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In April-July 2008, intensive measurements were made of atmospheric composition and chemistry in Sabah, Malaysia, as part of the "Oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a South-East Asian tropical rainforest" (OP3) project. Fluxes and concentrations of trace gases and particles were made from and above the rainforest canopy at the Bukit Atur Global Atmosphere Watch station and at the nearby Sabahmas oil palm plantation, using both ground-based and airborne measurements. Here, the measurement and modelling strategies used, the characteristics of the sites and an overview of data obtained are described. Composition measurements show that the rainforest site was not significantly impacted by anthropogenic pollution, and this is confirmed by satellite retrievals of NO2 and HCHO. The dominant modulators of atmospheric chemistry at the rainforest site were therefore emissions of BVOCs and soil emissions of reactive nitrogen oxides. At the observed BVOC:NOx volume mixing ratio (∼100 pptv/pptv), current chemical models suggest that daytime maximum OH concentrations should be ca. 105 radicals cm-3, but observed OH concentrations were an order of magnitude greater than this. We confirm, therefore, previous measurements that suggest that an unexplained source of OH must exist above tropical rainforest and we continue to interrogate the data to find explanations for this.

En esta investigación se estudió la producción de alcohol perílico (AP) mediante biotransformación del (R)-(+)-limoneno utilizando células completas de Aspergillus nigerDSM 821 a escala de laboratorio. Para tal fin se determinóla influencia de diferentes variables sobre la selectividad del microorganismo hacia un producto determinado y el rendimiento de biotransformación. Se evaluó el efecto de la fase del crecimiento del hongo y el efecto inductor del sustrato. De igual forma se incluyeron las siguientes variables: pH, medio de biotransformación y concentración del sustrato. La mayor velocidad específica de crecimientose alcanzó utilizando Agar Extracto Malta(MEA) como medio de cultivo a 28°C. Además se obtuvieron 246 mg/L de AP, utilizando 12 mM de (R)-(+)- limoneno encaldo Malta y Extracto de Levadura (MYB). Esta producción fue 1,9 y 3,1 veces mayor que la obtenida en caldo de Levadura, Extracto de Malta, Peptonay Glucosa (YMPG) y Caldo de Extracto de Levadura y Glucosa (YG), respectivamente. Las mayores concentraciones de AP (405 mg/L) fueron obtenidas cuando A. nigerDMS 821 fue cultivado en medio suplementado con 50 mL de limoneno durante la fase exponencial (a las 72 h), en MYB a pH 5,0, 28°C, 300 rpm y 6 días de biotransformación. Adicionalmente se obtuvieron otros subproductos: limoneno-1,2-diol, linalol, carvona, fenil etanol y etil ésteres de ácidos palmitico, oleico y linoleico.

Microbial biotransformation is a relevant strategy to obtain high added value natural compounds under controlled environmentally friendly conditions. In this research work, the biotransformation of (R)-(+)- limonene using Penicillium digitatum DSM 62840 was evaluated. The study variables were the following: culture medium, pH, microorganism growth phase, substrate concentration, and inducing effect of the substrate. The results showed that a concentration of 14.7 mM limonene in the medium named malt yeast broth at a pH of 3.5, inoculated with induced spores at the early stage of the exponential growth, produces a high specificity and the highest concentration (1864 mg/L) of (R)-(+)-α-terpineol. The product obtained has a considerable potential industrial application.La biotransformación microbiana es una estrategia relevante para obtener compuestos naturales de alto valor agregado a través de procesos amigables con el medio ambiente. En este estudio se evaluó la biotransformación de (R)-(+)-limoneno utilizando Penicillium digitatum DSM 62840. Las variables estudiadas fueron: medio de biotransformación, pH, fase de crecimiento del microorganismo, concentración del sustrato y efecto inductor del sustrato. Los resultados mostraron que en medio caldo extracto de malta y levadura a pH 3,5 inoculado con esporas inducidas y crecidas en el inicio de la fase exponencial, con una concentración de limoneno de 14,7 mM, el sustrato se transformó de manera específica en (R)-(+)- α-terpineol. En estas condiciones se alcanzó la máxima concentración, 1864 mg/L. El producto obtenido tiene alto potencial de aplicación en diferentes industrias.

Los aceites esenciales y pectinas se obtienen de los subproductos de la extracción de los jugos de mandarina, naranja, toronja y pomelo. Para la extracción de los aceites esenciales se emplea la técnica de hidrodestilación asistida por radiación de microondas. La identificación de sus componentes se lleva a cabo mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas, calculándose sus cantidades relativas. Las pectinas se extraen mediante hidrólisis ácida. Los mayores rendimientos de aceite esencial (0.23%) y pectina (25.2% en base seca) se obtienen del pomelo.Essential oils and pectins are obtained from the mandarin, orange, grapefruit and pommelo by-products. The essential oils are isolated by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. The compounds identification is carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and their relative amounts are calculated. The pectins are extracted by acid hydrolysis. The highest essential oil (0.23%) and pectins (25.2% dry basis) yields are obtained from pommelo.

Essential oils and pectins are obtained from the mandarin, orange, grapefruit and pommelo by-products. The essential oils are isolated by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. The compounds identification is carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and their relative amounts are calculated. The pectins are extracted by acid hydrolysis. The highest essential oil (0.23%) and pectins (25.2% dry basis) yields are obtained from pommelo.

In this research, biotransformation of (R)-(+)-limonene for production of perillyl alcohol (POH) at lab scale was studied using whole cells of Aspergillus niger DSM 821. Effects of fungal growth phase, inductive effect of the substrate, pH, type of biotransformation medium and (R)-(+)-limonene concentration on both biotransformation selectivity and yield were evaluated. Using Malt Extract Agar (MEA) as culture medium at 28°C, it was possible to achieve higher specific growth rate of the fungi. Moreover, by using of Malt Yeast Extract Broth (MYB) and 12 mM of (R)-(+)-limonene as substrate in a liquid reaction medium at pH 5,0, it was obtained 246 mg/L of POH. This POH production was 1,9 and 3,1times higher than yields obtained in liquid medium constituted by Yeast and Malt Extract, Peptone and Glucose (YMPG) and Broth Yeast Extract and Glucose (YG), respectively. Higher concentrations of POH (405 mg/L) were obtained by adding 50 mM of limonene in the exponential phase (at 72 h) of A. niger DSM 821 grown in MYB at pH 5,0, 28°C, 300 rpm and 6 days of biotransformation. Other by-products, such as: limonene-1,2-diol, linalool, carvone, phenyl ethanol and ethyl esters of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, were also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: With the increasing prevalence of diabetes and frailty among older adults, there is an urgent need for precision medicine that incorporates comprehensive geriatric assessments, including frailty detection. This scoping review aims to map and synthesize the available evidence on validated tools for detecting pre-frailty and frailty in community-dwelling elderly individuals with diabetes and outpatient diabetes patients. Specifically, it addresses: (1) What validated tools are available for detecting pre-frailty and frailty in this population? (2) How are these tools associated with outcomes such as glycemic control, hypoglycemia, and metabolic phenotypes? (3) What gaps exist in the literature regarding these tools? Methods: The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines, conducting a systematic search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria focused on studies involving individuals aged 70 years and older with diabetes, emphasizing tools with predictive capacity for disability and mortality. Results: Eight instruments met the inclusion criteria, including the Frailty Index, Physical Frailty Phenotype, and Clinical Frailty Scale. These tools varied in domains such as physical, psychological, and social aspects of frailty and their association with glycemic control, hypoglycemia, and metabolic phenotypes. The review identified significant gaps in predicting diabetes-related complications and their clinical application. Conclusions: Routine management of older adults with diabetes should incorporate frailty detection, as it is crucial for their overall health. Although widely used, the reviewed tools require refinement to address the unique characteristics of this population. Developing tailored instruments will enhance precision medicine, leading to more effective, individualized interventions for elderly individuals with diabetes.

Context: The excess risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events is roughly twice as high in women than in men with type 1 diabetes., Objective: To evaluate the impact of preeclampsia and parity on sex-based discrepancies in preclinical atherosclerosis and on the diagnostic performance of a cardiovascular risk scale., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Single tertiary hospital., Patients: A total of 728 people with type 1 diabetes (48.5% women) without cardiovascular disease and age ≥40 years, nephropathy, and/or ≥10 years of diabetes duration with another risk factor., Intervention: Standardized carotid ultrasonography., Main Outcome Measures: Carotid plaque determined by ultrasonography and cardiovascular risk estimated according to the Steno T1 Risk Engine (Steno-Risk)., Results: Nulliparous women and parous women without previous preeclampsia had a lower risk for carotid plaque than men (adjusted odds ratio: .48, 95% confidence interval [.28-.82]; adjusted odds ratio: .51 [.33-.79], respectively), without differences in the preeclampsia group. The prevalence of carotid plaque increased as the estimated cardiovascular risk increased in all subgroups except for preeclampsia group. The area under the curve of the Steno-Risk for identifying ≥2 carotid plaques was lower in the preeclampsia group (men: .7886; nulliparous women: .9026; women without preeclampsia: .8230; preeclampsia group: .7841; P between groups = .042). Neither the addition of parity nor preeclampsia in the Steno-Risk led to a statistically significant increase in the area under the curve., Conclusion: The risk for carotid plaque in women compared with men decreased as exposure to obstetric factors diminished. However, the addition of these factors did not improve the prediction of the Steno-Risk., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Aims: Evaluate the association between cumulative tobacco consumption (CTC; packs-year) and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and study whether the inclusion of CTC in the Steno T1 Risk Engine (ST1RE) equation improves the identification of plaques., Methods: Cross-sectional study in T1D patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD), with ≥ 1 of the following: ≥40 years-old, diabetic kidney disease, and/or T1D duration ≥ 10 years + cardiovascular risk factors.Preclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by carotid ultrasonography., Results: N = 584 patients were included (46.1 % women, age 48.7 ± 10.5 years, T1D duration 27.3 ± 10.8 years, 26.2 % active smokers). The overall plaque prevalence was 40.9 %. In models adjusted for age, sex, lipids, blood pressure, kidney function, statin use, microvascular complications and HbA 1c , CTC was dose-dependently associated with the number of plaques (none, 1-2, ≥3) overall and in both active and former smokers (p < 0.001). This association remained after adjusting for ST1RE (OR 1.11 [1.02-1.19]). Although the inclusion of CTC in the ST1RE did not improve plaque identification overall (p = 0.180), it did so when analyzing active smokers separately (AUC 0.738 vs. 0.768; p < 0.01)., Conclusions: In T1D patients, CTC is dose-dependently associated with atherosclerosis. Further prospective studies are needed to determine if CTC could identify T1D individuals more prone to accelerated atherosclerosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Aims: To compare glycemic control and maternal-fetal outcomes of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using hybrid closed loop (HCL) versus multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) plus continuous glucose monitoring. Methods: Multicenter prospective cohort study of pregnant women with T1D in Spain. We evaluated HbA1c and time spent within (TIR), below (TBR), and above (TAR) the pregnancy-specific glucose range of 3.5-7.8 mmol/L. Adjusted models were performed for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including baseline maternal characteristics and center. Results: One hundred twelve women were included (HCL n  = 59). Women in the HCL group had a longer duration of diabetes and higher rates of prepregnancy care. There was no between-group difference in HbA1c in any trimester. However, in the second trimester, MDI users had a greater decrease in HbA1c (-6.12 ± 9.06 vs. -2.16 ± 7.42 mmol/mol, P  = 0.031). No difference in TIR (3.5-7.8 mmol/L) and TAR was observed between HCL and MDI users, but with a higher total insulin dose in the second trimester [+0.13 IU/kg·day)]. HCL therapy was associated with increased maternal weight gain during pregnancy (β adjusted  = 3.20 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-5.50). Regarding neonatal outcomes, newborns of HCL users were more likely to have higher birthweight (β adjusted  = 279.0 g, 95% CI 39.5-518.5) and macrosomia (OR adjusted  = 3.18, 95% CI 1.05-9.67) compared to MDI users. These associations disappeared when maternal weight gain or third trimester HbA1c was included in the models. Conclusions: In a real-world setting, HCL users gained more weight during pregnancy and had larger newborns than MDI users, while achieving similar glycemic control in terms of HbA1c and TIR.

Objective: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) is a critical component of diabetes care. This study aims to examine the effect of online-based educational interventions on diabetes management compared to face-to-face interventions., Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching three databases for studies in English or Spanish between December 2023 and March 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies that compared face-to-face DSMES with online interventions., Results: The follow-up duration of the trials ranged from 1 to 12 months. Multidisciplinary teams delivered online DSMES through various means, including Short Message Service (SMS), telephone calls, video calls, websites, and applications. Online DSMES was found to be comparable to face-to-face interventions in terms of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast, online interventions that focus on weight management in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have shown a significant reduction in HbA1c compared to face-to-face interventions. Online DSMES was found to be superior in terms of quality of life and cost-effectiveness in both T1D and T2D. None of the analyzed studies explored the differences between individual and group methodologies., Conclusions: The current evidence indicates that online DSMES services provide at least comparable biomedical benefits to face-to-face interventions, suggesting that online interventions could be incorporated into clinical practice as a complement or reinforcement. However, further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and effectiveness of online group sessions in DSMES., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Bariatric surgery (BS) has a significant impact on body composition (BC) and consequently may affect established sarcopenic obesity (SO) in candidate patients. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of muscle ultrasound (MUS) of rectus femoris thickness (RFT) for the evaluation of BC and skeletal muscle function in patients undergoing BS compared to bioimpedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and dynamometry. On the other hand, we aimed to demonstrate how MUS of RFT correlates with quality of life (QoL) in this population, likely due to its ability to detect regional quadriceps muscle sarcopenia compared to the other mentioned methods. Methods: This was a prospective pilot study that included 77 participants (64.9% female, mean age: 53.2 ± 8.67 years) who underwent BS. Handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer, fat-free mass index (iFFM) was assessed by BIA, appendicular muscle index (AMI) was calculated using DEXA, and RFT was measured by MUS. Moreover, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. All these measurements were conducted 1 month prior to BS and at the 12-month follow-up. QoL was assessed using the Moorehead-Ardelt questionnaire. Results: The mean BMI decreased by 12.95 ± 3.56 kg/m 2 ( p = 0.001). Firstly, we observed a positive correlation pre-surgery between HOMA and RFT (r = 0.27, p = 0.02), iFFM (r = 0.36, p = 0.001), AMI (r = 0.31, p = 0.01) and dynamometer readings (r = 0.26, p = 0.02). In addition, we found a correlation between RFT and iFFM (pre-surgery: r = 0.31, p = 0.01; post-surgery: r = 0.25, p = 0.05) and between RFT and lower-extremity AMI post-surgery (r = 0.27, p = 0.04). Secondly, we observed significant reductions in iFFM, AMI and RFT ( p = 0.001), but not in dynamometer readings ( p = 0.94). Finally, a tendency to a positive correlation between QoL questionnaire and RFT post-surgery results (r = 0.23, p = 0.079) was observed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that RFT measured by MUS is useful for evaluating SO and for the follow-up of these patients after BS. Moreover, RFT can provide relevant information about regional sarcopenia and probably has an accurate correlation with QoL in comparison with the other methods.

Aims: To explore the relationship between severe hypoglycemia (SH) and hypoglycemia awareness with preclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D)., Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study in patients with T1D without cardiovascular disease (CVD), and with ≥1 of the following: ≥40 years, diabetic kidney disease, or ≥10 years of T1D duration with another risk factor. CVD risk was estimated with the Steno T1 Risk Engine (Steno-Risk). Carotid plaque was evaluated using standardised ultrasonography protocol. Logistic regression models adjusted for CVD risk factors were constructed to test the independent associations with SH or hypoglycemia awareness assessed by the Clarke questionnaire (Clarke). The inclusion of SH and Clarke in Steno-Risk was further evaluated., Results: We included 634 patients (52.4% men, age 48.3 ± 10.8 years, T1D duration 27.4 ± 11.1 years, 39.9% harbouring plaque). A stepped increase in the presence of plaque according to Steno-Risk was observed (13.5%, 37.7%, and 68.7%, for low, moderate, and high risk, respectively; p < 0.001). SH history (OR 4.4 [1.3-14.6]) and Clarke score (OR 1.7 [1.2-2.2]) were associated with plaque in low-risk patients (n = 192). Clarke score was also associated with plaque burden in low-moderate-risk participants (n = 436; ≥2 plaques: OR 1.2 [1.0-1.5], p = 0.031; ≥3 plaques: OR 1.4 [1.1-2.0], p = 0.025). The inclusion of SH and Clarke scores in Steno-Risk significantly improved the identification of low-risk individuals with atherosclerosis (area under the curve: 0.658 vs. 0.576; p = 0.036)., Conclusions: In patients with T1D without an estimated high CVD risk, SH and hypoglycemia awareness assessment score were independently associated with preclinical atherosclerosis and improved identification of patients who would benefit from an intensive approach., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aims: People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced CVD; however, the evidence in T1D is scarce. We aimed to analyse the relationships between adherence to the energy-restricted Mediterranean diet (erMEDd) and carotid atherosclerosis., Materials and Methods: We included children with T1D without CVD, with ≥1 of the following: age ≥40 years, diabetic kidney disease, or ≥10 years of disease duration with another risk factor. Plaque presence (intima-media thickness ≥1.5 mm) was determined by ultrasonography. The PREDIMED-Plus 17-item questionnaire (PP-17) was used to assess adherence to the erMEDd., Results: Four hundred one individuals were included (48% males, age 48.3 ± 11 years, diabetes duration 26.8 ± 11.4 years). Those harbouring plaques (42%) showed lower adherence to the erMEDd (PP-17: 8.9 ± 2.3 of a maximum of 17 vs. 9.8 ± 2.5, p < 0.001). Greater adherence to the erMEDd was correlated with an overall better metabolic profile. After adjusting for multiple confounders, adherence to the erMEDd was independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis (OR 0.86 [0.77-0.95] for plaque presence and OR 0.85 [0.75-0.97] for ≥2 plaques). The consumption of fruit and nuts and preference of white over red meat was higher in individuals without atherosclerosis (p < 0.05). Fruit and nut consumption was associated with lower plaque prevalence in the fully adjusted models (OR 0.38 [0.19-0.73] and 0.51 [0.29-0.93])., Conclusions: Greater adherence to the erMEDd is associated with less carotid atherosclerosis in children with T1D at high risk of CVD. Strategies to improve and implement healthy dietary patterns in this population should be encouraged., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, which remains the leading cause of death in this population. Despite the improved control of several classic risk factors, particularly better glycaemic control, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality continue to be significantly higher than in the general population. In routine clinical practice, estimating cardiovascular risk (CVR) in people with T1D using scales or equations is often imprecise because much of the evidence comes from pooled samples of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T1D or from extrapolations of studies performed on people with T2D. Given that T1D onsets at a young age, prolonged exposure to the disease and its consequences (e.g., hyperglycaemia, changes in lipid metabolism or inflammation) have a detrimental impact on cardiovascular health. Therefore, it is critical to have tools that allow for the early identification of those individuals with a higher CVR and thus be able to make the most appropriate management decisions in each case. In this sense, atherosclerosis is the prelude to most cardiovascular events. People with diabetes present pathophysiological alterations that facilitate atherosclerosis development and that may imply a greater vulnerability of atheromatous plaques. Screening for subclinical atherosclerosis using various techniques, mainly imaging, has proven valuable in predicting cardiovascular events. Its use enables the reclassification of CVR and, therefore, an individualised adjustment of therapeutic management. However, the available evidence in people with T1D is scarce. This narrative review provides and updated overview of the main non-invasive tests for detecting atherosclerosis plaques and their association with CVD in people with T1D.