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Peprilus simillimus (Ayres, 1860). Pacific Butterfish or Pacific Pompano. To about 36 cm (14.2 in) TL (Robertson and Allen 2015). Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (Clemens and Wilby 1961) to southern Baja California (23��24.6���N, 110��13.8���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), and Gulf of California (Miller and Lea 1972). Depth: intertidal (Carlisle et al. 1960) to an uncertain maximum depth. We are unsure about the maximum depth attained by this species. The deepest depth in which this species has been directly observed (from a remotely operated vehicle) was 302 m (991 ft) (Joshua Smith, pers. comm to M.L. expanding on data in Smith and Lindholm 2016); thus a capture depth derived from a bottom trawl of 311 m (1,026 ft) (NWFSC-FRAM) is likely accurate. However, the NWFSC-FRAM database also contains bottom trawl catch records of 464 m (1,522 ft), 466 m (1,528 ft), and 550 m (1,804 ft). The problem is that it is unknown to what extent this nominally benthic species also occupies midwaters���thus potentially making it available to nets during deployment or retrieval., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Clemens, W. A. & Wilby, G. V. (1961) Fishes of the Pacific Coast of Canada, Second Edition. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 68.","Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","Carlisle, J. G. Jr., Schott, J. W. & Abramson, N. J. (1960) The barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz) in southern California. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 109.","Smith, J. G. & Lindholm, J. (2016) Vertical stratification in the distribution of demersal fishes along the walls of the La Jolla and Scripps submarine canyons, California, USA. Continental Shelf Research, 125, 61 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. csr. 2016.07.001"]}

Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869). Pacific Harvest Fish. To 37 cm (14.6 in) SL (Jim��nez Prado and B��arez 2004). Todos Santos (23��24.6���N, 110��13.8���W), southern Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), to lower Gulf of California (Haedrich and Schneider in Fischer et al. 1995), to northern Chile (Sielfeld et al. 2010). Depth: 2���114 m (6���374 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Morera et al. 2019)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jimenez Prado, P. & Bearez, P. (2004) Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental Ecuador. SIMBIOE / NAZCA / IFEA TOMO II, Quito.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Sielfeld, W., Laudien, J., Vargas, M. & Villegas, M. (2010) El Nino induced changes of the coastal fish fauna off northern Chile and implications for ichthyogeography. Revista de Biologia Marina Oceanografia, 45, S 1, 705 - 722. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0718 - 19572010000400014","Morera, R. B., Calderon, F. C. & Hernandez, J. M. V. (2019) Abundancia, biomasa y estructura de la ictiofauna demersal en el oceano Pacifico de Centroamerica, basadas en datos de prospeccion pesquera realizados a bordo del B / W Miguel Oliver. Revista Ciencias Las Marinas y Costeras, 12, 27 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.15359 / revmar. 12 - 1.2"]}

Peprilus snyderi Gilbert & Starks, 1904. Salema Butterfish. To 44 cm (17.3 in) TL (Jim��nez Prado and B��arez 2004). Bah��a San Juanico, southern Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to northern Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Gulf of California (Haedrich and Schneider in Fischer et al. 1995). Pelagic neritic; depth: 0���245 m (804 ft) (Robertson et al. 2017)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jimenez Prado, P. & Bearez, P. (2004) Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental Ecuador. SIMBIOE / NAZCA / IFEA TOMO II, Quito.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Robertson, D. R., Angulo, A., Baldwin, C. C., Pitassy, D., Driskell, A., Weigt, L. & Navarro, I. J. F. (2017) Deep-water bony fishes collected by the B / O Miguel Oliver on the shelf edge of Pacific Central America: an annotated, illustrated and DNAbarcoded checklist. Zootaxa, 4348, 1 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4348.1.1"]}

This study investigated the identity of 2 lepocreadiid digenean species belonging in the genus Opechona Looss, 1907 that infect littoral fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Opechona chloroscombri Nahhas and Cable, 1964, a species previously known only from the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil, is reported herein from the Atlantic bumper, Chloroscombrus chrysurus (L.), in the northern Gulf of Mexico. A second species infects the gulf butterfish, Peprilus burti Fowler, and the American harvestfish, Peprilus paru (L.), and it is described as a new species that occurs in coastal waters of the north-central and northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Metacercariae infecting the mesoglea of pelagic jellyfishes (Bougainvillia carolinensis [McCady], Chrysaora quinquecirrha [Desor], and Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz) and pelagic comb jellies (Mnemiopsis leidyi Agassiz and Beroe ovata Bruguiere) were collected that resemble the new species but require further study to identify. Newly generated sequence fragments (28S rDNA) from both species of Opechona plus 2 other lepocreadiids collected during the study were aligned with publicly available sequences from 18 other lepocreadiids, 6 species of Aephnidiogenidae Yamaguti, 1934, and 2 species of Gorgocephalidae Manter, 1966. The alignment was subjected to Bayesian inference analysis rooted using a gorgocephalid. The resulting tree estimated the positions of both Opechona spp. as being unresolved within a group of taxa that included all available species of Opechona plus available species from the morphologically similar genera Prodistomum Linton, 1910, Preptetos Pritchard, 1960, and Clavogalea Bray, 1985. Although relatively similar in morphology, the 2 studied species of Opechona were surprisingly not closely related. Opechona cablei (Stunkard, 1980) Bray and Gibson, 1990 is herein considered to be a junior synonym of Opechona pyriformis (Linton, 1900) Bray and Gibson, 1990.

The aim of this work was to evaluate influence of length and sex of Pacific harvestfish Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869) (Stromateidae), a carnivore benthopelagic fish of the central coast of Peru, on its main helminths and crustacean parasites. We investigated some community components of parasitofauna of 115 P. medius necropsied between September 2007 and June 2008 from Chorrillos Fishmarket, Lima, Peru. The mean total length of fishes was 23.94.65 cm. Mean abundance of infection and mean parasite species richness was 9.23 (0-140) and 0.81 (1-3), respectively. Forty-two hosts were not parasitized (36.5 %). Infection, with 1, 2 and 3 species of parasites were 54 (47 %), 18 (15.7 %) and 1 (0.9 %), respectively. Three trematode endoparasites were found: Lecithocladium sp., Opechona bacillaris (Molin, 1859) and Lobatostoma sp. Four ectoparasites were also found: Oaxacotyle oaxacensis (Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1963) Levedev, 1984 (Monogenea); Caligus sp. and Bomolochus sp. (Copepoda); and Ceratothoa gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards, 1840) (Isopoda). A relationship between P. medius length and prevalence of Lobatostoma sp. was demonstrated. Seasonal differences between summer-autumn 2008 and spring 2007 infections were also shown. Con el objetivo de evaluar la influencia del tamaño corporal y sexo del “chiri” Peprilus medius (Peters, 1869) (Stromateidae), pez bentopelágico carnívoro de la costa central del Perú, sobre sus principales helmintos y crustáceos parásitos, investigamos algunos componentes comunitarios de la parasitofauna de 115 P. medius necropsiados entre septiembre de 2007 y junio de 2008 en el Terminal Pesquero de Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. Los peces mostraron una longitud total promedio de 23,94,65 cm. La abundancia media total de infección y el promedio de la riqueza de especies parásitas fue de 9,23 (0-140) y 0,81 (1-3), respectivamente. 42 hospederos no estuvieron parasitados (36,5 %). Tuvieron infección con 1, 2 y 3 especies de parásitos 54 (47 %), 18 (15,7 %) y 1 (0,9 %), respectivamente. Se encontraron tres especies de endoparásitos, los cuales pertenecían a la clase trematoda: Lecithocladium sp., Opechona bacillaris (Molin, 1859) y Lobatostoma sp. Se encontraron cuatro ectoparásitos: el monogeneo Oaxacotyle oaxacensis (Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1963) Levedev, 1984, dos copépodos Caligus sp. y Bomolochus sp., y el isópodo Ceratothoa gaudichaudii (Milne Edwards, 1840). Solo registramos relación entre la comunidad parasitaria de P. medius y la prevalencia de Lobatostoma sp. con la longitud total, además de diferencias estacionales entre verano-otoño 2008 y primavera 2007.

With the aim of know the Helminth fauna of Peprilus snyderi (Gilbert & Starks, 1904) (Stromateidae), a demersal fish carnivore in the central coast of Peru, were examined 214 samples of P. snyderi from the Chorrillos Fishmarket, collected during the months of February 2011 to February 2012. We found nine species of helminths. Monogenea: Oaxacotyle oaxacensis, Digenea: Lecithocladium cristatum, Opechona pharyngodactyla, Lepidapedon sp1, Lepidapedon sp2 and Lepidapedon sp3, Nematoda: Hysterothylacium sp (Larvae), Anisakis sp. (Larvae L3) and Rusguniella sp. (Larvae). Opechona pharyngodactyla, Lepidapedon sp1, Lepidapedon sp2, Lepidapedon sp3 and Rusguniella sp. (Larva) are new records for Peru. Con el objetivo de conocer la helmintofauna de Peprilus snyderi (Gilbert & Starks, 1904) (Stromateidae), pez demersal carnívoro de la costa central de Perú, fueron examinados 214 ejemplares de P. snyderi, procedente de embarcaciones artesanales del Terminal Pesquero de Chorrillos, colectados durante los meses de febrero del 2011 a febrero del 2012. Se encontraron nueve especies de helmintos: el monogeneo Oaxacotyle oaxacensis; los digeneos Lecithocladium cristatum, Opechona pharyngodactyla, Lepidapedon sp1, Lepidapedon sp2 y Lepidapedon sp3; los nemátodos Hysterothylacium sp (Larva), Anisakis sp. (Larva L3) y Rusguniella sp. (Larva). De los cuales O. pharyngodactyla, Lepidapedon sp1, Lepidapedon sp2, Lepidapedon sp3 y Rusguniella sp. (Larva) son nuevos registros para el Perú.

Peprilus xanthurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Fig. 2, Tables 3, 6) Seserinus xanthurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825: 384. [Type locality: Rio de Janeiro Bay. Syntypes: MNHN 0000- 4060 (1), A- 5326 (1)].��� De Lanois, 1963: 222 [MNHN type catalog].��� Fowler, 1906: 119 [listed]. Rhombus xanthurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 405 [description].��� Jordan & Evermann 1896: 966 [comparison with Rhombus paru; distribution; synonymy]. Stromateus paru Fordice, 1884: 313 [in part; synonymy of R. xanthurus and R. argentipinnis; southward to Brazil].���von Ihering, 1897: 43 [in part; occurrence, Rio Grande do Sul; synonymy of Stromateus gardenii and S. alepidotus].��� Pozzi & Bordale, 1935: 164 [in part; occurrence; Argentina, 35 o 30��S to 38 o 30 ��� S]. Seserinus paru, Fowler, 1916: 402 [in part; listed].��� Fowler, 1942: 142 [error in spelling of generic name; referable to Seserinus xanthurus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824]. Peprilus paru, Meek & Hildebrand, 1925: 411 [in part]. Simobrama xanthura Fowler, 1944: 1 [new genus; description]. Peprilus xanthurus De Buen, 1950: 105 [Mar del Solias, Uruguay]. Seserinus paru Ringuelet & Aramburu, 1961: 83 [in part; Argentina]. Simobrama xanthurus Ringuelet & Aramburu, 1961: 83 [Argentina]. Peprilus paru (not of Linnaeus, 1758).���Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 4 [description; distribution; comments on Sesserinus xanthurus].��� Haedrich, 1967: 106 [in part; revision; synonymy]; Horn, 1970: 202 [in part; revision; synonymy].��� Haedrich & Horn, 1972: 32 [in part; identification key; distribution, New York to Argentina].��� Cervig��n & Cousseau, 1971: 22 [in part; ichthyological collection Instituto de Biologia Marina, Mar del Plata, Argentina].��� Menni et al., 1984: 196, 328 [in part; Uruguay and Argentina; illustrated].��� Cerqueira & Haimovici, 1990: 599 ���613 [in part; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; population dynamics].��� Haimovici et al., 1994: 66 [in part; fishes of Brazil Subtropical Convergence Ecosystem].��� Lopes, 1992: 99 ���100 [distribution; southeastern Brazilian coast, Ba��a de Guanabara].��� Figueiredo & Menezes, 2000: 32 [in part; description; distribution], 98 [Fig. 32; Santa Catarina].��� Menezes, 2003: 104 [in part; Brazilian coast].��� Bernardes et al., 2005: 260 [southern Brazilian coast; description and photograph].��� Azevedo et al., 2007: 10 ���14 [southeastern Brazil, Rio de Janeiro; parasitology].��� Mabraga��a et al., 2011: 9 [in part; barcoding; fishes of Argentina].��� Fischer, Pereira & Vieira, 2011: 101 [in part; Patos Laguna, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Diagnosis. Peprilus xathurus differs from its congeners by the presence, mainly in fresh specimens, of a conspicuous dark spot over the eyes, from snout to nape (vs. inconspicuous or indistinct marking in all other representatives, Fig. 2 e, f), 11���12 pre-caudal vertebrae (vs. 13 or more, rarely 12 in all other representatives, except P. x an t hu r u s, Table 3), 28���29 vertebrae (vs. 30 or more vertebrae in P. medius, P. ovatus, P. simillimus, and P. snyderi, Table 3), body height 58.5���74.1 % SL (vs. 33.0��� 52 % SL in P. bu r t i, P. ovatus, P. simillimus, P. s n y d er i, and P. triacanthus), moderately falcate dorsal fin (vs. not falcate in P. triacanthus, or conspicuously falcate in P. p ar u Figs. 2, 4), anal fin falcate (vs. not falcate P. simillimus, P. ovatus, P. snyderi, P. bu r t i, and P. t r i a c an t hu s, Fig. 2), and no series of pores along the front half of the body under the dorsal fin (vs. 17���25 conspicuous pores in P. triacanthus). Peprulis xanthurus is further distinguished from sympatric P. crenulatus by specimens smaller than 110 mm SL, with orbital diameter 5.1 ���8.0 in anal-fin height (vs. 1.6 ���5.0 in P. xanthurus, Fig. 3 a), and 5.5���9.2 in the specimens larger than 109 mm SL (vs. 3.2���5.2, Fig. 3 a), in the specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 3.9���5.9 in pectoral-fin height (vs. 3.2���3.8 in P. xanthurus, Fig. 3 b), in the specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 1.5���2.3 in post-orbital length (vs. 1.1���1.4, rarely 1.5, in P. xanthurus, Fig. 3 c). Peprulis crenulatus is additionally distinguished from C. paru by having moderately long to short dorsal fin and relatively long caudal fin lobe, the length of the lower lobe of the caudal fin is more than 1.2 times the length of the dorsal fin (vs. 1.2 times the length or less) (Figs. 1, 4). Molecular diagnosis. The DNA barcode of P. xanthurus form a distinct cluster with genetic distances to all other representatives ranging from 9.0 to 13.0% (excluded P. ovatus from the Pacific coast of Mexico, and P. snyder from the eastern Pacific; Fig. 5). The genetic distance to P. crenulatus is 13.0%, and 10.0% to P. burti and P. paru (Table 4). The P. xanthurus haplotypes differ from those of all other members of the genus (excluded P. ovatus from the Pacific coast of Mexico and P. snyderi from the eastern Pacific) by 48 to 74 bases, 74 from P. crenulatus, 60 from P. burti and 58 from P. p ar u (Table 5). Description. Morphometric data in Table 6, meristic data in Table 3. Counts D. III ���IV. 39 ���47; A. II ���III. 36 ���42; P. 20���22; vertebrae 11���12 + 17���19; gill rakers 2���6 + 13���16. Body compressed, short and very deep. Dorsal profile steep at snout, convex from eye to origin of dorsal fin, descending, convex along dorsal base to caudal peduncle. Ventral profile steep to convex from snout to origin of anal fin, with small concavity in front of anal fin, ascending, mildly convex along anal fin base to caudal peduncle. Head, dorsum and nape with vertical rows of branched, subdermal canals. Head deep, with very short snout and small mouth, barely reaching anterior border of eye, upper jaw fixed, very slender, with teeth long, conical or tricuspid in upper jaw, conical in lower jaw. Eye lateral and small, slightly closer to ventral margin than dorsal margin, post-orbital region larger than eye diameter. Peprilus xanthurus Opercle with prominent lobe on posterior margin, sometimes with concavity on posterodorsal margin. Scales cycloid, small, deciduous on flanks and dorsal and anal fin bases to nape, present also on belly, under eye (4���5 horizontal rows) and preopercle, absent from pectoral base and opercle. Dorsal fin base long and falcate, anteriorly with small, plate-like spines partially embedded in skin. Pectoral fin falcate, 2 nd and 3 rd rays longest. Caudal peduncle short and relatively deep. Anal fin base longer than dorsal fin, very falcate. Caudal fin very forked, upper lobe slightly longer than lower lobe. Lateral line very arched in small individuals, less so in larger individuals, with 67���85 small scales, some of them pored, in upper margin of caudal peduncle. Coloration of the fresh specimens. Upper head half dark gray, with a red-tinged snout in some specimens, upper third of trunk grayish blue, flanks silvery white. Dorsal fin dusky, sometimes with a light yellow hue, darker on the anterior rays, distal margin of soft rays black; anal fin gray, some specimens with yellow hue at base of the longer soft rays and black distal margin; pectoral fin dusky, darker at the tip, upper rays and base in some specimens. Caudal fin dirty yellowish, dusky on tips (Fig. 2 e, f). Coloration of the preserved specimens. Brown with a silvery hue on the flanks, some specimens have small, black irregular spots on the snout, and others on the upper opercular margin. Dorsal and anal fins dusky, longer soft rays darker, pectoral fin dusky, with many melanophores on the base, upper rays and inter-radial membranes. The caudal fin is hyaline (Fig. 2 c, d). Morphological variation. Significant variation in found in the development of P. xanthurus in the 70 to 194 mm SL size interval (Fig. 6), with negative or positive allometry in 14 of the 22 characters examined (Table 6, Fig. 7). Small specimens possess a deeper head and body (Fig. 7 b, c), larger eyes and wider mouth (Fig. 7 a, d). Negative allometry was observed in the pre-pectoral distance and dorsal fin height (Fig. 7 e, g). The distance between the snout to dorsal fin is the only character with positive allometry (Fig. 7 f). Similarly, P. x a nt h ur u s was characterized by isometric growth in the caudal peduncle height and post-orbital distance, whereas in P. crenulatus, these morphometric variables were positively allometric (Fig. 7 i, h). Significant variation was observed in the anterior third of the lateral line profile, which is very curved in the small specimens and slightly curved in the large individuals, possible as a result of positive allometry in the ontogeny of the predorsal distance (Figs. 2 g, h, 3 f). Sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism was observed between five females (126���206 mm SL) and five males (155���198 mm SL) in five morphological features (Fig. 2 e, f). The anterior portion of the body is longer in the males in comparison with the females, as shown by the distance from the tip of the snout to the dorsal fin (31.2 to 34.8 % Sl vs. 27.8���31.8 % Sl). Females have a taller body and broader head, as indicated by the body depth (63.9���72.7 % Sl vs. 58.6���68.5 % Sl) and interorbital distance (9.4���10.4 % Sl vs. 9.1���9.8 % Sl) and mouth width (7.1���8.4 % Sl vs. 6.9���7.3 % Sl). The dorsal fin base in longer in females than males (64.7���67.3 % Sl vs. 60.2���63.8 % Sl). Distribution and habitat. Peprilus xanthurus occurs from Isla Margarita in Venezuela to Argentina (11 ��N to 38 ��S), inhabiting estuarine and coastal marine waters at depths of up to 95 m (Fig. 8 b). The species is very rare or absent on the northern and northeastern Brazilian coast (4 ��N to 13 ��S), but very common between the Brazilian state of Bahia-Esp��rito Santo and S��o Paulo (15 �� to 25 ��S), where it forms large schools and is caught in large quantities by trawlers, and abundant in local fish markets (A. Marceniuk, pers. obs.). Remarks. Quoy & Gaimard (1825) described Seserinus xanthurus based on two specimens collected in Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. The examination of the type specimens indicated that P. xanthurus is a valid species (Fig. 2 a), based on the relatively high anal fin to orbital diameter ratio, of 5.1���5.5 (vs. 3.2 ���5.0, rarely 5.1, in P. crenulatus). The type specimens also present a large dark spot from snout to nape (Fig. 2 a, e, f). The species status of P. xanthurus is further corroborated by the absence of P. crenulatus between Cape Frio, Rio de Janeiro and Paran�� (23 o S to 25 o S), including the type locality of P. xanthurus (Fig. 8). Bernardes et al. (2005) identified a specimen of Peprilus xanthurus based on the presence of a long falcate anal fin, and the smaller eye in comparison with the post-orbital region, a conspicuous characteristic in the adult specimens. Figueiredo & Menezes (2000) and Fischer et al. (2011) also contain images of specimens with a long, falcate anal fin and small eyes, similar to Peprilus xanthurus. Material examined: Type specimens: MNHN 4060 Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil; MNHN 3326 Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Non-type specimens. Venezuela: LBP 18874 (1, 135 mm SL), Isla Margarita, mouth of Rio Nueva Esparta. Brazil; MZUSP 60879 (1, 89 mm SL), Corumbau extractive reserve, Abrolhos, Bahia; MZUSP 67597 (1, 125.2 mm SL), 19 o 25 ' S, 39 o 35 ' W, 15 m deep, Esp��rito Santo, north to rio Doce; CIUFES 654 (2, 82��� 146 mm SL), Camburi beach, Vit��ria, Esp��rito Santo; AZUSC s/n (3, 144 ��� 166 mm SL), Vit��ria, Esp��rito Santo; MZUSP 67657 (2, 79��� 84 mm SL), S��o Jo��o da Barra, Rio de Janeiro; MZUSP 67596 (3. 90���100 mm SL), Cabo de S��o Tom��, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 1914 (1, 99 mm SL), in front of the mouth of the rio Maca��, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro; LBP 8641 (1, 109 ��� 152 mm SL), 23 �� 30 ' 22.6 '' S, 45 ��02'01.7'' W, Ubatuba, S��o Paulo; LBP 10045 (2, 134 ��� 186 mm SL), 23 �� 51 ' 38.7 " S, 46 ��09' 10.5 " W, Bertioga, S��o Paulo; AZUSC 747 (3, 82��� 129 mm SL), 23 o 57 ' 00'' S, 46 o03' 30 '' W, Inda���� beach, Bertioga, S��o Paulo; AZUSC 720 (4, 99��� 140 mm SL), 23 o 53 ' 00'' S, 46 o02' 00'' W, S��o Paulo; MZUSP 67584 (1, 88 mm SL), Bertioga, S��o Paulo; AZUSC 1402 (3, 81��� 104), 23 o 59 ' 00'' S, 46 o08'00'' W, Arvoredo island, Guaruj��; AZUSC 838 (1, 92 mm SL), 23 o 54 ' 30 '' S, 46 o07' 42 '' W, Iporanga beach, Guaruj��, S��o Paulo; LBP 10031 (2, 167 ��� 194 mm SL), 24 �� 37 '00" S, 46 ��08'00" W, Santos, S��o Paulo; AZUSC 1333 (2, 142 ��� 160 mm SL), 24 o 15 ' 30 '' S, 46 o 34 ' 10 '' W, Mongagu��, S��o Paulo; MPEG apm 432 (5, 122 ��� 172 mm SL), industrial fishery, S��o Paulo; MZUSP 67632 (1, 160 mm SL), 27 o 33 'S, 48 o 1 'W, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67672 (1, 91.8 mm SL), 28 o 26 ' S, 48 o 40 ' W, 43 m, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67576 (2, 108 ��� 132 mm SL), 28 o 42 ' S, 48 o 46 ' W, 54���56 m, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67631 (3, 106 ��� 136 mm SL), 29 o 43 ' S, 49 o 55 ' W, 24 m deep, Rio Grande Do Sul; MZUSP 67683 (57), 30 o 47 ' S, 50 o 28 ' W, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67682 (1), 31 o 30 ' S, 51 o00' W, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67676 (6), 33 o 32 ' S, 52 o 53 ' W, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67593 (2, 129,7��� 132.1 mm SL), 34 o 34 ' S, 53 o 58 ' W, 22 m deep, Uruguay., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Caires, Rodrigo, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel & Oliveira, Claudio, 2016, Review of the harvestfishes, genus Peprilus (Perciformes: Stromateidae), of the Atlantic coast of South America, pp. 311-332 in Zootaxa 4098 (2) on pages 323-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/266950, {"references":["Quoy, J. R. C. & Gaimard, J. P. (1825) Description des Poisson s. Chapter IX. Pp. 329 - 616. In: Freycinet, L. de, Voyage autour du Monde ... execute sur les corvettes de L. M. \" L'Uranie \" et \" La Physicienne, \" pendant les annees 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Paris.","De Lanois, Y. (1963) Catalogue des types de poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Nomeidae, Stromateidae, Apolectidae, Kurtidae). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 35 (3), 228 - 234.","Fowler, H. W. (1906) New, rare or little known scombroids. No. 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 58, 114 - 122.","Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A. (1833) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome neuvieme. Suite du livre neuvieme. Des Scomberoides, 9, 246 - 279.","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896) The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fishlike vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47, 1 - 1240.","Fordice, M. W. (1884) Review of the American species of Stromateidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 22, 664 - 672.","von Ihering, H. (1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, 2, 25 - 63.","Pozzi, A. J. & Bordale, L. F. (1935) Cuadro sistematico de los peces marinos de Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 120 (1), 145 - 189.","Fowler, H. W. (1916) Cold-blooded vertebrates from Costa Rica and the Canal Zone. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 68, 389 - 414.","Fowler, H. W. (1942) A list of the fishes known from the coast of Brazil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 3 (6), 115 - 184.","Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. (1925) The marine fishes of Panama. Part II. Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoological Series, 15, 331 - 707.","Fowler, H. W. (1944) Description of a new genus and new species of American stromateid fishes. Notulae Naturae, 142, 1 - 4.","De Buen, F. (1950) El Mar del Solis y su fauna de peces, 2. Publicaciones Cientificas SOYP, Montevideo, 2, 45 - 144.","Ringuelet, R. A. & Aramburu, R. H. (1961) Peces marinos de La Republica Argentina. Claves para el reconocimiento de familias y generos. Catalogo critico abreviado. Agro, La Plata, Argentina, 2 (5), 1 - 141.","Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1915) Fauna Brasiliense. (Peixes). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 17, 1 - 680.","Haedrich, R. L. (1967) The stromateoid fishes: systematics and a classification. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135 (2), 31 - 139.","Horn, M. H. (1970) Systematics and biology of the stromateid fishes of the genus Peprilus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 140 (5), 165 - 261.","Haedrich, R. L. & Horn, M. H. (1972) A key to the stromateoid fishes. Woodws Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, 72 - 15, 1 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1575 / 1912 / 99","Cervigon, F. & Cousseau, M. B. (1971) Catalogo sistematico de la colleccion ictiologica del Instituto de Biologia Marina. Contribuciones. Instituto de Biologia Marina, Mar del Plata, 169, 1 - 28.","Menni, R. C., Ringuelet, R. A. & Aramburu, R. H. (1984) Peces marinos de la Argentina y Uruguay, catalogo critico y ilustrado, claves para La determinacion de familias, generos y especies, nombres vulgares, glossario. Editorial Hemisferio Sur, Buenos Aires, 360 pp.","Cerqueira, R. & Haimovici, M. (1990) Dinamica populacional do gordinho Peprilus paru (Pisces, Stromateidae) no litoral sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 50 (3), 599 - 613.","Haimovici, M., Martins, A. S., Figueiredo, J. L. & Vieira, P. C. (1994) Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence Ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108, 59 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 108059","Lopes, P. R. D. (1992) As familias Labridae, Percophidae, Labrisomidae, Blenniidae, Eleotrididae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae e Stromateidae (Pisces, Perciformes) na colecao do Laboratorio de Ictiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Sitientibus, Feira de Santana, 10, 95 - 101.","Figueiredo, J. L. & Menezes, N. A. (2000) Manual de peixes marinhos do Sudeste do Brasil. VI. Teleostei (5). Museu de Zoologia da USP, Sao Paulo, 116 pp.","Menezes, N. A. (2003) Familia Stromateidae. In: Menezes, N. A., Buckup, P. A., Figueiredo, J. L. & Moura, R. L. (Eds.), Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Museu de Zoologia da USP, Sao Paulo, pp. 104.","Bernardes, R. A., Figueiredo, J. L., Rodrigues, A. R., Fischer, L. G., Vooren, C. M., Haimovici, M. & Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. (2005) Peixes da Zona Economica Exclusiva da regiao sudeste-sul do Brasil: levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. Edusp, Sao Paulo, 304 pp.","Azevedo, R. K., Abdallah, V. D. & Luque, J. L. (2007) Aspectos quantitativos da comunidade de metazoarios parasitos do gordinho Peprilus paru (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes, Stromateidae) do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 16 (1), 10 - 14.","Mabragana E., Diaz de Astarloa, J. M., Hanner, R., Zhang, J. & Gonzalez Castro, M. (2011) DNA Barcoding Identifies Argentine Fishes from Marine and Brackish Waters. PLoS ONE, 6 (12), 1 - 11.","Fischer, L. G., Vieira, J. P. & Pereira, L. E. D. (2011) Peixes Estuarinos e Costeiros. 2. ed. Rio Grande, Luciano Gomes Fischer, 130 pp."]}

Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier, 1829 (Fig. 1, Tables 2, 3) Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier, 1829: 214 [original description; type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana. Syntypes: MNHN 0000- 4060 (1), A- 5326 (1)].���Cuvier, 1836���1849: 141, fig. 3, pi. 64.��� De Lanois, 1963: 222 [MNHN type catalog]. Rhombus crenulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 410 [redescription]. Rhombus argentipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 405 [original description. Type locality: Montevideo, Uruguay. Syntypes: MNHN 0000- 4061 (3)].��� De Lanois, 1963: 222 [MNHN type catalog]. Stromateus gardenii G��nther, 1860: 399 [in part; Catalog of Fishes of the British Museum; northeastern Brazilian coast, Bahia]. Rhombus orbicularis Guichenot, 1866: 245 [original description, type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana. Syntypes: MNHN 0000- 4306 (8)]. Stromateus paru von Ihering, 1897: 43 [in part; occurrence, Rio Grande do Sul; synonymy of Stromateus gardenii and S. alepidotus].��� Pozzi & Bordale, 1935: 164 [in part; occurrence; Argentina, 35 o 30��S to 38 o 30 ��� S]. Rhombus paru Devincenzi, 1924: 220 [fishes of Uruguay].��� Devincenzi & Legrand, 1936: plate 26 [Uruguay; ichthyological album]. Seserinus paru Ringuelet & Aramburu, 1961: 83 [in part; fishes of Argentina] Peprilus paru (not of Linnaeus, 1758).��� Haedrich, 1967: 106 [in part; revision; synonymy].��� Horn, 1970: 202 [in part; revision; synonymy].��� Haedrich & Horn, 1972: 32 [in part; identification key; distribution, New York to Argentina].��� Cervig��n & Cousseau, 1971: 22 [in part; ichthyological collection Instituto de Biologia Marina, Mar del Plata, Argentina].��� Lopez & Miquelarena, 1980: 281 ���283 [description; distribution; synonymy; Argentina].���Shimizu in Uyeno et al., 1983: 429 [fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana; description, photograph].��� Menni et al., 1984: 196, 328 [in part; fishes of Uruguay and Argentina; illustrated].��� Valdez & Aguillera, 1987: 162 [Gulf of Venezuela; description; photograph].- Cerqueira & Haimovici, 1990: 599 ���613 [in part; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; population dynamics].��� Haimovici et al., 1994: 66 [in part; Brazil Subtropical Convergence Ecosystem].��� Figueiredo & Menezes, 2000: 32 [in part; description; distribution].��� Camargo & Isaac, 2001: 148 [estuarine fishes; northern Brazilian coast].��� Figueiredo et al., 2002: 221 [description; material from southern Brazilian coast].��� Menezes, 2003: 104 [in part; catalog of marine fishes of the Brazilian coast].��� Mabraga��a et al., 2011: 9 [in part; barcoding; Argentina].��� Fischer, Pereira & Vieira, 2011: 101 [in part; Patos Laguna, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Morphological diagnosis. Peprulis crenulatus differs from its congeners, except P. xanthurus, by having 11���12 pre-caudal vertebrae (vs. 13 or more, rarely 12, in all other representatives, excluding P. x an t hu r u s, Table 3); 28���29 total vertebrae (vs. 30 or more in P. medius, P. ovatus, P. simillimus, and P. snyderi, Table 3); body height 58.5 ���79.0% SL (vs. 33.0��� 52.% SL in P. burti, P. simillimus, P. snyderi, P. ovatus, and P. triacanthus, Fig. 1, Table 2); no series of pores along the front half of body under the dorsal fin (vs. 17���25 pores in P. triacanthus); a moderately falcate dorsal fin (vs. not falcate in P. triacanthus, or conspicuously falcate in P. pa r u Figs. 1, 4); specimens larger than 90 mm SL, with an extremely falcate anal fin (vs. not falcate or moderately falcate in P. burti, P. simillimus, P. snyderi, P. ovatus, and P. triacanthus, Fig. 1 g, h). Peprulis crenulatus is further distinguished from sympatric P. xanthurus by the lack of a conspicuous dark spot over the eyes, from snout to nape (vs. with a conspicuous dark spot over the eyes, especially conspicuous in fresh specimens, Figs. 1, 2 e,f); in specimens smaller than 110 mm SL, the orbital diameter 1.6 ���5.0 in anal-fin height (vs. 5.1 ���8.0, Fig. 3 a); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 3.2���5.2 in anal-fin height (vs. 5.5���9.2, Fig. 3 a); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 2.9���3.8 in pectoral-fin height (vs. 3.9���5.9, Fig. 3 b); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 0.8���1.4 in post-orbital length (vs. 1.5���2.3, Fig. 3 c). Peprulis crenulatus is additionally distinguished from P. p ar u by having moderately long to short dorsal fin and relatively long caudal fin lobe, the length of the lower lobe of the caudal fin is more than 1.2 times the length of the dorsal fin (vs. 1.2 times the length or less) (Figs. 1, 4). Molecular diagnosis. The DNA barcode of P. crenulatus forms a distinct cluster with genetic distances of 10.0 to 13.0% from all other species (except P. ovatus from the Pacific coast of Mexico and P. snyderi from the eastern Pacific; Fig. 5). Genetic distance to P. xanthurus is 13.0%, and 11.0% to P. burt i and P. pa r u (Table 4). The haplotypes of P. crenulatus differed from all other members of the genus (excluding P. ovatus and P. snyderi) by 60 to 74 bases, 74 from P. xanthurus, 64 from P. b ur t i, and 66 from P. paru (Table 5). Description. Morphometric data in Table 2, meristic data in Table 3. Counts D. III ���V. 39 ���45; A. III ���IV. 36 ���41; P. 20���22; vertebrae 11���12 + 17���18; gill rakers 3���7 + 14���18. Body compressed, short and very deep. Dorsal profile steep at snout, convex from eye to origin of dorsal fin, descending, slightly convex along base of dorsal fin to caudal peduncle. Ventral profile steep along head to pectoral girdle, descending, slightly concave from pectoral girdle to origin of anal fin, ascending, mildly convex along base of anal fin to caudal peduncle. Head dorsum and nape with vertical rows of branched, subdermal canals. Head deep, with very short snout and small mouth, barely reaching anterior border of eye, upper jaw fixed, teeth long, conical or tricuspid in upper jaw, conical in lower jaw. Eye lateral and large, post-orbital region as large as eye diameter. Opercle with small lobe on posterior margin, occasionally with concavity on posterodorsal margin. Scales cycloid, small, deciduous on flanks and dorsal and anal fin bases to nape, present also on belly, under eye (4���5 horizontal rows) and preopercle, absent on pectoral base and opercle. Dorsal-fin base long and discreetly falcate, anteriorly with small, plate-like spines partially embedded in skin. Pectoral fin falcate, 2 nd and 3 rd rays longest. Anal-fin base longer than dorsal fin, falcate. Caudal peduncle short, relatively low. Caudal fin forked, upper lobe slightly longer than lower. Lateral line slightly arched, with 59���79 small scales, some of them pored, extending to upper margin of caudal peduncle. Peprulis crenulatus Coloration of the fresh specimens. Grayish brown on upper half of the head and along the dorsal margin, silvery on flanks, with a slight orange-red hue on the snout of some specimens (Fig. 1 f, h). Dorsal fin dusky, darker on the tips of the longer rays, some individuals with a yellow hue on the posterior soft rays; anal fin whitish at base, slightly dusky at the tip, tips of soft rays slightly yellowish, with scattered melanophores in some specimens; pectoral fin hyaline with very small, pepper-like black dots, slightly yellowish in some specimens. Caudal fin light yellowish (Fig. 1 f, h). Coloration of the preserved specimens. Light brown on the head and upper third of the trunk, silvery white on flanks; fins hyaline (Fig. 1 e, g). Morphological variation. Significant variation is found in the development of P. crenulatus, in the 56 to 135 mm SL size interval (Fig. 6), expressed by either negative or positive allometry in 16 of the 22 characters examined (Table 2, Fig. 7). Smaller specimens present a deeper head and body (Fig. 7 b, c), larger eyes (Fig. 7 a), and wider mouth (Fig. 7 d). Smaller specimens also have longer snout to pectoral base distance and longer snout to dorsal fin distance (Fig. 7 e, f). Positive allometry was observed in the depth of the caudal peduncle (Fig. 7 i), post-orbital distance (Fig. 7 h), and the depth of the dorsal and anal fins (Fig. 7 g). No variation was detected in the profile of the lateral line. Sexual dimorphism. The small number of fresh specimens examined did not permit the differentiation of males and females. Distribution and habitat. Peprilus crenulatus occurs between French Guiana and Argentina (5 �� 41 ��� N to 38 ��00��� S), inhabiting estuarine and coastal marine waters at depths of up to 136 meters (Fig. 8). The species is relatively common on the northern coast of Brazil, but it is rare or absent between Cape Frio in Rio de Janeiro State to Paran�� State (22 �� 50 ��� S to 26 ��00��� S), resurging on the coast of the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, south to Argentina (26 ��00��� to 38 ��00��� S). In the Brazilian Northeast, specimens were collected near the Munda�� Lagoon in the state of Alagoas (9 �� 40 ' S). The species was not observed in the catches of the industrial fishery of S��o Paulo and either in the state���s fish markets, but it is common in the catches of artisanal fisheries of the northern coast of Brazil, though always in small number of specimens (A. Marceniuk, pers. obs.). It probably does not form large schools. Remarks. Peprilus crenulatus was described by Cuvier (1829) based on two specimens collected in Cayenne. Our examination of the type specimen revealed that it represents a valid species, based on the presence of a short anal fin, which is especially short in smaller specimens (Fig. 1 e, f). The nominal species Rhombus argentipinnis (Fig. 1 c, d), described from three specimens from Montevideo, Uruguay, and Rhombus orbicularis (Fig. 1 b), described from eight specimens obtained from the same type locality of Peprilus crenulatus, share the relatively short anal fin with Peprilus crenulatus, and are thus recognized as junior synonyms of this species. The morphometric data also confirm that Rhombus argentipinnis and Rhombus orbicularis are conspecifics of Peprilus crenulatus, which is distinguished from P. xanthurus by the ratio of the orbital diameter to anal-fin height, which is 1.2 in Peprilus crenulatus, 3.0��� 3.5 in Rhombus argentipinnis, and 1.4���1.6 in Rhombus orbicularis (vs. 5.1���8.8 in P. xanthurus). The exact identification of specimens presented in the literature is difficult to ascertain, given that Peprilus paru was for many years considered the only harvestfish species found in the western South Atlantic. However, it was possible to assign to Peprilus crenulatus the specimens collected in Suriname (reported in Uyeno et al., 1983), based on the provided photograph. The presence of 29 vertebrae in the specimens presented by Lopez & Miquelarena (1970) allows them to be distinguished from Peprilus paru in the western North Atlantic. This study also presents an illustration depicting a specimen with a relatively short anal fin, which can be identified as Peprilus crenulatus. The same criterion was used to identify the specimens examined by Figueiredo et al. (2002) as P. crenluatus. Material examined: Type specimens. MNHN 4061, 3, syntypes of Rhombus argentipinnis, Montevideo, Uruguay (photographic image); MNHN 6828, 1, syntypes of Peprilus crenulatus, Cayenne (photographic image); MNHN 4306, 8, syntypes of Rhombus orbicularis, Cayenne, French Guiana (photographic image). Non-type specimens: Brazil. MZUSP 103940 (1, 86 mm SL), 0 1 o 59 '09''N, 48 o 42 '07''W, Amap��; MZUSP 67653 (1, 68 mm SL), Alegre, Marapanim, Par��; AZUSC 1067 (1, 109 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 137 (2, 115 - 131 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 109 (3, 123 ��� 128 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 1174 (7, 85��� 92 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 1182 (3, 71��� 110 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 1211 (2, 103 ��� 107 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 1218 (6, 86��� 109 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 275 (2, 121 ��� 123 mm SL) Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MPEG apm 181 (1, 111 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragan��a, Par��; MZUSP 67583 (1, 102 mm SL), rio Curuca, Ilha de S��o Lu��s, Maranh��o; MZUSP 51150 (2, 59��� 63 mm SL), 9 o 37 'S, 35 o 48 'W, lagoa Munda��, Maceio, Alagoas; MNH-UFAL 1134 (2, 96��� 116 mm SL), Macei��, Alagoas; MZUSP 67669 (3, 56��� 78 mm SL), Bahia, Maragogipe, mouth of rio Paragua��u, 12 o 45 ' S, 38 o 56 ' W; MZUSP 61308 (3, 97��� 107 mm SL), 17 o 45 ' S, 39 o 10 ' W, mouth of rio Caravelas, Bahia; MZUSP 79266 (2, 46.7���88 mm SL), Corumbau extractive reserve, Bahia; MZUSP 67604 (4, 94��� 106 mm SL), 18 o 45 ' S, 39 o 35 ' W, S��o Mateus, Esp��rito Santo; MZUSP 67668 (3, 56��� 85 mm SL), rio Doce, Espirito Santo; MZUSP 67636 (4, 88��� 96 mm SL), Cabo de S��o Tom��, Rio de Janeiro; LBP 10538 (2, 65��� 76 mm SL), 22 �� 22 ' 26.9 '' S, 41 �� 43 ' 14.3 '' W, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 139 (1, 114 mm SL), Santana archipelago, 15 m deep, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 173 (1, 111 mm SL), Santana archipelago, 15 m deep, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 2598 (1, 125 mm SL), fish marked, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; fish marked, Maca��, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; MZUSP 67595 (4, 109 ��� 121 mm SL), 22 o 33 ' S, 41 o 24 ' W, 46���74 m deep, Rio de Janeiro; MZUSP 67581 (1, 76 mm SL), Moela island, Santos, S��o Paulo; MZUSP 67607 (3, 87��� 118 mm SL), 28 o 28 ' S, 48 o 29 ' W, 70 m deep, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67643 (2, 107 ��� 118 mm SL), 29 o 13 ' S, 49 o 35 ' W, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67626 (1, 119 mm SL), 29 o 34 ' S, 49 o09' W, 76���91 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67654 (1, 133 mm SL), 30 o06' S, 48 o 56 ' W, 136 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67650 (3, 101 ��� 112 mm SL), 31 o 45 ' S, 51 o 26 ' W, 15 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67649 (2, 43.4���97.7 mm SL), 32 o05' S, 51 o 55 ' W, 13 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 67681 (1, 68 mm SL), 32 o 58 ' S, 52 o 30 ' W, 13 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67663 (2, 66��� 72 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul, 33 o 58 ' S, 52 o 50 ' W, 29 m deep; MZUSP 67586 (1, 113 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul, 32 o 36 ' S, 51 o 33 ' W; MZUSP 67633 (8, 80��� 91 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Caires, Rodrigo, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel & Oliveira, Claudio, 2016, Review of the harvestfishes, genus Peprilus (Perciformes: Stromateidae), of the Atlantic coast of South America, pp. 311-332 in Zootaxa 4098 (2) on pages 316-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/266950, {"references":["Cuvier, G. 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(1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, 2, 25 - 63.","Pozzi, A. J. & Bordale, L. F. (1935) Cuadro sistematico de los peces marinos de Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 120 (1), 145 - 189.","Devincenzi, G. J. (1924) Peces del Uruguay, II. Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, Segunda Serie, 1.","Devincenzi, G. J. & Legrand, D. (1936 - 1940) Album ictiologico del Uruguay, 3 a. y 4 a. series. Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, Segunda Serie, 5.","Ringuelet, R. A. & Aramburu, R. H. (1961) Peces marinos de La Republica Argentina. Claves para el reconocimiento de familias y generos. Catalogo critico abreviado. Agro, La Plata, Argentina, 2 (5), 1 - 141.","Haedrich, R. L. (1967) The stromateoid fishes: systematics and a classification. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135 (2), 31 - 139.","Horn, M. H. 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Atlantic angel sharks Squatina dumeril were collected for stomach contents (n = 437) from November 2002 through April 2005 from a butterfish Peprilus burti bottom trawl fishery in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Teleost fishes, especially Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, butterfish, and goatfishes (Mullidae), dominated the diet of Atlantic angel sharks and were the most important prey items for sharks of all sizes (305 to 1160 mm total length). Squid (Loligo sp.) were also important prey for all shark sizes, though they became less important with increasing shark size. Crustaceans like mantis shrimp Lysosquilla sp., brown rock shrimp Sicyonia brevirostris, and portu- nid crabs (Portunidae) were also eaten by angel sharks of all sizes in all seasons sampled. Seasonal differences in diet were detected with niche breadth, which was narrowest in winter and broadest in fall. Niche breadth was also size related and narrowed with increasing shark size. Size of prey was also related to shark size, with sharks mostly consuming prey

The barbugede Pampelfisk, Coryphaena apus Brunnich, 1783, long assumed to be a dolphin, is actually the senior synonym of the Black Pomfret, Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and the type host of Cymothoa eremita (Brunnich, 1783). Several early works synonomized C. apus with Stromateus paru Bloch, 1786; however, this form was confused with Stromateus (now Peprilus) paru Linnaeus, 1758, at the time and not associated with Stromateus (now Parastromateus) niger. Later, other works synonomized S. paru Bloch with P. niger, but the C. apus synonomy was apparently forgotten. The occurrence and abundance of two isopod parasites, Cymothoa eremita and C. stromei, and a copepod, Lernanthropus koenigii, conclusively demonstrate that Coryphaena apus is P. niger. Two other copepods, Synestius caliginus and Thysanote appendiculata, show S. paru Bloch is P. niger. The original common name of C. apus “bare-bellied pomfret” also identifies P. niger. Coryphaena apus, Cymothoa eremita, S. niger, and S. paru Bloch were all c...

On the basis of the tentacular armature, surface ultrastructure, and morphological measurements of plerocerci obtained from the musculature of butterfishes (Stromateidae), we corroborate an earlier proposal that Otobothrium crenacolle, a commonly reported trypanorhynch cestode from the northwestern Atlantic coast, is a junior synonym of O. cysticum. This action exemplifies at least an Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean distribution for O. cysticum. The infection in commercially important butterfishes shows that an otobothriid trypanorhynch may heavily infect fish flesh and influence the market value of some fish species yet also be restricted to the body cavity of other fish intermediate hosts. Infections of O. cysticum in the flesh of Peprilus burti (Gulf butterfish) and P. alepidotus (harvestfish) in the Gulf of Mexico has varied annually since 1970, with samples ranging in prevalence between 20% and 100% and in mean intensity between 1 and 3,500 or more plerocerci per fish. Comparative infections in P. burti from the Gulf of Mexico and P. triacanthus (butterfish) from the Atlantic Ocean demonstrate a present geographic difference in infections. The prevalence and mean intensity in 4 collections of butterfishes ranged from 9% to 98% of the fish and from 1 to 678 plerocerci in a subsample of tissue, respectively, with prevalent and heavy infections being observed in the Gulf of Mexico fish and relatively few individuals being infected with few worms in the Atlantic fish. A slight host response in the butterfishes involving some fatty infiltration and inflammatory infiltration was associated with the metacestode. In some larger fish, encapsulations were yellow, and in a few cases, worms had degenerated. This finding and an increase in intensity with fish weight suggest a continual accumulation of the worms in association with little host resistance.

Gulf of Mexico butterfish (Peprilus buri), a largely unutilized fishery resource, has been examined for its application as a food-grade marine product. Butterfish mince prewashed with sodium bicarbonate solution (0.5%) had lower lipid oxidation and free fatty acid (FFA) content than unwashed mince during a 6-month frozen storage study. Washed mince also exhibited a lower Hunter a value and had superior water retention. Addition of Tenox 2 or vacuum packaging further reduced lipid oxidation and FFA liberation. This reduction also prevented the subsequent lipid-protein interaction as indicated by increased water retention.

Currently, seven valid species are recognized in the genus Peprilus. Found from United States to Argentina, Peprilus paru has a complex nomenclatural history, with seven junior synonyms, three from North America and four from South America. As there has been no recent research, it remains unclear whether species representatives in the north-south axis represent different populations of a single species or distinct species. By comparison of type specimens as well as a comprehensive collection of non-type specimens, this paper aims to clarify the taxonomic status of the nominal species listed as junior synonyms of Peprilus paru in the Atlantic side of South America. Based on morphological data and DNA barcoding, Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier, 1829 and P. xanthurus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) are resurrected, while Rhombus argentipinnis Cuvier, 1833 and Rhombus orbicularis Guichenot, 1866, are considered to be junior synonyms of P. crenulatus.

The suborder Stromateoidei(Teleostei:Perciformes)currently comprises 6 families,16 genera,and about 70 species.They occur worldwide in coastal and oceanic waters of tropical to temperate regions.Fishes of Stromateoidei are one of the most economically important in the world.However,due to the high diversity of morphological characters,the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of Stromateoidei have been long confused.In this study,the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment of 8 species of Stromateoidei collected from Chinese coastal waters,were amplified using PCR techniques.The homologous sequences of other Stromateoidei fishes from GenBank were also included in this study.The genetic information indexes,including base composition,sequence variation and Kimura-2 parameter genetic distance were examined.Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on Neighbor-Joining(NJ)and maximum-parsimony(MP)methods.Total of the 458 aligned base pairs,with 119 variable sites,114 parsimony informative sites,5 singleton sites,were detected in the analyzed Stromateoidei fishes(5 families,13 genera,and 32 species).The average contents of T,C,A and G were 22.2%,24.5%,30.0% and 23.3% respectively for 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The genetic distances among families,genera and species range from 0.060 to 0.120,0.009 to 0.125,and 0.000 to 0.163 respectively.The phylogenic analysis placed Centrolophidae in the most basal position of the Stromateoidei,Pampus(Stromateidae)at the top of the two trees,Ariommatidae,Tetragonuridae,Nomeidae in a sister position to the clade of Peprilus and Stromateus(Stromateidae).Based on the results of molecular analysis and morphology data,several conclusions were drawn as follows:(1)family Centrolophidae,which was early diverged,is the most primitive monophyly group in the suborder Stromateoidei;(2)Ariommatidae,Tetragonuridae are the two monophyletic groups,which showed close relationship with the non-monophyletic group of Nomeidae;(3)the paraphyletic group of Pampus is the most recently diverged species,which is in accordance with the fact that it is also the most flourishing genus in Stromateoidei.There are two parallel evolutionary clades in genus Pampus.The species within the two clades seem to be relevant to their biogeographic distributions.In addition,the application of 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic study in the suborder Stromateoidei is discussed in this study.

The trophic interrelationships of jellyfishes to other organisms in Mississippi Sound were investigated from March 1968 to March 1969. Ctenophores and, to a lesser extent, hydromedusae constitute the most important group of predators affecting zooplankton populations in this estuary due to: (1) extreme local abundance, and (2) voracious feeding habits. Evidence is presented that ctenophores and medusae constitute important food sources for small pelagic fishes. The commensal relationships of these fishes, Peprilus alepidotus (harvestfish) and Chloroscombrus chrysurus (bumpers) with sea nettles (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) and cabbage-heads (Stomolophus meleagris) and Poronotus burti (Gulf butterfish) with Cyanea capillata versicolor (winter jellyfish) are discussed. These fishes and the spider crab (Libinia dubia) are commonly taken in association with medusae. Medusae provide protection and, to a greater or lesser extent, a food source for the commensals. Peprilus and Chloroscombrus probably feed o...

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Age, rate of growth and the length-weight relationship of the butterfish,Peprilus triacanthus, were determined. The age of specimens collected in September, 1969 from the lower York River, Virginia was determined by counting rings in the otoliths. Four age groups were represented in the sample: young-of-the-year fish (91–95 mm), year-old fish (98–139 mm), two-year-old fish (142–187 mm) and three-year-old fish (174–200 mm). The length-weight relationship for all specimens is: log W=−5.1852+3.2646 log L.