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International audience; After spectacular population crashes in the 1960-70s, Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus recovered worldwide, and in the 2000s many study populations were back to normal. However, post-recovery trends have not been documented. We combined three long-term population studies covering the entire Jura mountains (16,304 km²) to examine spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics during 2000–2020 in 420 known nesting sites in five regions: Ain, Jura and Doubs in France, and Jura Sud and Jura Nord in Switzerland. Every year about 60% of all sites were surveyed at least once, and this proportion increased over time. We used Bayesian occupancy modeling to investigate site persistence and colonization probabilities and correct status and trend estimates for bias due to nonrandom site coverage. Based on the average of two models correcting for preferential sampling, we estimated that population size peaked in 2002 (Jura), 2005 (Doubs), 2007 (Ain, Jura Nord) and in 2007 for the Jura as a whole. Thereafter, the population declined significantly in four regions and in the Jura as a whole, with the strongest decline found in the Jura Nord ( –38%, CRI –34%/–41%) during 2007–2020. Thus, we found considerable spatial heterogeneity in post-recovery trends and widespread post-recovery declines. Reasons for the latter may include eagle owl predation, illegal persecution, and human disturbance. Our results illustrate how quickly positive population trends may be reversed, such that continuous long-term monitoring even for species seemingly "out of danger" remains invaluable. Our study also emphasizes the importance of correcting for both coverage bias in general and for preferential sampling in particular when assessing population trends in studies where not every territory can be surveyed in all years.

Merlins, Falco columbarius, breed throughout temperate and high latitude habitats in Asia, Europe, and North America. Like peregrine falcons, F. peregrinus, merlins underwent population declines during the mid-to-late twentieth century, due to organochlorine-based contamination, and have subsequently recovered, at least in North American populations. To better understand levels of genetic diversity and population structuring in contemporary populations and to assess the impact of the twentieth century decline, we used genomic data archived in public databases and constructed genomic libraries to isolate and characterize a suite of 17 microsatellite markers for use in merlins. We also conducted cross-amplification experiments to determine the markers’ utility in peregrine falcons and gyrfalcons, F. rusticolus. These markers provide a valuable addition to marker suites that can be used to determine individual identity and conduct genetic analyses on merlins and congeners.

The genus Kleinia Miller (1754: page headed KI KL) (Asteraceae, subfam. Asteroideae, tr. Senecioneae) has been variously circumscribed over time, but in the past was often regarded as worthy of segregation from Senecio Linnaeus (1753: 866) based on, inter alia, the architecture of ovary wall crystals (Jeffrey 1986) and the prevalence of stem succulence (Halliday 1988: 1) and, to some degree, leaf succulence (see Cicuzza et al. 2017 for an overview). The recently described genus Curio Heath (1997: 136) accommodates mostly low-growing to medium-sized leaf succulents with rather dull-coloured capitula that generally lack ray florets.

The bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, is an endemic Australian eucalypt pest that has become a serious threat to the global forestry industry. Following a large outbreak within its native range in 2002, introduced populations of the bronze bug appeared in South Africa and Argentina. Since then, T. peregrinus has spread rapidly around the world, with the number of reported incursions increasing steadily. Despite the problems posed by the bronze bug, little is known about its global invasion pathways. In this study, we used multiple different population genetic methods to (1) gain new insight into aspects of bronze bug population history within Australia, and (2) characterise the spread of the bronze bug throughout South America, South Africa, New Zealand and the Mediterranean Basin. Taken together, the genetic data and the outbreak records suggest that, across the international regions surveyed, at least three separate introductions of T. peregrinus from Australia have occurred over the decade 2003–2012—one into South Africa, another into Argentina and a third into New Zealand—each of which is likely to have originated in Sydney. Populations in Europe and Israel appear to have become established from individuals introduced from South America, rather than from within the native Australian range, suggesting the existence of a bridgehead effect. These findings provide an important framework for understanding the global spread of invasive bronze bug populations. They may be used to inform management decisions and improve the effectiveness of control strategies.

Insect pest invasions pose a major threat to agriculture, forestry and many natural ecosystems. Thaumastocoris peregrinus is an invasive sap-sucking pest of significant economic importance to Eucalyptus forestry that has recently invaded several countries worldwide. In this study we identify the origin and retrace the invasion history of T. peregrinus. We analysed samples from six locations in Africa, South America and Australia using microsatellites markers and a combination of clustering methods and scenario testing using Approximate Bayesian Clustering. We detected clear genetic substructure differentiating African and South American samples, with representatives of both present in Australia. The Australian population from New South Wales showed substantially higher genetic diversity than the Queensland source, which could indicate that this region could be part of the core range and evolutionary origin of the species. Africa and South America were colonised by independent introductions that occurred more or less concurrently. The study illustrates the impact of the bridgehead effect on global invasions following an outbreak or ‘invasion’ within a city in the native range of the insect.

The aim of this study is to examine the dorsal lingual epithelium of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) of the family Falconidae. The tongue in its dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces is covered with a non-keratinized multilayered stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria is present beneath the epithelial layers. Morphometrically, thickness of the apex tongue epithelium is more than that in the tongue body. Thickness of the ventral surface of the tongue is less than that in the dorsal one. Thickness of the lateral surface of the tongue was thicker than that in the ventral one and tongue body. Large and small conical papillae appeared on the posterior dorsal surface of the lingual body. There are lingual glands in certain areas of tongue body with numerous openings through the dorsal surface.

The bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, an Australian native insect, has become a nearly worldwide invasive pest in the last 16 years and has been causing signifcant damage to eucalypts (Myrtaceae), including Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. Its rapid expansion leads to new questions about pathways and routes that T. peregrinus used to invade other continents and countries. We used mtDNA to characterize specimens of T. peregrinus collected from 10 countries where this species has become established, including six recently invaded countries: Chile, Israel, Mexico, Paraguay, Portugal, and the United States of America. We then combined our mtDNA data with previous data available from South Africa, Australia, and Europe to construct a world mtDNA network of haplotypes. Haplotype A was the most common present in all specimens of sites sampled in the New World, Europe, and Israel, however from Australia second more frequently. Haplotype D was the most common one from native populations in Australia. Haplotype A difers from the two major haplotypes found in South Africa (D and G), confrming that at least two independent invasions occurred, one from Australia to South Africa, and the other one from Australia to South America (A). In conclusion, Haplotype A has an invasion success over many countries in the World. Additionally, analyzing data from our work and previous reports, it is possible to suggest some invasive routes of T. peregrinus to predict such events and support preventive control measures. Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-12T04:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo-2020-Machado-et-al-One-maternal-lineage-leads-the-expansion-of-Thaumastocoris-peregrinus.pdf: 3236777 bytes, checksum: 90255ede5fe4812b249279669eee2238 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), the eucalyptus bronze bug, is among the many species of insect pests that affect commercial eucalyptus forests in Brazil. T. peregrinus reduces the photosynthetic capacity of trees and, in some cases, can lead to the complete death of plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of medium spatial resolution images, available for free, in the mapping and prediction of attacks caused by T. peregrinus in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, using Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The PLS-DA regression model selected three main components, with a cross-validation error rate of 0.245 for the prediction and mapping of stands attacked by T. peregrinus . The important bands were selected from the PLS-DA model, using variable importance in the projection (VIP). The VIP bands predicted healthy and attacked stands with an accuracy of 97.7% in an independent validation dataset. This study demonstrates the potential of medium spatial resolution images as a viable alternative to successfully characterize and map T. peregrinus attacks in planted forests in Brazil.

espanolEn el articulo se presentan, en primer lugar, algunos fenomenos sociopoliticos de la epoca de san Agustin que provocaron migraciones, para ver cual fue la reaccion del Obispo de Hipona frente a estos acontecimientos. Se hace referencia las migraciones y a los refugiados, presentando el dossier de Favencio (epp. 113-116), asi como el caso de Fascio y la ep. 268. Como ejemplo de migrantes economicos se analiza el caso de la familia de Antonino de Fusala, tal y como es descrito en la ep. 20*. Partiendo de estos movimientos migratorios de la epoca de san Agustin, asi como de la decadencia de las grandes instituciones y de la corrupcion interna del mismo imperio romano, el articulo presenta la idea espiritual agustiniana del peregrinus y de la peregrinatio, poniendo de manifiesto las caracteristicas espirituales de esta condicion antropologica espiritual esencial para san Agustin, haciendo una investigacion diacronica en las obras agustinianas para identificar la presencia y significado de la palabra peregrinus. Finalmente el articulo ofrece algunas conclusiones practicas para afrontar el fenomeno de la migracion en nuestros dias, partiendo de las ideas y de la vida de san Agustin. EnglishThe article presents, in the first part, sorne socio-political phenomena from Saint Augustine's time, which caused migrations, to discuss which was the reaction of the Bishop of Hippo to these events. The topic of migrations and refugees are dealt taking as point of departure the Favencio's dossier (epp. 113-116), as well as the case of Fascio, as it is described in Saint Augustine's ep. 268. As an example of economic migrants, the case of the family of Antonino ofFusala is analyzed, as described in ep. 20*. Starting from the migratory movements of Saint Augustine's time, as well as the decline of the great institutions and the internal corruption of the Roman Empire itself, the article presents Saint Augustine's spiritual idea of peregrinus and peregrinatio, highlighting the characteristics of this essential augustinian spiritual anthropological condition, making a diachronic research in the Works of the Bishop of Hippo to identify the presence and meaning of the word peregrinus. Finally, the arride presents sorne practica] conclusions to face the reality of migration in our days, taking inspiration from the ideas and the life of Saint Augustine.

The Peregrine Falco peregrinus, is an Nearctic migrant to Brazil where its status in central Brazil is still poorly known. Herein we present a compilation of records of the species from the state of Tocantins and comment on its use of a wintering site in the state of Goiás. These records show that the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin is a migration route for the species, and therefore a mid-continental migration route through the interior of South America.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 The Thaumastocoris peregrinus spread to eucalyptus plantations in many countries. Chemical control is a questionable measure, mainly due to the environmental impact, high cost and moreover has the use restricted by the forest certifications. Bio-insecticides may have similar efficiency to chemical products to control T. peregrinus. The chemical thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, acephate and the microbial Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae insecticides were tested at different doses to manage T. peregrinus. The products were sprayed on eucalyptus plants using aircraft and populations of this insect were counted before application and at 1, 14 and 21 days afterwards (DAA). Ten eucalyptus trees were evaluated per plot, with the collection of ten leaves from the middle third of the crown of each tree, and the number of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults obtained per leaf was determined. All the chemical insecticides had similar control at 1 DAA for T. peregrinus nymphs and adults. At 14 DAA, the number of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults on eucalyptus leaves was similar for the chemical and microbial insecticide treatments. At 21 DAA the control efficiency of T. peregrinus nymphs and adults was higher than 80% with all insecticides. The entomopathogenic insecticides have potential for aerial application to control T. peregrinus nymphs and adults and provide viable and environmentally-friendly alternative to manage this pest. Departamento de Proteção Vegetal FCA/UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista Dow Agrosciences Mogi-Mirim Field Station MIP Florestal JB Biotecnologia Departamento de Fitotecnia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Viçosa Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária- Embrapa Florestas Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Proteção Vegetal FCA/UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista

Two new species of the Theridiidae are described from the Wuling Mountain, China: Coscinida conicus sp. nov. (♂♀) and Robertus peregrinus sp. nov. (♂♀). Photos of the body, copulatory organs, line drawings of copulatory organs, as well as the locality map are provided. Keywords: Asia, Comb-footed, Genital organs, Spider, Taxonomy

In 1321, Marino Sanudo Torsello presented the crusade project entitled ‘Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis’, the ‘Book of Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross’ to Pope John XXII. Among themaps that accompany the project, the representation of the Holy Land is one of the best-known medieval maps, both for its content and for its original construction. Firstly, with regards to content, this map locates the main places visited by Christian pilgrims, according to the Old and New Testaments, following the description of the Holy Land by Burchard of Mount Sion (thirteenth century). Regarding its shape, the places described in the text are arranged on the map according to a grid which allows the reader, via a system of coordinates, to find the location of each placename in a precise cell of the grid. This document served as a model for a large number of representations of the Holy Land, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, in the context of pilgrimage narratives in which the religious dimension of the places appeared fully. The map was also inserted alongside the maps of Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’, first in the manuscript copies composed by Nicolas Germanus in the second half of the fifteenth century, and in the printed editions of the book, from the Ulm edition of 1482 and 1486, later with commentaries of Johannes Reger and Johannes Peregrinus. In Florence, the Italian author Francesco Berlinghieri included this map in his ‘Septe giornate della Geographia’, an adaptation of Ptolemy’s work in Italian verse (1482), and Henricus Martellus inserted it in his ‘Insularium Illustratum’ (c. 1490). The aim of this paper is to ask to what extent the religious character of the map of the Holy Land of Marino Sanudo, related to the context of pilgrimages and crusades during the fourteenth century, was preserved or not when inserted into Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’ or other humanist geographic works.We will study how the context of reception of this map in the humanist culture of the Renaissance, in Germany and in Italy, could change its meaning and interpretation.

Understanding habitat selection by individual animals within their home range is crucial to facilitating their conservation. Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations are increasingly urbanised, but little is known about their urban habitat use. In this study, we analysed the breeding habitat selection of peregrine falcons in London, United Kingdom, based on nest site locations identified through records of public sightings submitted to an online database between 2003 and 2018. We found peregrines displayed a preference for nesting in proximity to waterbodies, built-up areas and public parks and gardens, while wooded, agricultural and allotments areas were least preferred. We hypothesise that peregrines seek contrasting topography that proves advantageous for hunting in the vicinity of their nests, resulting in their selection of breeding sites within tall buildings that are adjacent to suitable foraging areas. From these findings, we conclude that (i) social drivers such as demand for green spaces and waterbodies near buildings shape peregrine nesting opportunities in the city and (ii) for urban planning to support conservation, we need further understanding of how each type of greenspace may be used differentially by raptors.

Many causes of mortality have been reported for the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), but there are no published descriptions of fence mortalities for this species. We report on a recently deceased juvenile peregrine falcon that was found ensnared on the top strand of a barbed-wire fence on 24 August 2018 in Hale County, Texas. The cause of mortality was determined to be from exposure after being ensnared by a barb on the fence, a previously undescribed cause of fence-related mortality for the species. This mortality illustrates the novel hazard that fencing and other such structures pose to wildlife, and highlights problems with using barbed fencing because it increases the risk of mortality due to ensnarement and exposure in addition to the risk of blunt-force trauma from collision.

We report on the morbidity and fate of 138 raptors of 27 species admitted to the Royal Society of the Conservation of Nature rehabilitation center in Jordan during 2017–2018. Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) made up the greatest percentage admitted (28.3%), followed by the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus; 7.3%), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug; 7.3%), Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo; 7.3%), and nine species represented by a single individual each. Confiscation due to illegal possession or transport (n = 81) was the most common reason for raptor admittance, followed by trauma (n = 26) and infections/disease (n = 26). Other major reasons for admittance included malnutrition (n =12) and orphaning (n =12). Twenty-six birds (18.8%), mostly falcons, were still in the rehabilitation center at the time of publication, and 22 (16%) individuals died during treatment due to their injuries (n =14) or severe Newcastle infections (n =8). Seventy-seven individuals were released into nature reserves, accounting for 55.8% of the total rehabilitated birds, and 13 individuals (9.4%) were returned to their owners.

Identifying migratory raptors' wintering areas and migration routes is an essential part of predicting their responses to habitat and climate change throughout their annual cycles, and therefore important for their conservation. Among the world's most widespread migratory species, the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) has been the subject of intensive study on its breeding grounds and at some migratory stopover sites, but the links between its breeding, stopover, and wintering areas remain poorly known. In particular, few empirical data are available on migratory F. p. tundrius and F. p. anatum (hereafter, Nearctic peregrines) wintering in South America during the austral spring and summer. Here, we present evidence connecting Nearctic peregrines wintering in Peru with their natal and breeding territories in North America using mark-recapture data collected between 1963 and 2019. We documented eight encounters of banded wintering Nearctic peregrines, whose natal origins or breeding regions included the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon Territory in Canada, and Alaska, Minnesota, and Nebraska in the USA. Our findings indicate that both tundrius and anatum peregrines winter in Peru and originate from a widespread geographic breeding range, corroborating other research suggesting that Nearctic peregrine migration is highly dispersive. Peregrines exhibit sex-related differential migration patterns in which males tend to migrate farther than females, and our data from the capture of 208 Nearctic peregrines suggest that the majority of wintering birds in Peru are males (n =150; 72%). We also report new records of Nearctic peregrine arrivals in Peru that represent advances of approximately 2–3 wk compared to the earliest previously published reports. The variability of peregrines' migratory movements may be related to the behavioral plasticity that facilitated their successful recovery following their catastrophic declines in much of North America. As peregrines remain vulnerable to human impacts including habitat and climate change, continuing to fill gaps in our knowledge of Nearctic peregrines' migratory connectivity will enable continuing conservation measures for these spectacular birds.

This study evaluated the potential of four formulations of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for the control of Thaumastocoris peregrinus. For this, the leaves of Eucalyptus dunni were immersed in each delivery of B. bassiana, isolated IBCB 66, and also in sterile distilled water containing Tween 80® (0.01%) (control), totaling five treatments, with five repetitions each. These leaves were placed in germination boxes containing 10 insects in each and, subsequently, kept in an air-conditioned room (27 ± 2 ° C, 60 ± 10% RH, and 12-h photophase). Record longevity for seven days. The experiment was carried out with adults and also with 3rd instar nymphs of T. peregrinus. These formulations were tested for resistance induction, using organic soybean seeds (standard) sown in sand. Ten days after emergence, 40 µL of treatment suspension was competent in 2 mm cuts made on the top of the cotyledon. Phytoalexins and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were determined. All formulations caused a reduction in the longevity of T. peregrinus when compared to the control, standing out as formulations T1 and T2, both for adults and for 3rd instar nymphs of T. peregrinus. The T2 expansion also promotes an increase in the production of phytoalexins and PAL. Thus, the IBCB 66 isolate from B. bassiana, supplied T1, has the potential to control nymphs and adults of T. peregrinus and is also a potential resistance inducer. Este estudio evaluó el potencial de cuatro formulaciones del hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana para el control de Thaumastocoris peregrinus. Para ello, se sumergieron las hojas de Eucalyptus dunni en cada entrega de B. bassiana, IBCB 66 aislado, y también en agua destilada estéril conteniendo Tween 80® (0.01%) (control), totalizando cinco tratamientos, con cinco repeticiones cada uno. Estas hojas se colocaron en cajas de germinación que contenían 10 insectos en cada una y, posteriormente, se mantuvieron en una habitación con aire acondicionado (26 ± 2 ° C, 60 ± 10% U.R., fotofase de 12 h). Récord de longevidad durante siete días. El experimento se llevó a cabo con adultos y también con ninfas de tercer estadio de T. peregrinus. Estas formulaciones se probaron para la inducción de resistencia, utilizando semillas de soja orgánica (estándar) sembradas en arena. Diez días después de la emergencia, 40 µL de suspensión de tratamiento fueron competentes en cortes de 2 mm hechos en la parte superior del cotiledón. Se determinaron fitoalexinas y fenilalanina amoniaco liasa (PAL). Todas las formulaciones provocaron una reducción en la longevidad de T. peregrinus en comparación con el control, destacándose como las formulaciones T1 y T2, tanto para adultos como para ninfas de 3er estadio de T. peregrinus. La expansión T2 también promueve un aumento en la producción de fitoalexinas y PAL. Por tanto, el aislado IBCB 66 de B. bassiana, suministrado con T1, tiene el potencial de controlar ninfas y adultos de T. peregrinus y también es un inductor potencial de resistencia. Este estudo avaliou o potencial de quatro formulações do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana para o controle de Thaumastocoris peregrinus. Para isto, folhas de Eucalyptus dunni foram imersas em cada formulação de B. bassiana, isolado IBCB 66, e também em água destilada esterilizada contendo Tween 80® (0,01%) (testemunha), totalizando cinco tratamentos, com cinco repetições cada. Essas folhas foram dispostas em caixas de germinação contendo 10 insetos em cada e, posteriormente, mantidas em sala climatizada (26 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 10% U.R., 12h de fotofase). Avaliou-se a longevidade durante sete dias. O experimento foi realizado com adultos e também com ninfas de 3º ínstar de T. peregrinus. Estas mesmas formulações foram testadas na indução de resistência, utilizando sementes de soja orgânica (padrão) semeadas em areia. Dez dias após a emergência, 40 µL da suspensão dos respectivos tratamentos foram aplicados em cortes de 2 mm feitos na parte superior do cotilédone. Fitoalexinas e fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) foram determinadas. Todas as formulações provocaram redução na longevidade de T. peregrinus quando comparadas à testemunha, destacando-se as formulações T1 e T2, tanto para adultos quanto para as ninfas de 3º instar de T. peregrinus. A formulação T2 também promoveu aumento na produção de fitoalexinas e PAL. Assim, o isolado IBCB 66 de B. bassiana, formulação T1, apresenta potencial para o controle de ninfas e adultos de T. peregrinus e também é um potencial indutor de resistência.

Delivering a piece of proper and interesting information to tourists is always a challenge to deal with. It can be provided by many possible ways using traditional analogue materials (flyers, information table or paper maps) or using modern technologies such as web pages, mobile applications or an online multimedia tourist guide. One of online tourist guides is a travel guide created in Peregrinus Silva Bohemica project. This paper provides information about the final stage of such a guide from content and a technical point of view, to point out the complexity and usefulness of such a tool for tourists.

The diet of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in inland south-western Australia was investigated from a sample of 73 pellets collected in August–November 2006, from cliff nest-sites and nearby roosts in the banded iron formation ranges of the Goldfields around Koolyanobbing, Western Australia. The diet was 94% birds ( n = 80; about half being Purple-crowned Lorikeets Glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) and 6% mammals (microbats, rodent) by number, and 98% birds (59% parrots) and 2% mammals by biomass. The prey profile reflects the bird assemblages in the extensive, intact Great Western Woodlands rather than that in rural environments of south-eastern Australia where other dietary studies have been conducted.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of Caryospora (C.) neofalconis in falcons from the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and methods: Fecal samples (n = 149) from 149 healthy falcons including 56 saker falcons (Falco cherrug), 13 lanner falcons (F. biarmicus), 18 peregrine falcons (F. peregrinus), 40 Barbary falcons (F. pelegrinoides), and 22 gyrfalcons (F. rusticolus) were collected between October 2018 and May 2019. The fecal samples were examined for the presence of C. neofalconis by microscopic examination followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction targeting 18S rRNA genes and their phylogenetic analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of C. neofalconis in the falcons was recorded as 10.7% (16/149) by microscopic examination. The highest prevalence was found in F. peregrinus (6/18, 33.3%), followed by F. rusticolus (3/22, 13.6%), F. cherrug (5/56, 8.9 %) and F. pelegrinoides (2/40, 5.0%). There was no C. neofalconis infection observed in F. biamicus. The 18S rRNA gene could be ampli¬fied in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis of two C. neofalconis isolates exhibited a close relationship with the Mexican isolate (KT03081) with a 99.7% identity. Conclusions: To our knowledge, based on the microscopic and molecular analysis, this is the first report of C. neofalconis in F. cherrug, F. rusticolus, F. pelegrinoides, and F. peregrinus from the central region of the KSA and it emphasize the value of adopting preventive measures to limit the spread of C. neofalconis. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 530-536]

Peregrine Falcon(Falco peregrinus)populations recovered globally after a dramatic decline experienced between the 1950s and 1980s. The conservation challenge forced the raptor biologist community to co-operate internationally. As a part of the co-operation, four conferences were organised to identify the problem, coordinate conservation efforts including research and to monitor the recovery process of the species’ populations worldwide. The line of conferences started in Madison (WI, USA) in 1965 and was followed by two conferences in Sacramento (CA, USA) and Piotrowo/Poznań (Poland) in 1985 and in 2007, respectively. The latest conference was organised in 2017, in Budapest, where Peregrine experts discussed the latest research and monitoring results. The event provides a good occasion to review the development of the Peregrine population in Hungary. The species became extinct in Hungary as a breeding species in the mid-1960s due to the intensive use of pesticides (DDT) and it returned only in 1997, when the first successful breeding was recorded. In 2018, 72 active eyries were recorded. The Hungarian population is the edge of the Carpathian Peregrine population and the birds represent mostly the nominate subspecies(F. p. peregrinus), but individuals showing typical phenotype of the Mediterranean subspecies(F. p. brookei)were also observed. The northern race ofF. p. calidusalso occurs on migration and in winter. The Hungarian population is sedentary. Natal dispersal of females is biased to males, but in case of both sexes most ring recoveries of adult birds occurred within the Pannonian basin. The increasing Peregrine population expanding to the lowland may cause conservation conflict on medium term by competing with the endangered Saker Falcon(Falco cherrug)for the nest sites. The conservation status of the Peregrine Falcon in Hungary is good in general, but threats may emerge on local scale in some regions. No specific conservation measures are taken, research and monitoring focus on population changes and threats posed on and caused by Peregrines.

We describe the migration pathways of 12 Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus calidus breeding on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Overall, we tracked 30 complete (17 autumn and 13 spring) and 5 incomplete seasonal migration routes. Winter ranges extended from the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal in the west to Kish Island in the Arabian Gulf in the east, and from Krasnodar in southern Russia in the north to South Sudan. Eight birds were tracked to their wintering sites, with migration pathways ranging from 3,557 km to 8,114 km, taking 14 to 61 days to complete. Birds spent an average of 190 days in their winter ranges (range 136 to 212 days, N = 14), and departure on spring migration took place in April. The home ranges used by wintering Peregrines were varied including coastal habitats, agricultural landscapes, savannah, desert and an urban city. Departure from breeding areas took place in September with birds returning in May. Peregrines exhibited a high degree of fidelity to their winter ranges, with four birds tracked over three successive migrations until the 2012 breeding season.

The relative frequency of Common Pigeons Columba livia in the diet of Peregrine Falcons differed across three areas of south-central Wales in line with racing pigeon availability. Peregrines exhibited a functional response to spatial and temporal availability of racing pigeons. During the pigeon-racing season (April–September), pigeons comprised 63% of kills in South Wales where pigeons were most available, 43% in the Brecon Beacons with intermediate availability and 30% in Central Wales, where availability was lowest. The corresponding values outside the pigeon-racing season were 18%, 6% and 5% respectively. We estimate that 92% of pigeons killed by Peregrines were racing pigeons, 7% were feral pigeons and the remainder were other domestic pigeon varieties.

Until relatively recently Peregrines have been regarded as a rural bird. As their populations have increased over the past 20 years, Peregrines have increasingly become urban birds. One of the earliest locations to be occupied by Peregrines in the UK was on a church in Exeter, in the county of Devon. Over the past 20 years we have studied their diet, collecting prey remains on a regular basis. The results reveal that Feral Pigeons Columba livia comprise one third of the diet by frequency and just over half of the diet when measured by mass. The remainder of the diet comprises a wealth of other species including wading birds, other doves and pigeons, ducks, gulls and terns, and rails. A selection of species eaten by the Peregrines reveal that they are hunting at night, taking certain wading birds, rails and grebes, that would be difficult to catch by day and are known to migrate at night. This study is the most comprehensive to date and reveals that while the Feral Pigeon is an important part of the diet, contrary to public opinion, it is by no means the only species that Peregrines eat. In fact, the remaining half of the diet, by mass, comprised 101 other species of bird and three species of mammal. Such dietary studies help dispel myths about peregrines feeding habits and ensure that their conservation and protection is based on evidence.

In 1983–1984 the nesting population of Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Lazio was estimated to 25–30 pairs located mainly in the limestone massifs of the Southern Anti-Apennines and the Ponziane Islands. The monitoring carried out in the following years showed a steady increase in population size and range. In 2014–2017, the breeding population was 166–193 pairs distributed over most of the regional territory. In four regional macro-geographic areas characterized by different morphologies, lithological and landscape typologies, the density was calculated by NND method, which varied from a minimum of 0.90 to a maximum of 1.77 pairs/100 km2; average distance between sites from 3848.18 m to 6526.87 m. The urban population of Rome increased from the first nest found in 2001 to 15 currently breeding pairs; the first artificial nest was discovered in 2001 on the building, currently 14 are known. At present in Lazio 16 nests are located in quarries. In the years 2008, 2014, 2015 and 2016, the fledging rate registered was 2.26 (SD = 0.94; bp = 153).

The Author reports the results of a survey about a breeding extra-alpine Peregrine Falcon population in Cuneo Province, NW Italy. The first reproduction was recorded in 2000, and from that year, the monitoring work localized 16 occupied territories in an area of 1,900 km2 covering the hills and nearby lowland areas. The average distance between breeding territories was of 7.6 km with a density 0.7 pairs/100 km2. During the eighteen years, 89 successful breeding attempts were recorded, 81 of them led to fledging of 206 young. Average breeding success was 2.5 juv/reproducing pairs. The nests are located on bridges (motorway viaducts and rail way bridges) and clay/sandstone cliffs. Preliminary prey analyses showed that pigeons and doves represent the 75% of their diet.

In Germany, the Eagle Owl is the only animal species that has a massive impact on the distribution and breeding success of the Peregrine Falcon. Both species compete for the same breeding sites on rocks. In addition, the Peregrine Falcon belongs to the prey spectrum of the Eagle Owl. The Eagle Owl always dominates at places where the two species meet. Since the 1980s, the Eagle Owl has taken over many of the rock face breeding sites of the Peregrine Falcon in Germany. This trend towards the taking-over of Peregrine Falcon nesting sites is ongoing in areas with rocks, as not all regions of Germany have yet been completely colonized by Eagle Owls. Since 1975, the Eagle Owl initially nested on buildings in rural areas, but it is now also colonizing urban areas. Eagle Owls are more and more frequently taking over Peregrine Falcon nest boxes on buildings. The currently growing Peregrine Falcon breeding population on buildings is expected to decline in coming years due to predation by the Eagle Owl, even though these owls do not breed very successfully on buildings and many old and young owls are killed. These statements apply to large parts of Germany. In other areas of Europe, the future usage of buildings as Eagle Owl breeding sites can be expected to have an impact on the Peregrine Falcon populations there. At least eight other Peregrine Falcon breeding sites on buildings and rocks have been taken over by Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca).

The article presents dietary habits of the Peregrine Falcon in the urban environment of Maribor. The diet was studied with an analysis of prey remnants at the nesting site. In October 2015, prey remnants were collected after the nesting in and around the nest built on top of the grain storage silo. Prey remnants, mostly bones and feathers, were sorted into body parts: skull with the beak, wings, and legs. Wings were the most numerous remnants with 41.7%, followed by legs and skulls with 28.1% each. In total, 96 units of prey were found, belonging to five different species of birds. The number of specimens and biomass was dominated by Feral Pigeons Columba livia domestica with 64.6% in number and 89.5% in prey biomass. The second most frequent prey of falcons were Starlings Sturnus vulgaris.

Three distinct, rich neocomitid faunas occur in the Agrio Formation (middle Valanginian to lowermost Barremian). In the ammonite sequences between, neocomitids are very rare and limited to two thin horizons. The lower, upper Valanginian level has yielded Neocomites (Varlheideites) cf. peregrinus Rawson and Kemper, Neocomites (Varlheideites) sp. nov.? and Rodighieroites sp. which are widely distributed taxa. The upper level contains Comahueites aequalicostatus gen. et sp. nov., which appears endemic to the basin.

Biological invasions represent a major threat to agriculture and forestry across the globe. Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a small sap-sucking heteropteran bug that has recently invaded a number of eucalypt plantations worldwide from its native range in Australia. To date, no studies have examined the range of this insect within Australia, and its population genetics remain poorly understood. We sampled T. peregrinus from 16 populations from South East Queensland, across New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria to south-eastern South Australia, and generated microsatellite and mtDNA data for ~ 200 individuals. Population genetic analyses consistently revealed moderate levels of genetic isolation by distance among populations across the range. Nonetheless, T. peregrinus has undergone dispersal across large distances, as revealed by the presence of identical mitochondrial haplotypes in both South East Queensland and South Australia. Two populations within the Sydney area (NSW) were divergent from other populations based on STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis. They also had relatively low allelic richness and haplotype diversity indices. These results suggest they are the result of a relatively recent invasion event, consistent with their discovery in 2001. Pairwise genetic distance analyses suggest that the source of the invasion may have been central NSW. Our study provides an important framework for understanding the biology of this pest in its native environment, and may have implications for determining how it has invaded multiple areas worldwide.

This article was prepared according on the analysis of the situation with the poaching and smuggling of falcons (Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus , Saker Falcon F. cherrug and Peregrine Falcon F. peregrinus ) in Russia and near abroad countries in 2016–2017. The number of falcon-related arrests is steadily growing: 6.3 arrests per year in 1996-2005, 10.3 in 2006-5015 and 15.0 in 2016-2017. About half of all arrests took place in Kamchatka peninsula where governmental nature-protection authority works in collaboration with Federal Security Service and Border Control Service that leads to significant decrease of the number of illegally caught Gyrfalcons in 2017. One-third of all cases occurred in Siberia. The proportion of identified crimes in Moscow and St. Petersburg is relatively low – only 0.83 cases per year on average. In the last 12 year, the number of falcon-related arrests in the neighboring countries increased – from 2.6 crime cases per year in average in 2006-2015 to 7.5 crime cases per year in 2016-2016. The mean number of falcons annually withdrawal illegally from the nature increased 1.64 times during the last 2 years compared with the previous decade: from 76.3 individuals per year to 125.5 ind/year. This increase was mainly due to enhanced poaching in the Middle Asia where this index grew from 17.9 to 39 individuals per year. From 2014 to 2017, 36 peoples were convicted for a crime – 16 were sentenced to a colony and 20 got a suspended sentence. The strictest sentences were passed for smuggling (clause 226.1 of the criminal code of Russia) – from 2 years and 3 months to 6 years of the suspended sentence and from 2 years and 3 months to 7.5 years of a colony (22 convicted). On the other clause – illegal hunting, keeping and transportation of falcons (clause 258.1) 17 peoples were convinced – two of them were convinced to a colony, the rest got suspended sentence from 2 to 4 years.

Algorachelus peregrinus is the oldest representative of the crown group Pleurodira known in Laurasia. The type locality of this bothremydid is Algora, situated in central Spain, at levels deposited during the uppermost middle–lowermost upper Cenomanian. A new excavation was recently carried out in this town. As a result, abundant material of Algorachelus peregrinus has been found. Several complete shells, as well as numerous partial carapaces and plastra, are presented here. The abundance of remains allows the analysis of the general patterns by which some of the shells of this littoral form were partially or totally disarticulated. The analysis of these remains not only shows several pathologies but also improves the knowledge about the anatomy and intraspecific variability of Algorachelus peregrinus. This new information allows the revision of other Cenomanian forms of Bothremydidae, both from the Middle East and from North America. Thus, Algorachelus is identified in these regions, being represented in the early or middle Cenomanian of Palestine by the new combination Algorachelus parvus, and in the uppermost Cenomanian of Utah by the new combination Algorachelus tibert. Therefore, a relatively fast and widely distributed geographic dispersion event is recognized, corresponding to the oldest dispersal event so far identified for a lineage of Pleurodira from Gondwana to Laurasia.

Capsule: Overall numbers of Peregrines are higher than previously recorded, due primarily to the growth of lowland populations, despite declines in many upland areas.Aims: To estimate the breeding population of Peregrines, and changes in this population over time, as well as to relate variation in trends and observed breeding success to variation in region, breeding site type and other ecological influences.Methods: Two types of survey methods were used. Site-based visits focussed on locations where Peregrines were known to have bred previously, while area-based searches aimed to find all Peregrines breeding in randomly chosen 5 km × 5 km squares. Findings from each method were used to estimate population size in different parts of the survey area. Breeding outcome and site type were assessed for most of the pairs found during either survey.Results: In 2014, the breeding population of Peregrines in the UK, Isle of Man and Channel Islands was estimated at 1769 pairs. This is 22% larger than the pop...

Woolf’s conclusion is itself a religious innovation, for his idea that religions emerged from a number of different starting points to become more similar contrasts with the widespread assumption that Judaism and Christianity are descendants of a common Abrahamic model (37). Acknowledging that some writers distinguished the church and synagogue, others, according to Horbury, did not: “Roman awareness of the Jewish connections of Christianity is indicated from Tacitus to Celsus and Galen, and has justifiably encouraged a synoptic view of Jews and Christians under second-century Roman rule” (86). (16) John A. North’s “Pagan Attitudes” subjects Lucian of Samosata’s comments on the early Christians in Death of Peregrinus to renewed examination, arguing that his evaluation raises previously overlooked questions about Lucian and his audience in the direction of sympathy for pagans attempting to understand Christianity. (17) In “‘Away with the Atheists!’ Christianity and the Militant Atheism in the Early Empire,” Tim Whitmarsh maintains that Christians were unlikely to have been viewed as atheists prior to Constantine, arguing rather that at this time it was Christians who positioned—in more than one way—true faith as antithetical to atheism (282).

This paper presents an overview of summarized data on the distribution, population, trend, ecology (habitat, feeding and breeding) and threats to the peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) in Serbia, with special reference to the recent period. Peregrine falcon is in general widely distributed sedentary bird, the habitat of which ranges from lowlands to high-mountainous areas at the approximate altitudes of 85 to 2500 m. Current, rather reduced breeding population from the period between 2014 and 2018, mostly occurs in the eastern, and much less in the southeastern, western, central and southern parts of the country. According to data for the period 1977-1997, one rather small population was breeding in the mountainous regions of Kosovo and Metohija. There is no reliable evidence of this species breeding in Vojvodina. In the distant past, the period from late 19th century to the 1970s, this species was very rare in Serbia. In the period 1977-1997, as well at the beginning of 21st century, the population increased from approximately 40-60 to 65-90 pairs. The current population exhibited a marked decline with the estimated 30-50 breeding pairs in the period 2014-2018. The peregrine falcon mostly breeds on the cliffs in rocky and hilly-mountainous areas up to 1.700 m of altitude. It mainly feeds on pigeons and doves, mostly Columba livia f. domestica, C. livia, C. palumbus, Streptopelia turtur and S. decaocto, as well as thrushes Turdus spp., common starlings Sturnus vulgaris, crows and many other birds. Peregrine falcon usually lays eggs from the second half of March to early April, while the young start leaving the nest from late May to mid-June. Breeding success is on average 2.3 young (varies between 1 and 4) per successful nesting (N = 53), whereas productivity is 1.9 young per pair (N = 64). Illegal killing of the peregrine falcons by pigeon breeders and hunters represents a major threat and a cause of 94 % mortality of the species, thus being a major problem of this species' conservation in Serbia.

Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero and Dellape, 2006 (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) is an exotic insect that causes losses in the production of Eucalyptus sp. The egg parasitoid Cleruchoides noackae Lin and Huber, 2007 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is the principal biological control agent of T. peregrinus. Essential oil, including Eugenia uniflora (L.) have a potential for managing this pest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of E. uniflora to T. peregrinus and the selectivity of this oil on the parasitoid C. noackae and its parasitism on T. peregrinus. Toxicity of E. uniflora essential oil was tested at different concentrations to eggs, nymphs and adults of T. peregrinus. The selectivity of this oil was also evaluated in the pre- and post-parasitism of C. noackae on T. peregrinus eggs. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography. Eugenia uniflora essential oil at 0.75% concentration showed insecticidal potential on T. peregrinus adults, nymphs and eggs, and was safer to C. noackae when applied one day after parasitism than pre-parasitism and 7-day post-parasitism. The major compounds found in the E. uniflora essential oil were calamen-10-one (20.20%), silfiperferol-6-em-5-one (10.06%), and germacrone (6.61%). Under laboratory conditions E. uniflora essential oil showed an insecticidal effect to different life stages of T. peregrinus, but it is selective for egg parasitoid C. noackae just one day after the parasitism occurs. Further studies should be carried out on eucalyptus plantations.

The bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellape (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae), is an exotic emerging pest in Eucalyptus commercial forests in South America, Africa and southern Europe. Information on the chemical communication system and reproductive ecology of this insect is scant, and it may be relevant for designing management strategies for eucalypt plantations. Adults and nymphs usually aggregate in the field, possibly by means of chemical signals. Males emit large amounts of 3-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate, which attracts conspecific adult males but not females. The ecological role of this putative male aggregation pheromone remains unknown. Here, we report olfactometer bioassays showing that late-instar male nymphs are also attracted to synthetic 3-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate and to adult male volatile extracts, which contain this compound as the major component. As previously shown for adult females, nymphs that moulted into females were not attracted to either volatile stimulus. The intra-gender attraction of nymphs and adults may be related to the exploitation of food resources, or as a reproductive strategy for newly emerged males. Further studies on the reproductive behaviour and mating system of T. peregrinus will contribute to understanding the ecological significance of male-male, adult-nymph attraction, as well as the practical applications that may result from these findings.

Individual diet specialization occurs in many populations of generalist predators, with specific individuals developing specialist strategies in their feeding behaviour. Intraspecific resource partitioning is hypothesised to be common amongst species in higher trophic levels where competition for resources is intense, and a key driver in breeding success and community structure. Though well-studied in other predators, there is sparse data on ecological specialization in raptors, which are important drivers of community and trophic structure. In this study, the breeding season diet of an insular population of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) was determined from indirect analysis of prey remains collected over three years. An unexpected result was the high proportion of large gulls (Laridae), of the genus Larus, in the diet of two breeding pairs of peregrines. Large gulls made up 18.44% by frequency of total prey recorded and 30.81% by biomass. Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were the most common large gull prey, with immatures most frequent (67.95%) compared to adults (19.23%). Overall, most gulls predated were immatures (80.77%). Frequency of predation varied between breeding pairs and months, but was consistent over the three years. Most gulls were taken in April (37.17%), followed by May (19.23%), with a smaller peak of immature herring gulls taken in August and September. The pattern of regular predation by peregrines on large gulls is a new observation with important implications for understanding individual diet specialization in raptors, and its effect on bird populations and community structure.

Resumen Falco peregrinus peregrinator es un halcon de gran tamano restringido a la India y Sri Lanka, del que existe poca informacion. Observamos 24 lugares de cria en el oeste de Maharashtra, India, durante ocho estaciones de cria. La epoca reproductiva transcurrio parte en invierno (noviembre–febrero) y parte en primavera/verano (marzo–abril). La probabilidad general de exito reproductor calculada para todos los 122 intentos reproductivos (i.e., nidos con huevos) fue de 0.811 y el numero promedio de pollos producidos fue 1.27 por intento de cria; ninguno de estos parametros estuvo relacionado con la duracion de la ocupacion del territorio. A lo largo de los seis anos del estudio, nuestra region de estudio tuvo un numero inusual de lugares de cria sin utilizar que antes fueron utilizados y al parecer no ocurre un reemplazo de las aves reproductoras perdidas por individuos flotantes, lo que indica serios problemas poblacionales subyacentes que requieren un mayor estudio. [Traduccion del equipo editorial]

The paper reports on the original findings of scanning electron microscope comparison of the fine structure of primary remiges inFalco rusticolus, F. cherrug, F. peregrinus, and F. rusticolus х F. cherrug. The study identified a number of species-specific microstructural characteristics that show a high diagnostic potential for taxonomic identifications in forensic biology.

We document a nesting female of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Austin, Texas. Nesting took place in an artificial nest box installed on the tower at the University of Texas campus. The female produced four infertile eggs. This finding documents the first nesting in Travis County and broadens the range of peregrine falcon in the state.