, M, Bozzi, D, Gorini, G, La Via, F, Perelli Cippo, E, Pillon, M, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Kushoro M. H., Angelone M., Bozzi D., Gorini G., La Via F., Perelli Cippo E., Pillon M., Tardocchi M., and Rebai M.

Abstract

Fusion experiments put many challenges on the neutron detection methods, since they require fast neutron counters and spectrometers with good energy resolution capable of operating in harsh environments under a large range of neutron flux intensities. Recently, SiC detectors were proposed for these roles due to their outstanding properties. Among those, the operation of SiC with partial polarization is of interest since it might allow for a fast neutron detector with efficiency tunable online, which would allow a good functionality under a large range of flux intensities. This paper describes the characterization of a series of SiC detectors operated with a fraction of the polarization needed to achieve full depletion. The characterization is performed through I/V measurements, alpha irradiation in vacuum and neutron irradiation. A functionality with excellent detection characteristics is demonstrated, reaching an energy resolution of 1.05 % for 5.5 MeV alphas and 2.05 % for 14 MeV neutrons. Some limitations on the maximum bias will be also discussed, pointing out some challenges for the manufacturing of thick SiCs in the future.

Published
2024

10. The single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak for 14 MeV neutron counting and spectroscopy measurements in DT plasmas

Author

Rigamonti, D, Dal Molin, A, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Conroy, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, J, Kiptily, V, Ghani, Z, Stancar, I, Tardocchi, M, Rigamonti D., Dal Molin A., Muraro A., Rebai M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Conroy S., Ericsson G., Eriksson J., Kiptily V., Ghani Z., Stancar I., Tardocchi M., Rigamonti, D, Dal Molin, A, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Conroy, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, J, Kiptily, V, Ghani, Z, Stancar, I, Tardocchi, M, Rigamonti D., Dal Molin A., Muraro A., Rebai M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Conroy S., Ericsson G., Eriksson J., Kiptily V., Ghani Z., Stancar I., and Tardocchi M.

Abstract

The Joint European Torus (JET) has recently conducted its second deuterium-tritium (DT) experimental campaign DTE2, providing unique opportunity for studying both physics and engineering aspects of nuclear fusion plasmas. This also allowed the exploitation of new diagnostics and technologies that were not available during the first JET DT campaign held in 1997. Among these new instruments, the enhancement projects of the JET nuclear diagnostics lead to the development and installation of synthetic single crystal diamond detectors along different collimated line of sights. This paper describes the single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak and the enhanced 14 MeV neutron diagnostic capabilities in terms of neutron yield and high resolution neutron spectroscopy. The diamond characterization measurements and the calibration procedure at JET are shown, together with performance of the diamond based neutron spectrometer as 14 MeV neutron yield monitor which allows the separation of 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons in trace tritium plasmas. The first high-resolution 14 MeV neutron spectroscopy measurements in neutral beam injection-heated DT plasmas are presented, allowing thermal and non-thermal neutron component separation. Prospects for the diagnose of DT burning plasmas such as ITER and SPARC will be presented.

Published
2024

11. RFX-mod2 diagnostic capability enhancements for the exploration of multi-magnetic-configurations

Author

Carraro, L, Zuin, M, Abate, D, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Belpane, A, Berton, G, Bonotto, M, Brombin, M, Cavazzana, R, Cinnirella, L, Ciufo, S, Croci, G, Cordaro, L, D'Isa, F, Dal Bello, S, Dal Molin, A, De Masi, G, Emma, G, Fadone, M, Fassina, A, Fiorucci, D, Franz, P, Grando, L, Guiotto, F, La Matina, M, Marchiori, G, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Marrelli, L, Milazzo, R, Molisani, S, Moresco, M, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Peruzzo, S, Porcu, P, Pomaro, N, Puiatti, M, Putignano, O, Rigamonti, D, Rigoni Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Ruffini, F, Scarin, P, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Ugoletti, M, Valisa, M, Vianello, N, Zaniol, B, Carraro L., Zuin M., Abate D., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Belpane A., Berton G., Bonotto M., Brombin M., Cavazzana R., Cinnirella L., Ciufo S., Croci G., Cordaro L., D'Isa F., Dal Bello S., Dal Molin A., De Masi G., Emma G., Fadone M., Fassina A., Fiorucci D., Franz P., Grando L., Guiotto F., La Matina M., Marchiori G., Marconato N., Mario I., Marrelli L., Milazzo R., Molisani S., Moresco M., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Peruzzo S., Porcu P., Pomaro N., Puiatti M. E., Putignano O., Rigamonti D., Rigoni Garola A., Rizzolo A., Ruffini F., Scarin P., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tardocchi M., Terranova D., Ugoletti M., Valisa M., Vianello N., Zaniol B., Carraro, L, Zuin, M, Abate, D, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Belpane, A, Berton, G, Bonotto, M, Brombin, M, Cavazzana, R, Cinnirella, L, Ciufo, S, Croci, G, Cordaro, L, D'Isa, F, Dal Bello, S, Dal Molin, A, De Masi, G, Emma, G, Fadone, M, Fassina, A, Fiorucci, D, Franz, P, Grando, L, Guiotto, F, La Matina, M, Marchiori, G, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Marrelli, L, Milazzo, R, Molisani, S, Moresco, M, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Peruzzo, S, Porcu, P, Pomaro, N, Puiatti, M, Putignano, O, Rigamonti, D, Rigoni Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Ruffini, F, Scarin, P, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Ugoletti, M, Valisa, M, Vianello, N, Zaniol, B, Carraro L., Zuin M., Abate D., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Belpane A., Berton G., Bonotto M., Brombin M., Cavazzana R., Cinnirella L., Ciufo S., Croci G., Cordaro L., D'Isa F., Dal Bello S., Dal Molin A., De Masi G., Emma G., Fadone M., Fassina A., Fiorucci D., Franz P., Grando L., Guiotto F., La Matina M., Marchiori G., Marconato N., Mario I., Marrelli L., Milazzo R., Molisani S., Moresco M., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Peruzzo S., Porcu P., Pomaro N., Puiatti M. E., Putignano O., Rigamonti D., Rigoni Garola A., Rizzolo A., Ruffini F., Scarin P., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tardocchi M., Terranova D., Ugoletti M., Valisa M., Vianello N., and Zaniol B.

Abstract

The RFX-mod2 device, the upgraded version of the previous RFX-mod with a modified magnetic boundary, is presently under realization and will start to be operated in 2025. Significant upgrades of the diagnostic capabilities have been proposed and are under development. These include a largely increased number of in-vessel magnetic and electrostatic sensors, a new fast reciprocating manipulator for the exploration of the edge plasma in a wide range of experimental conditions, the improved Thomson scattering and soft x-ray diagnostics system for a detailed determination of the behavior of the electron temperature profile, new dedicated systems for the space and time resolved analysis of x-ray spectra and neutron rate, a reflectometric diagnostic for real-time determination of plasma position, two diagnostics devoted to the imaging of light impurities and influxes behavior along with arrays of halo current sensors. These diagnostic upgrades will be accompanied by a significant effort to improve the control of the electron density and of the impurity influxes by means of proper treatment of plasma facing components with in-vessel fixed electrodes distributed over the first wall. The described advancements will allow a deeper understanding of physics phenomena in the wide variety of magnetic configurations, including the tokamak, the reversed-field pinch and the Ultra-low q, which can be produced in RFX-mod2 thanks to its flexibility and unique MHD control capabilities.

Published
2024

12. Development of a Triple-GEM detector with strip readout and GEMINI chip for X rays and neutron imaging

Author

Caruggi, F, Celora, A, Cancelli, S, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Guiotto, F, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Tardocchi, M, Giarratana, L, Croci, G, Caruggi F., Celora A., Cancelli S., Gorini G., Grosso G., Guiotto F., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Petruzzo M., Putignano O., Tardocchi M., Giarratana L. S., Croci G., Caruggi, F, Celora, A, Cancelli, S, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Guiotto, F, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Tardocchi, M, Giarratana, L, Croci, G, Caruggi F., Celora A., Cancelli S., Gorini G., Grosso G., Guiotto F., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Petruzzo M., Putignano O., Tardocchi M., Giarratana L. S., and Croci G.

Abstract

Thermal neutron imaging can be a useful tool in the study of the internal structure of an object. The different attenuation properties of the materials with respect to X rays give rise to different interactions and the result is a complementary non-destructive analysis, which can provide important additional information. This technique has been successfully employed in different areas of work, especially in material science and cultural heritage studies. This paper describes the development of a new detection system and its characterization performed with X ray emissions. The system features the use of a gaseous detector, based on the Gas Electron Multiplier technology, and a fully digital electronic readout, with a combination of custom-made ASICs (called GEMINI) and FPGA boards, enabling fast single photon counting. The detector can be thus used directly for X ray imaging, while the addition of a suitable converter in its active volume will allow for detection of neutrons and for reconstruction of their tracks. The readout system is based on a x-y strip structure and features the reconstruction of single events through the center of mass methodology, allowing for accurate tomography, with sub-mm spatial resolution, in combination with sub-ms time resolution and high rate capabilities (up to MHz/mm2).

Published
2024

14. Thermo-mechanical assessment of the JT-60SA fast-ion loss detector

Author

Ayllon-Guerola, J., Cobacho-Rodriguez, C., Segado-Fernandez, J., Hidalgo-Salaverri, J., Mancini, A., Nunez-Portillo, J., Garcia-Vallejo, D., Garcia-Munoz, M., Davis, S., Tomarchio, V., Hajnal, N., Piccinni, C., Verrecchia, M., Phillips, G., Vallar, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Nocente, M., Putignano, O., Sozzi, C., and Wanner, M.

Published
2021
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16. Overview of T and D-T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author

Maggi, C.F., Abate, D., Abid, N., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Afzal, M., Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alguacil, J., Alhage, J., Ali, M., Allen, H., Allinson, M., Alonzo, M., Alves, E., Ambrosino, R., Andersson Sundén, E., Andrew, P., Angelone, M., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Aramunde, C., Ariola, M., Arnoux, G., Artaserse, G., Artaud, J. F., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Artola, F. J., Ash, A., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Ayllón, J., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bähner, L., Bairaktaris, F., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Banon Navarro, A., Barcellona, C., Bardsley, O., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Baruzzo, M., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bearcroft, C., Beaumont, P., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Benkadda, S., Bentley, J., Bernard, E., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bhat, P. G., Bickerton, S., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bílková, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bisson, R., Bizarro, J. P.S., Blatchford, P., Bleasdale, A., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bock, A., Bodnar, G., Bohm, P., Bonalumi, L., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Bosman, T.O.S.J., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Božičević Mihalić, I., Bradnam, S. C., Breizman, B., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brix, M., Brown, P., Brunetti, D., Buckley, M., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., Calabrò, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Canavan, R., Cannas, B., Cannon, M., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carli, S., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carvalho, B., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J. P., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceelen, L., Challis, C. D., Chamberlain, B., Chandra, R., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chauhan, P., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chira, G. C., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Cieslik, J., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, Clarkson, R., Cleverly, M., Coates, P., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I. H., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, J., Conroy, S., Contré, C., Conway, N. J., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Cordaro, L., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Craven, D., Craven, R., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombé, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Dal Molin, A., Dalley, S., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, J., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I., De Tommasi, G., Deane, J., Dearing, M., De Bock, M., Decker, J., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Del Sarto, D., Dempsey, A., Deng, W., Dennett, A., Derks, G.L., De Temmerman, G., Devasagayam, F., de Vries, P., Devynck, P., di Siena, A., Dickinson, D., Dickson, T., Diez, M., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dittrich, L., Dobrashian, J., Dochnal, T., Donné, A.J.H., Dorland, W., Dorling, S., Dormido-Canto, S., Dotse, R., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Doyle, R., Dreval, M., Drews, P., Drummond, G., Duckworth, Ph, Dudding, H. 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P., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F., Gromelski, W., Groth, M., Grove, C., Grove, R., Gupta, N., Hacquin, S., Hägg, L., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, J., Ham, C. J., Hamed, M., Hardman, M. R., Haresawa, Y., Harrer, G., Harrison, J. R., Harting, D., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hazael, S., Hearmon, J., Heesterman, P., Heinrich, P., Held, M., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Henriques, R. B., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hillesheim, J. C., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hoenen, O., Hogben, C., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hollmann, E., Hölzl, M., Hook, M., Hoppe, M., Horáček, J., Horsten, N., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S., Hu, Z., Huang, Z., Hubenov, E., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T., Huijsmans, G. T.A., Husain, Y., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Iglesias, D., Iliasova, M. V., Imríšek, M., Ingleby, J., Innocente, P., Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., Isernia, N., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, T., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Järleblad, H., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jayasekera, N., Jenko, F., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, T., Johnston, J., Jones, C., Jones, E., Jones, G., Jones, L., Jones, T. T.C., Joyce, A., Juvonen, M., Kallenbach, A., Kalnina, P., Kalupin, D., Kanth, P., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Karsakos, E., Kazakov, Ye O., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Kelly, W., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, D., Khan, K., Khilkevich, E., Kiefer, C., Kim, H. T., Kim, J., Kim, S. H., King, D. B., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V. G., Kirjasuo, A., Kirov, K. K., Kirschner, A., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Kneale, G., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knights, R., Knipe, S., Knoche, U., Knolker, M., Kocan, M., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Koenders, J.T.W., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kominis, Y., Kong, M., Kool, B., Korovin, V., Korsholm, S. B., Kos, B., Kos, D., Koubiti, M., Kovtun, Y., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Koziol, K., Krasikov, Y., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kresina, M., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kumpulainen, H., Kurzan, B., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Labit, B., Lacquaniti, M., Lagoyannis, A., Laguardia, L., Laing, A., Laksharam, V., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, B., Langley, M., Lascas Neto, E., Łaszyńska, E., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Learoyd, G., Lee, C., Lee, K., Leerink, S., Leeson, T., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Leon Gutierrez, E., Leppin, L. A., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Lewin, L., Lewis, J., Likonen, J., Linsmeier, Ch, Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Liu, F., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lombardo, J., Lorenzini, R., Loreti, S., Loschiavo, V. P., Loughlin, M., Lowe, T., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Luda Di Cortemiglia, T., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lunt, T., Lutsenko, V., Lyons, B., Macdonald, J., Macusova, E., Mäenpää, R., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makarov, S., Manas, P., Manning, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M. J., Manyer, J., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph, Maraschek, M., Marceca, G., Marcer, G., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Mariani, A., Mariano, G., Marin, M., Marin Roldan, A., Marinelli, M., Markovič, T., Marot, L., Marren, C., Marsden, S., Marsen, S., Marsh, J., Marshall, R., Martellucci, L., Martin, A. J., Martin, C., Martone, R., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazzi, S., Mazzotta, C., McAdams, R., McCarthy, P. J., McCullen, P., McDermott, R., McDonald, D. C., McGuckin, D., McKay, V., McNamee, L., McShee, A., Mederick, D., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meghani, K., Meigs, A. G., Meitner, S., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Mianowski, S., Middleton, P., Mietelski, J., Mikszuta-Michalik, K., Milanesio, D., Milani, E., Militello-Asp, E., Militello, F., Milnes, J., Milocco, A., Minucci, S., Miron, I., Mitchell, J., Mlynář, J., Moiseenko, V., Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I., Montisci, A., Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Morgan, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Mrowetz, T., Msero, L., Munot, S., Mun͂oz-Perez, A., Muraglia, M., Murari, A., Muraro, A., N’Konga, B., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F.F., Neu, R., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nina, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C. 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S., Predebon, I., Previti, A., Primetzhofer, D., Provatas, G., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Purahoo, K., Putignano, O., Pütterich, T., Quercia, A., Radulescu, G., Radulovic, V., Ragona, R., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Rasinski, M., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Raso, A., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Rayaprolu, R., Rebai, M., Redl, A., Rees, D., Réfy, D., Reichle, R., Reimerdes, H., Reman, B. C.G., Reux, C., Reynolds, S., Rigamonti, D., Righi, E., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F., Roach, C. M., Roberts, J., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rode, S., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rose, E., Rose-Innes, C., Rossi, R., Rowe, S., Rowlands, D., Rowley, C., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Rud, M., Ruiz Ruiz, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sahlberg, A., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Sanchez, F., Sanders, I., Sandiford, D., Sanni, F., Sauter, O., Sauvan, P., Schettini, G., Shevelev, A., Schekochihin, A. A., Schmid, K., Schmidt, B. S., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, P. A., Schoonheere, N., Schramm, R., Scoon, D., Scully, S., Segato, M., Seidl, J., Senni, L., Seo, J., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S. E., Sharma, R., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Sheikh, U., Shi, N., Shigin, P., Shiraki, D., Sias, G., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S. A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silva, J., Silvagni, D., Simfukwe, D., Simpson, J., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smart, T., Smirnov, R. D., Smith, N., Smith, P., Smith, T., Snell, J., Snoj, L., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spolladore, L., Spong, D., Srinivasan, C., Staebler, G., Stagni, A., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Štancar, Staniec, P. A., Stankūnas, G., Stead, M., Stein-Lubrano, B., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Steventon, C., Stojanov, M., St-Onge, D. A., Strand, P., Strikwerda, S., Stuart, C. 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J., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Cordaro, L., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Craven, D., Craven, R., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombé, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Dal Molin, A., Dalley, S., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, J., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I., De Tommasi, G., Deane, J., Dearing, M., De Bock, M., Decker, J., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Del Sarto, D., Dempsey, A., Deng, W., Dennett, A., Derks, G.L., De Temmerman, G., Devasagayam, F., de Vries, P., Devynck, P., di Siena, A., Dickinson, D., Dickson, T., Diez, M., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dittrich, L., Dobrashian, J., Dochnal, T., Donné, A.J.H., Dorland, W., Dorling, S., Dormido-Canto, S., Dotse, R., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Doyle, R., Dreval, M., Drews, P., Drummond, G., Duckworth, Ph, Dudding, H. 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M., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Fowler, C., Fox, P., Franklin, O., Fransson, E., Frassinetti, L., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fülöp, T., Furseman, M., Gabriellini, S., Gadariya, D., Gadgil, S., Gál, K., Galeani, S., Galkowski, A., Gallart, D., Gambrioli, M., Gans, T., Garcia, J., García-Mun͂oz, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gatto, R., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Gelfusa, M., George, R., Gerasimov, S. N., Gerru, R., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Gherendi, M., Gherghina, P. I., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C., Gil, L., Gilbert, M. R., Gillgren, A., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Goff, J., Goloborodko, V., Gomes, R., Gomez, J. F., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Gonzalez-Martin, J., Goodyear, A., Gore, S., Gorini, G., Görler, T., Gotts, N., Gow, E., Graves, J. P., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F., Gromelski, W., Groth, M., Grove, C., Grove, R., Gupta, N., Hacquin, S., Hägg, L., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, J., Ham, C. J., Hamed, M., Hardman, M. R., Haresawa, Y., Harrer, G., Harrison, J. R., Harting, D., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hazael, S., Hearmon, J., Heesterman, P., Heinrich, P., Held, M., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Henriques, R. B., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hillesheim, J. C., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hoenen, O., Hogben, C., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hollmann, E., Hölzl, M., Hook, M., Hoppe, M., Horáček, J., Horsten, N., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S., Hu, Z., Huang, Z., Hubenov, E., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T., Huijsmans, G. T.A., Husain, Y., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Iglesias, D., Iliasova, M. V., Imríšek, M., Ingleby, J., Innocente, P., Ioannou-Sougleridis, V., Isernia, N., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, T., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Järleblad, H., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jayasekera, N., Jenko, F., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, T., Johnston, J., Jones, C., Jones, E., Jones, G., Jones, L., Jones, T. T.C., Joyce, A., Juvonen, M., Kallenbach, A., Kalnina, P., Kalupin, D., Kanth, P., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Karsakos, E., Kazakov, Ye O., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Kelly, W., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, D., Khan, K., Khilkevich, E., Kiefer, C., Kim, H. T., Kim, J., Kim, S. H., King, D. B., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V. G., Kirjasuo, A., Kirov, K. K., Kirschner, A., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Kneale, G., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knights, R., Knipe, S., Knoche, U., Knolker, M., Kocan, M., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Koenders, J.T.W., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kominis, Y., Kong, M., Kool, B., Korovin, V., Korsholm, S. B., Kos, B., Kos, D., Koubiti, M., Kovtun, Y., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Koziol, K., Krasikov, Y., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kresina, M., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kumpulainen, H., Kurzan, B., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Labit, B., Lacquaniti, M., Lagoyannis, A., Laguardia, L., Laing, A., Laksharam, V., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, B., Langley, M., Lascas Neto, E., Łaszyńska, E., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Learoyd, G., Lee, C., Lee, K., Leerink, S., Leeson, T., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Leon Gutierrez, E., Leppin, L. A., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Lewin, L., Lewis, J., Likonen, J., Linsmeier, Ch, Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Liu, F., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lombardo, J., Lorenzini, R., Loreti, S., Loschiavo, V. P., Loughlin, M., Lowe, T., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Luda Di Cortemiglia, T., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lunt, T., Lutsenko, V., Lyons, B., Macdonald, J., Macusova, E., Mäenpää, R., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makarov, S., Manas, P., Manning, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M. J., Manyer, J., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph, Maraschek, M., Marceca, G., Marcer, G., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Mariani, A., Mariano, G., Marin, M., Marin Roldan, A., Marinelli, M., Markovič, T., Marot, L., Marren, C., Marsden, S., Marsen, S., Marsh, J., Marshall, R., Martellucci, L., Martin, A. J., Martin, C., Martone, R., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazzi, S., Mazzotta, C., McAdams, R., McCarthy, P. J., McCullen, P., McDermott, R., McDonald, D. C., McGuckin, D., McKay, V., McNamee, L., McShee, A., Mederick, D., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meghani, K., Meigs, A. G., Meitner, S., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Mianowski, S., Middleton, P., Mietelski, J., Mikszuta-Michalik, K., Milanesio, D., Milani, E., Militello-Asp, E., Militello, F., Milnes, J., Milocco, A., Minucci, S., Miron, I., Mitchell, J., Mlynář, J., Moiseenko, V., Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I., Montisci, A., Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Morgan, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Mrowetz, T., Msero, L., Munot, S., Mun͂oz-Perez, A., Muraglia, M., Murari, A., Muraro, A., N’Konga, B., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F.F., Neu, R., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nina, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C. R., Nocente, M., Nordman, H., Nowak, S., Nyström, H., O’Callaghan, J., O’Mullane, M., O’Neill, C., Olde, C., Oliver, H. J.C., Olney, R., Ongena, J., Orsitto, G. P., Osipov, A., Otin, R., Pace, N., Packer, L. W., Pajuste, E., Palade, D., Palgrave, J., Pan, O., Panadero, N., Pandya, T., Panontin, E., Papadopoulos, A., Papadopoulos, G., Papp, G., Parail, V. V., Parsloe, A., Paschalidis, K., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Paz-Soldan, C., Peacock, A., Pearce, M., Pearson, I. J., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pepperell, K., Perdas, A., Pereira, T., Perelli Cippo, E., Perez von Thun, C., Perry, D., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petrella, N., Peyman, M., Pigatto, L., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Planck, U., Platt, N., Plyusnin, V., Podesta, M., Pokol, G., Poli, F. M., Pompilian, O. G., Poradzinski, M., Porkolab, M., Porosnicu, C., Poulipoulis, G., Poulsen, A. S., Predebon, I., Previti, A., Primetzhofer, D., Provatas, G., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Purahoo, K., Putignano, O., Pütterich, T., Quercia, A., Radulescu, G., Radulovic, V., Ragona, R., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Rasinski, M., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Raso, A., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Rayaprolu, R., Rebai, M., Redl, A., Rees, D., Réfy, D., Reichle, R., Reimerdes, H., Reman, B. C.G., Reux, C., Reynolds, S., Rigamonti, D., Righi, E., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F., Roach, C. M., Roberts, J., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rode, S., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rose, E., Rose-Innes, C., Rossi, R., Rowe, S., Rowlands, D., Rowley, C., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Rud, M., Ruiz Ruiz, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sahlberg, A., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Sanchez, F., Sanders, I., Sandiford, D., Sanni, F., Sauter, O., Sauvan, P., Schettini, G., Shevelev, A., Schekochihin, A. A., Schmid, K., Schmidt, B. S., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, P. A., Schoonheere, N., Schramm, R., Scoon, D., Scully, S., Segato, M., Seidl, J., Senni, L., Seo, J., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S. E., Sharma, R., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Sheikh, U., Shi, N., Shigin, P., Shiraki, D., Sias, G., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S. A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silva, J., Silvagni, D., Simfukwe, D., Simpson, J., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smart, T., Smirnov, R. D., Smith, N., Smith, P., Smith, T., Snell, J., Snoj, L., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spolladore, L., Spong, D., Srinivasan, C., Staebler, G., Stagni, A., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Štancar, Staniec, P. A., Stankūnas, G., Stead, M., Stein-Lubrano, B., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Steventon, C., Stojanov, M., St-Onge, D. A., Strand, P., Strikwerda, S., Stuart, C. I., Sturgeon, S., Sun, H. J., Surendran, S., Suttrop, W., Svensson, J., Svoboda, J., Sweeney, R., Szepesi, G., Szoke, M., Tadić, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Taylor, D., Teimane, A. S., Telesca, G., Teplukhina, A., Terra, A., Terranova, D., Terranova, N., Testa, D., Thomas, B., Thompson, V. K., Thorman, A., Thrysoe, A. S., Tierens, W., Tinguely, R. A., Tipton, A., Todd, H., Tomeš, M., Tookey, A., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya, D., Turica, L. P., Turner, A., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Tvalashvili, G., Tykhyy, A., Tyrrell, S., Uccello, A., Udintsev, V., Vadgama, A., Valcarcel, D. F., Valentini, A., Valisa, M., Vallar, M., Valovic, M., van Berkel, M., van de Plassche, K.L., van Rossem, M., Van Eester, D., Varela, J., Varje, J., Vasilopoulou, T., Vayakis, G., Vecsei, M., Vega, J., Veis, M., Veis, P., Ventre, S., Veranda, M., Verdoolaege, G., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vila, R., Villari, R., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voldiner, I., Von Toussaint, U., Vondráček, P., Wakeling, B., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Walton, R., Wang, E., Warren, F., Warren, R., Waterhouse, J., Watts, C., Webster, T., Weiland, M., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wendler, N., West, A., Wheatley, M., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A., Wiesen, S., Willensdorfer, M., Williams, J., Wilson, I., Wilson, T., Wischmeier, M., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wojcik-Gargula, A., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, R., Worrall, R., Wyss, I., Xu, T., Yadykin, D., Yakovenko, Y., Yang, Y., Yanovskiy, V., Yi, R., Young, I., Young, R., Zaar, B., Zabolockis, R. J., Zakharov, L., Zanca, P., Zarins, A., Zarzoso Fernandez, D., Zastrow, K. D., Zayachuk, Y., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zimmermann, B., Zlobinski, M., Zocco, A., Zotta, V. K., Zuin, M., Zwingmann, W., and Zychor, I.

Abstract

In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).

Published
2024

17. The single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak for 14 MeV neutron counting and spectroscopy measurements in DT plasmas

Author

Rigamonti, D., Dal Molin, A., Muraro, A., Rebai, M., Giacomelli, L., Gorini, G., Nocente, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Conroy, Sean, Ericsson, Göran, Eriksson, Jacob, Kiptily, V., Ghani, Z., Stancar, Z., Tardocchi, M., Rigamonti, D., Dal Molin, A., Muraro, A., Rebai, M., Giacomelli, L., Gorini, G., Nocente, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Conroy, Sean, Ericsson, Göran, Eriksson, Jacob, Kiptily, V., Ghani, Z., Stancar, Z., and Tardocchi, M.

Abstract

The Joint European Torus (JET) has recently conducted its second deuterium-tritium (DT) experimental campaign DTE2, providing unique opportunity for studying both physics and engineering aspects of nuclear fusion plasmas. This also allowed the exploitation of new diagnostics and technologies that were not available during the first JET DT campaign held in 1997. Among these new instruments, the enhancement projects of the JET nuclear diagnostics lead to the development and installation of synthetic single crystal diamond detectors along different collimated line of sights. This paper describes the single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak and the enhanced 14 MeV neutron diagnostic capabilities in terms of neutron yield and high resolution neutron spectroscopy. The diamond characterization measurements and the calibration procedure at JET are shown, together with performance of the diamond based neutron spectrometer as 14 MeV neutron yield monitor which allows the separation of 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons in trace tritium plasmas. The first high-resolution 14 MeV neutron spectroscopy measurements in neutral beam injection-heated DT plasmas are presented, allowing thermal and non-thermal neutron component separation. Prospects for the diagnose of DT burning plasmas such as ITER and SPARC will be presented.

Published
2024
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18. New thick silicon carbide detectors: Response to 14 MeV neutrons and comparison with single-crystal diamonds

Author

Rebai, M., Rigamonti, D., Cancelli, S., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Perelli Cippo, E., Putignano, O., Tardocchi, M., Altana, C., Angelone, M., Borghi, G., Boscardin, M., Ciampi, C., Cirrone, G.A.P., Fazzi, A., Giove, D., Labate, L., Lanzalone, G., La Via, F., Loreti, S., Muoio, A., Ottanelli, P., Pasquali, G., Pillon, M., Puglia, S.M.R., Santangelo, A., Trifiro, A., and Tudisco, S.

Published
2019
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20. A new hard x-ray spectrometer for runaway electron measurements in tokamaks

Author

Dal Molin, A, Nocente, M, Dalla Rosa, M, Panontin, E, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevitch, E, Iliasova, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, D'Isa, F, Pautasso, G, Papp, G, Tardini, G, Macusova, E, Cerovsky, J, Ficker, O, Salewski, M, Kiptily, V, Dal Molin A., Nocente M., Dalla Rosa M., Panontin E., Rigamonti D., Tardocchi M., Shevelev A., Khilkevitch E., Iliasova M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., D'Isa F., Pautasso G., Papp G., Tardini G., Macusova E., Cerovsky J., Ficker O., Salewski M., Kiptily V., Dal Molin, A, Nocente, M, Dalla Rosa, M, Panontin, E, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevitch, E, Iliasova, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, D'Isa, F, Pautasso, G, Papp, G, Tardini, G, Macusova, E, Cerovsky, J, Ficker, O, Salewski, M, Kiptily, V, Dal Molin A., Nocente M., Dalla Rosa M., Panontin E., Rigamonti D., Tardocchi M., Shevelev A., Khilkevitch E., Iliasova M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., D'Isa F., Pautasso G., Papp G., Tardini G., Macusova E., Cerovsky J., Ficker O., Salewski M., and Kiptily V.

Abstract

Runaway electron gamma-ray detection system, a novel hard x-ray (HXR) spectrometer optimized for bremsstrahlung radiation measurement from runaway electrons in fusion plasmas, has been developed. The detector is based on a 1‘×1’ LaBr3:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube. The system has an energy dynamic range exceeding 20 MeV with an energy resolution of 3% at 661.7 keV. The detector gain is stable even under severe loads, with a gain shift that stays below 3% at HXR counting rates in excess of 1 MCps. The performance of the system enables unprecedented studies of the time-dependent runaway electron energy distribution function, as shown in recent runaway electron physics experiments at the ASDEX Upgrade and COMPASS tokamaks.

Published
2023

21. Performance of a triple GEM detector equipped with Al-GEM foils for X-rays detection

Author

Caruggi, F, Cancelli, S, Celora, A, Guiotto, F, Croci, G, Tardocchi, M, Murtas, F, de Oliveira, R, Perelli Cippo, E, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Caruggi F., Cancelli S., Celora A., Guiotto F., Croci G., Tardocchi M., Murtas F., de Oliveira R., Perelli Cippo E., Gorini G., Grosso G., Muraro A., Caruggi, F, Cancelli, S, Celora, A, Guiotto, F, Croci, G, Tardocchi, M, Murtas, F, de Oliveira, R, Perelli Cippo, E, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Caruggi F., Cancelli S., Celora A., Guiotto F., Croci G., Tardocchi M., Murtas F., de Oliveira R., Perelli Cippo E., Gorini G., Grosso G., and Muraro A.

Abstract

The study of Soft X-ray emission can be a source of fundamental information, particularly for what concerns tokamaks and plasma diagnostics, but also in general in the fields of high energy and nuclear physics. Detection systems based on Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) technology can be of particular use in the context of X-ray analyses, being relatively low cost while maintaining good spatial and temporal resolution and capability to sustain high counting rates (up to MHz/mm2). The development of these new and improved detectors is thus of interest, especially in the research about diagnostic and control of machines for fusion energy. In this work, the performance of a new triple-GEM detector, characterized by an aluminum metallic coating on both layers of the GEM foils, is presented and a comparison is made with the more conventional design employing copper coating. The performances of an aluminum-coated GEM (Al-GEM) detector and of a standard copper-coated GEM (Cu-GEM) detector in revealing quasi-monochromatic X-ray beams coming from different fluorescence materials are compared. The Al-GEM detector is shown to less suffer the issue of unwanted background on the signal caused by the presence of copper inside the detector itself. The suppression of this noise source encourages the use of Al-GEM detectors to perform spectroscopy in harsh environments, such as tokamak machines, where soft X-rays are useful probes to control different plasma properties and parameters.

Published
2023

22. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

Marcer, G, Zohar, A, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Nocente, M, Panontin, E, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, de la Luna, E, Ghani, Z, Conroy, S, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Zohar A., Dal Molin A., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Nocente M., Panontin E., Croci G., Gorini G., Grosso G., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., de la Luna E., Ghani Z., Conroy S., Garcia J., Kazakov Y., Kiptily V., Maslov M., Nave M., Ongena J., Tardocchi M., Marcer, G, Zohar, A, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Nocente, M, Panontin, E, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, de la Luna, E, Ghani, Z, Conroy, S, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Zohar A., Dal Molin A., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Nocente M., Panontin E., Croci G., Gorini G., Grosso G., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., de la Luna E., Ghani Z., Conroy S., Garcia J., Kazakov Y., Kiptily V., Maslov M., Nave M., Ongena J., and Tardocchi M.

Abstract

A single gamma-ray spectrometer installed at the end of a collimator can be used to infer the total emission from a tokamak plasma if the transport of gamma-rays from the plasma to the detector is known. In such analysis, the plasma emission profile plays a fundamental role, since it impacts the fraction of plasma volume intercepted by the detector line of sight. In this work, the DT 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays emission profile of the JET discharge #99608 from second 46 to 48 has been estimated both with the TRANSP code and reconstructed through tomographic inversion based on the neutron camera data, assuming that fusion gamma-rays have the same profile as the 14 MeV fusion neutrons. The gamma-ray transport has been evaluated both by MonteCarlo simulations and analytical calculations. By combining MonteCarlo and analytical evaluations of the gamma-ray transport in different ways with the estimated radiation emission profile, we provide four different routes to determine the total gamma-ray yield from measurements whose results agree within better than 10%.

Published
2023

23. Design of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier based photon pre-amplifier

Author

Putignano, O, Muraro, A, Cancelli, S, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Putignano O., Muraro A., Cancelli S., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Grosso G., Kushoro M. H., Marcer G., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Croci G., Putignano, O, Muraro, A, Cancelli, S, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Putignano O., Muraro A., Cancelli S., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Grosso G., Kushoro M. H., Marcer G., Nocente M., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., and Croci G.

Abstract

In this paper we present the design of a photon pre-amplifier based on a photo-cathode coated Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM). Such device is crucial in application where a weak light signal produced in a radiation detector must be amplified so that it can be carried to a photo-detector by means of optical fibres. An example of a device where a light signal must be amplified is a gamma-ray Cherenkov detector for fusion power measurements in magnetic confinement devices. In such application the active part of the detector must be located very close the plasma, typically in a harsh radiation environment where standard photodetectors cannot operate. The photon pre-amplifier allows to increase the signal generated in the active part of the detector so that it can be easily detected by the photodetector located outside the harsh environment. We present the conceptual design of a THGEM based photon pre-amplifier supported by Garfield++ simulations. The device working principle is the following: primary photons impinge on the photo-cathode and extract electrons that are accelerated by the THGEM electric field. Upon collisions with the accelerated electrons, the gas molecules in the pre-amplifier are brought to excited states and de-excite emitting scintillation photons. Since each electron excites multiple gas molecules, the scintillation photons outnumber the primary photons, leading to the amplification. In addition, we present the first observation of measurements of Nitrogen gas scintillation in a THGEM device. We devised an experimental setup consisting of a vacuum chamber containing a THGEM and an alpha particle source. The vacuum chamber is filled with pure nitrogen and is coupled to a photomultiplier tube via a view-port to detect the scintillation photons generated in the THGEM. For sake of simplicity the electrons that induce the scintillation are generated by the ionization track of an alpha particle rather than by the THGEM photo-cathode coating. A good q

Published
2023

25. Development of a measuring technique based on JET second D-T campaign (DTE2) experience for assessing fusion power at ITER during D-T operation using the radial gamma-ray spectrometer.

Author

Marcer, G., Scioscioli, F., Croci, G., Dal Molin, A., Gorini, G., Muraro, A., Nocente, M., Perelli Cippo, E., Rebai, M., Rigamonti, D., Coriton, B., Kovalev, A., Polevoi, A., Khilkevitch, E., Shevelev, A., Bracco, A., Camera, F., Cazzaniga, C., and Tardocchi, M.

Subjects
ELECTRON emission, PLASMA sources, DETECTORS, SPECTROMETERS, DENSITY
Abstract

The ITER Radial Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (RGRS) consists of three gamma-ray detectors observing the plasma through three collimated, coplanar, radial lines of sight (LoS). The system was initially designed to monitor the runaway electron emission and the alpha-particle density profile [Nocente et al., Nucl. Fusion 57, 076016 (2017)]. This work presents a novel technique for measuring the fusion power during D-T operation using the RGRS. This method is based on the absolute measurement of the 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays and a semi-analytical computation of their transport from the plasma source to the detectors. This approach was initially developed and tested at JET during the second D-T campaign (DTE2) on a single LoS diagnostic [Dal Molin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (submitted) (2024); Rebai et al., Phys. Rev. C (submitted) (2024); and Marcer et al., Nucl. Fusion (unpublished) (2024)]. This work exploits the multiple LoS of the RGRS to create a combined virtual diagnostic whose detected fraction of the total plasma emission is less affected by variations in the plasma emission profile, reducing systematic uncertainties on the estimated total emission, compared to the individual detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Neutron Resonance Imaging

Author

Gorini, G., Schooneveld, E., Perelli Cippo, E., Di Martino, D., Anderson, Ian S., Series editor, Hurd, Alan J., Series editor, McGreevy, Robert L., Series editor, Kardjilov, Nikolay, editor, and Festa, Giulia, editor

Published
2017
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30. Preliminary parametric analysis of the first neutrons measured with a scintillator array at SPIDER

Author

Mario, I, Mccormack, O, Zuin, M, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Giacomelli, L, Cordaro, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Grosso, G, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Pasqualotto, R, Tardocchi, M, Mario I., McCormack O., Zuin M., Croci G., Muraro A., Giacomelli L., Cordaro L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., Grosso G., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Pasqualotto R., Tardocchi M., Mario, I, Mccormack, O, Zuin, M, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Giacomelli, L, Cordaro, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Grosso, G, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Pasqualotto, R, Tardocchi, M, Mario I., McCormack O., Zuin M., Croci G., Muraro A., Giacomelli L., Cordaro L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., Grosso G., Rigamonti D., Rebai M., Pasqualotto R., and Tardocchi M.

Abstract

SPIDER, the full size ITER NBI ion source, aims to prove the ITER requirements in terms of the ion source performance, a beam uniformity better than 90% and a low beam divergence. The SPIDER experiment can operate in deuterium, thus producing beam-target D-D fusion neutron emissions. These emissions can be used to evaluate the beam uniformity as well as machine parameter dependence, since the neutron flux is proportional to the beam power. To this end, a new neutron diagnostic array, consisting of a mix of seven crystal, plastic, and liquid scintillators, has been installed externally on the beam dump side of the vessel. Six of them are capable of neutron/gamma discrimination and are positioned to study the beam uniformity and allow parametric comparisons. A NaI scintillator-based gamma detector allows for the energy spectra reconstruction of incident gamma rays without neutron interference. In this work, the scintillator array's capability and arrangement, together with first results achieved during the deuterium campaigns performed in SPIDER, are presented and discussed.

Published
2022

31. Electronic readout characterisation of a new soft X-ray diagnostic for burning plasma

Author

Cancelli, S, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Abba, A, Corradi, G, Grosso, G, Gorini, G, Kushoro, M, Murtas, F, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Tagnani, D, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Cancelli, S., Muraro, A., Perelli Cippo, E., Abba, A., Corradi, G., Grosso, G., Gorini, G., Kushoro, M. H., Murtas, F., Putignano, O., Scionti, J., Tagnani, D., Tardocchi, M., Croci, G., Cancelli, S, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Abba, A, Corradi, G, Grosso, G, Gorini, G, Kushoro, M, Murtas, F, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Tagnani, D, Tardocchi, M, Croci, G, Cancelli, S., Muraro, A., Perelli Cippo, E., Abba, A., Corradi, G., Grosso, G., Gorini, G., Kushoro, M. H., Murtas, F., Putignano, O., Scionti, J., Tagnani, D., Tardocchi, M., and Croci, G.

Abstract

In fusion plasma scenario, soft X-rays are important tools to study impurities inside plasma. However state-of-the-art silicon detectors cannot survive for long time to the heavy damages due to harsh conditions in tokamaks. GEM detectors are a good alternative thanks to their resilience to radiation damage. In this paper, a GEM detector coupled with new dedicated electronic readout based on GEMINI chip is described. In particular, the detector response has been studied comparing the well established PH method and the ToT method implemented in GEMINI. The results indicate the possibility of using this electronic readout to do soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements in the energy range up to about 10-20 keV.

Published
2022

35. A new hard x-ray spectrometer for runaway electron measurements in tokamaks

Author

Dal Molin, A., Nocente, M., Dalla Rosa, M., Panontin, E., Rigamonti, D., Tardocchi, M., Shevelev, A., Khilkevitch, E., Iliasova, M., Giacomelli, L., Gorini, G., Perelli Cippo, E., D’Isa, F., Pautasso, G., Papp, G., Tardini, G., Macusova, E., Cerovsky, J., Ficker, O., Salewski, M., Kiptily, V., Dal Molin, A., Nocente, M., Dalla Rosa, M., Panontin, E., Rigamonti, D., Tardocchi, M., Shevelev, A., Khilkevitch, E., Iliasova, M., Giacomelli, L., Gorini, G., Perelli Cippo, E., D’Isa, F., Pautasso, G., Papp, G., Tardini, G., Macusova, E., Cerovsky, J., Ficker, O., Salewski, M., and Kiptily, V.

Abstract

Runaway electron gamma-ray detection system, a novel hard x-ray (HXR) spectrometer optimized for bremsstrahlung radiation measurement from runaway electrons in fusion plasmas, has been developed. The detector is based on a 1‘×1’ LaBr3:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube. The system has an energy dynamic range exceeding 20 MeV with an energy resolution of 3% at 661.7 keV. The detector gain is stable even under severe loads, with a gain shift that stays below 3% at HXR counting rates in excess of 1 MCps. The performance of the system enables unprecedented studies of the time-dependent runaway electron energy distribution function, as shown in recent runaway electron physics experiments at the ASDEX Upgrade and COMPASS tokamaks.

Published
2023

36. Design of a Thick Gas Electron Multiplier based photon pre-amplifier

Author

Putignano, O., primary, Muraro, A., additional, Cancelli, S., additional, Giacomelli, L., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Grosso, G., additional, Kushoro, M.H., additional, Marcer, G., additional, Nocente, M., additional, Perelli Cippo, E., additional, Rebai, M., additional, Tardocchi, M., additional, and Croci, G., additional

Published
2023
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37. Characterisation of N2-GEM: a beam monitor based on Ar-N2 gas mixture

Author

Cancelli, S., primary, Alimagno, H., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Perelli Cippo, E., additional, Caruggi, F., additional, Grosso, G., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Kushoro, M.H., additional, Marcer, G., additional, Putignano, O., additional, Scionti, J., additional, Tardocchi, M., additional, and Croci, G., additional

Published
2023
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38. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

Marcer, G., primary, Zohar, A., additional, Dal Molin, A., additional, Rigamonti, D., additional, Rebai, M., additional, Nocente, M., additional, Panontin, E., additional, Croci, G., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Grosso, G., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Perelli Cippo, E., additional, Putignano, O., additional, de la Luna, E., additional, Ghani, Z., additional, Conroy, S., additional, Garcia, J., additional, Kazakov, Y., additional, Kiptily, V., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Nave, M.F.F., additional, Ongena, J., additional, and Tardocchi, M., additional

Published
2023
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41. Study of a single line of sight gamma ray diagnostics for measurements of the absolute gamma ray emission from JET

Author

Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Craciunescu, T, Dal Molin, A, Kiptily, V, Kos, B, Panontin, E, Zhoar, A, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Nocente M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Craciunescu T., Dal Molin A., Kiptily V., Kos B., Panontin E., Zhoar A., Tardocchi M., Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Craciunescu, T, Dal Molin, A, Kiptily, V, Kos, B, Panontin, E, Zhoar, A, Tardocchi, M, Marcer G., Nocente M., Giacomelli L., Gorini G., Perelli Cippo E., Putignano O., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Craciunescu T., Dal Molin A., Kiptily V., Kos B., Panontin E., Zhoar A., and Tardocchi M.

Published
2021

42. Characterization and operational stability of EJ276 plastic scintillator-based detector for neutron spectroscopy

Author

Mccormack, O, Giacomelli, L, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Pasqualotto, R, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, McCormack O., Giacomelli L., Croci G., Muraro A., Gorini G., Grosso G., Pasqualotto R., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., Tardocchi M., Mccormack, O, Giacomelli, L, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Pasqualotto, R, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, McCormack O., Giacomelli L., Croci G., Muraro A., Gorini G., Grosso G., Pasqualotto R., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Rigamonti D., and Tardocchi M.

Abstract

A state-of-the-art EJ276 plastic scintillator-based detector for neutron spectroscopy has undergone detailed characterization both in a controlled laboratory and on-site at the SPIDER negative ion source facility in Padua. The device will be used for the spectroscopy of 2.5 MeV neutrons produced from Deuterium-Deuterium fusion reactions occurring inside the SPIDER beam dump. A plastic based scintillator with neutron/gamma discrimination has some key advantages over the commonly used organic liquid scintillators with regards economic cost and handling safety. The purpose of this characterization is to determine the operational functionality and reliability of this new breed of detector material. Several tests were performed to verify expected operation with regards to signal reproducibility, long-term stability, and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities. It was found that the detector system (EJ276 scintillator + photomultiplier tube) performed well in terms of reproducibility and PSD, however the long-term stability of the scintillator light output was seen to diminish considerably over time (>50% decrease) and must be consistently monitored in order to have an accurate conversion scale needed for energy spectroscopy.

Published
2021

43. Characterization of the response of Fast Ion Loss Detectors to fusion neutrons for applications at JT-60SA and ITER

Author

Putignano, O, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Grosso, G, Nocente, M, Pillon, M, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Putignano O., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Grosso G., Nocente M., Pillon M., Ayllon-Guerola J., Garcia-Munoz M., Putignano, O, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Grosso, G, Nocente, M, Pillon, M, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Putignano O., Perelli Cippo E., Rebai M., Grosso G., Nocente M., Pillon M., Ayllon-Guerola J., and Garcia-Munoz M.

Abstract

One of the main configuration of Fast Ion Loss Detectors (FILD) installed in present day tokamaks and stellarators consists of a collimator and a scintillator coupled to a suitable optical system. In view of their use at the JT-60SA and ITER tokamaks, the impact of the background radiation induced by fusion born neutrons on the instrument must be quantified. In JT-60SA the interaction is predominantly due to 2.5 MeV neutrons born from D –D reactions while, at ITER, 14 MeV neutrons born from D –T are of additional concern, as their flux is expected to be the same as the one from the escaping ions at the position of the FILD. In particular, the generation of background charged particles when neutrons interact with the FILD supporting structure is of most relevance, both at JT-60SA and ITER. In this work we present the results of a study on the neutron sensitivity of the whole FILD setup to 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons. A set of GEANT4 simulations with a detector geometry derived from the current CAD model of the proposed FILD design has been carried out. Modelling has been validated at the Frascati Neutron Generator, where aspects of the interaction of MeV range neutrons with the FILD setup have been tested. Based on our simulations, we predict that neutrons will induce a measurable background on the FILD, both at JT-60SA and ITER, but they will also not impede measurements.

Published
2021

44. Thermal neutron cross sections of amino acids from average contributions of functional groups

Author

Romanelli, G, Onorati, D, Ulpiani, P, Cancelli, S, Perelli-Cippo, E, Marquez Damian, J, Capelli, S, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Andreani, C, Senesi, R, Romanelli G., Onorati D., Ulpiani P., Cancelli S., Perelli-Cippo E., Marquez Damian J. I., Capelli S. C., Croci G., Muraro A., Tardocchi M., Gorini G., Andreani C., Senesi R., Romanelli, G, Onorati, D, Ulpiani, P, Cancelli, S, Perelli-Cippo, E, Marquez Damian, J, Capelli, S, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Andreani, C, Senesi, R, Romanelli G., Onorati D., Ulpiani P., Cancelli S., Perelli-Cippo E., Marquez Damian J. I., Capelli S. C., Croci G., Muraro A., Tardocchi M., Gorini G., Andreani C., and Senesi R.

Abstract

The experimental thermal neutron cross sections of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids have been measured over the incident-neutron energy range spanning from 1 meV to 10 keV and data have been interpreted using the multi-phonon expansion based on first-principles calculations. The scattering cross section, dominated by the incoherent inelastic contribution from the hydrogen atoms, can be rationalised in terms of the average contributions of different functional groups, thus neglecting their correlation. These results can be used for modelling the total neutron cross sections of complex organic systems like proteins, muscles, or human tissues from a limited number of starting input functions. This simplification is of crucial importance for fine-tuning of transport simulations used in medical applications, including boron neutron capture therapy as well as secondary neutrons-emission induced during proton therapy. Moreover, the parametrized neutron cross sections allow a better treatment of neutron scattering experiments, providing detailed sample self-attenuation corrections for a variety of biological and soft-matter systems.

Published
2021

46. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions

Author

Mazzi, S., Garcia, J., Zarzoso, D., Kazakov, Y., Ongena, J., Dreval, M., Nocente, M., Stancar, Z., Szepesi, G., Eriksson, J., Sahlberg, A., Benkadda, S., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afanasev, V., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alekseev, A., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson Sunden, E., Andrew, P., Angelini, B., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V., Banks, J., Baranov, Y., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Ben Yaala, M., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bílkova, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Bozicevic Mihalic, I., Bradnam, S., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Budny, R., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., Cal, E., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Camenen, Y., Canal, G., Cannas, B., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Challis, C., Chamberlain, B., Chang, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, t., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J., Coffey, I., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, C., Collins, J., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, B., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Corradino, C., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Cox, P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Craven, D., Craven, R., Crialesi Esposito, M., Croci, G., Croft, D., Croitoru, A., Crombe, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Crystal, C., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarski, T., Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dale, E., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I., De Bock, M., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Del-Castillo-Negrete, D., Dempsey, A., Dendy, R., Devynck, P., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickson, T., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerner, R., Donne, A., Dorling, S., Dormido-Canto, S., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Doyle, R., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Drummond, G., Duckworth, P., Dudding, H., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunatov, T., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodie, F., Dux, R., Dvornova, A., Eastham, R., Edwards, J., Eich, T., Eichorn, A., Eidietis, N., Eksaeva, A., Haroun, H., Ellwood, G., Elsmore, C., Embreus, O., Emery, S., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, B., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, L., Ertmer, S., Esquembri, S., Esquisabel, A., Estrada, T., Evans, G., Evans, S., Fable, E., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falessi, M., Fanni, A., Farahani, A., Farquhar, I., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fazinie, S., Felici, F., Felton, R., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, H., Ferrand, J., Ferreira, D., Ferreira, J., Ferro, G., Fessey, J., Ficker, O., Field, A., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fiorucci, D., Fischer, U., Fishpool, G., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J., Forbes, S., Formisano, A., Fornal, T., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Fowler, C., Fransson, E., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fülop, T., Furseman, M., Fusco, V., Futatani, S., Gadariya, D., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Gafezka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gatto, R., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., Gelfusa, M., George, R., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, C., Gibson, K., Gil, L., Gillgren, A., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Glen, R., Gloggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborodko, V., Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gore, S., Gorini, G., Görler, T., Gotts, N., Goulding, R., Gow, E., Graham, B., Graves, J., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Gromelski, W., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Gupta, N., Gurl, C., Gusarov, A., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hagg, L., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C., Hamaguchi, D., Hamed, M., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harford, E., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N., Hawkins, 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moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (Ukraine), V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), Dipartimento di Fisica (Milano), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Milano] (CNR), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant agreement No 633053., Mazzi, S, Garcia, J, Zarzoso, D, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Dreval, M, Nocente, M, Stancar, Z, Szepesi, G, Eriksson, J, Sahlberg, A, Benkadda, S, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, 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K., Zoulias, I., Zwingmann, W., Zychor, I., JET Contributors, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Applied Physics and Science Education, Kazakov, Yo, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, Aalto University, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Aalto-yliopisto

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Settore FIS/01, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, General Physics and Astronomy, simulation, magnetically confined plasma, nuclear fusion, tokamaks, turbulence suppression, Plasma, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], confinement, transport, Alpha particles, Fusion reactors, Turbulence, physics
Abstract

openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.

Published
2022
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49. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience

Author

Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tinguely, R, Caruggi, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Ghani, Z, Giacomelli, L, Girolami, M, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Mastellone, M, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Serpente, V, Trucchi, D, Mackie, S, Saltos, A, De Marchi, E, Parisi, M, Trotta, A, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Maslov, M, Stancar, Z, Gorini, G, Tinguely, R A, Trucchi, D M, Saltos, A A, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tinguely, R, Caruggi, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Ghani, Z, Giacomelli, L, Girolami, M, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Mastellone, M, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Serpente, V, Trucchi, D, Mackie, S, Saltos, A, De Marchi, E, Parisi, M, Trotta, A, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Maslov, M, Stancar, Z, Gorini, G, Tinguely, R A, Trucchi, D M, and Saltos, A A

Abstract

Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.

Published
2022

50. A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power deuterium-tritium plasma scenarios in tokamaks

Author

Marcer, G, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, Nave, M F F, Marcer, G, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, Tardocchi, M, and Nave, M F F

Abstract

The most performant deuterium-tritium (DT) plasma discharges realized by the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in the recent DT campaign have produced neutron yields on the order of 1018 n/s. At such high neutron yields, gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements with scintillators are challenging as events from the neutron-induced background often dominate over the signal, leading to a significant fraction of pileup events and instability of the photodetector gain along with the consequent degradation of the reconstructed spectrum. Here, we describe the solutions adopted for the tangential lanthanum bromide spectrometer installed at JET. A data acquisition system with free streaming mode digitization capabilities for the entire duration of the discharge has been used to solve dead-time related issues and a data reconstruction code with pileup recovery and photodetector gain drift restoration has been implemented for off-line analysis of the data. This work focuses on the acquired data storage and parsing, with a detailed explanation of the pileup recovery and gain drift restoration algorithms.

Published
2022

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