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Endothermy is generally believed to have coevolved with highly active lifestyle in animals, and to be permanent (combined with homeothermy) only in some vertebrates, due in part to size restrictions on endothermic animals. All invertebrates are known to possess endothermy and exhibit it only when engaged in physically intensive behaviors. I report the discovery of permanent endothermy during one part of the life cycle in two species of semisessile lanternflies (Fulgoridae), proving the established assumptions about physiological and morphological prerequisites for permanent endothermy to be wrong: apparently, permanent endothermy can evolve even in very small, semisessile animals as long as they have access to sufficient energy supply.

The family Fulgoridae is known for their distinct morphological structures and striking colouration. Despite so, comprehensive documentation of insect-plant interaction from this charismatic family is greatly scarce. Presented here are records of plant association across four species of Fulgoridae from Malaysian Borneo. The current study was based on voucher specimens and field samplings from selected localities in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. A total of 11 species of plants belonging to 11 genera and nine families were recorded. Three fulgorid species namely Penthicodes quadrimaculata, Pyrops intricatus and Py. sultanus shares the same host plant being the mata kucing fruit tree (Dimocarpus longan ssp. malesianus). The most speciose insect-plant association belongs to Pe. farinosa and Py. sultanus with six species documented. This is the first record of host plants reported for Py. intricatus, Pe. farinosa and Pe. quadrimaculata in Malaysian Borneo. Keywords: Fulgoridae, host plant, insect-plant association, Malaysian Borneo, Sabah, Sarawak

The complete mitogenomes of nine fulgorid species were sequenced and annotated to explore their mitogenome diversity and the phylogenetics of Fulgoridae. All species are from China and belong to five genera: Dichoptera Spinola, 1839 (Dichoptera sp.), Neoalcathous Wang and Huang, 1989 (Neoalcathous huangshanana Wang and Huang, 1989), Limois Stål, 1863 (Limois sp.), Penthicodes Blanchard, 1840 (Penthicodes atomaria (Weber, 1801), Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851), Penthicodes variegata (Guérin-Méneville, 1829)), Pyrops Spinola, 1839 (Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839), Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818), Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842)). The nine mitogenomes were 15,803 to 16,510 bp in length with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a control region (A + T-rich region). Combined with previously reported fulgorid mitogenomes, all PCGs initiate with either the standard start codon of ATN or the nonstandard GTG. The TAA codon was used for termination more often than the TAG codon and the incomplete T codon. The nad1 and nad4 genes varied in length within the same genus. A high percentage of F residues were found in the nad4 and nad5 genes of all fulgorid mitogenomes. The DHU stem of trnV was absent in the mitogenomes of all fulgorids sequenced except Dichoptera sp. Moreover, in most fulgorid mitogenomes, the trnL2, trnR, and trnT genes had an unpaired base in the aminoacyl stem and trnS1 had an unpaired base in the anticodon stem. The similar tandem repeat regions of the control region were found in the same genus. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes from 53 species of Fulgoroidea and seven outgroups. The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees had a similar topological structure. The major results show that Fulgoroidea was divided into two groups: Delphacidae and ((Achilidae + (Lophopidae + (Issidae + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)))) + Fulgoridae). Furthermore, the monophyly of Fulgoridae was robustly supported, and Aphaeninae was divided into Aphaenini and Pyropsini, which includes Neoalcathous, Pyrops, Datua Schmidt, 1911, and Saiva Distant, 1906. The genus Limois is recovered in the Aphaeninae, and the Limoisini needs further confirmation, Dichoptera sp. was the earliest branch in the Fulgoridae.

Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851) Figs. 17 A���D. Aphaena caja Walker, 1851: 278. Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851): Distant, 1918: 198. Male genitalia: anal tube short and broad with postero-lateral margins strongly emarginate (Figs. 17 A���C); pygofer with strong hump at dorsal third (Fig. 17 A); broadly ovoid in postero-ventral view (Fig. 17 D); gonostyli rounded postero-dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 17 A), well separated basally in postero-ventral view (Fig. 17 D)., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, 2: 261 - 636.","Distant, W. L. (1918) The Homoptera of Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9). 1: 196 - 200."]}

Penthicodes astraea (St��l, 1864) Figs. 1 A���E, 13 B, 14 A���D, 24. Aphana astraea St��l, 1864: 61. Penthicodes astraea (St��l, 1864): Metcalf, 1947: 133; Lallemand, 1963: 24. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with complete white band on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 1 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown without pale yellow rings (Fig. 1 E); (3) black-brown markings of tegmina subcircular, also on membrane (Fig. 1 A); (4) disc of hind wings red (rarely dark orange apically) with 2 (1���4) black spots (Fig. 1 A); (5) abdominal tergites red (Fig. 1 A). LT: 3 (n = 16): 27.3 mm (25.2 ���30.0); �� (n = 7): 31.0 mm (29.5���32.9). Wingspan: 3 (n = 3): 53.3 mm (51.4���54.7); �� (n = 7): 58.6 mm (54.4���62.7). Male genitalia: anal tube short (Figs. 14 A, C) and strongly emarginate apically in dorsal view (Fig. 14 C), showing strong ventral hump in middle and subbasal dorsal hump in lateral view (Figs. 14 A, B); pygofer with hump at dorsal third in lateral view (Fig. 14 A), broader in middle in postero-ventral view (Fig. 14 D); gonostyli rounded apically in lateral view, dorsal margin with median hump and ventral margin sinuate (Fig. 14 A); contiguous in postero-ventral view, joining at apex and with teeth projecting latero-ventrad in posteroventral view (Fig. 14 D). Distribution (Fig. 24): Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros*, Marinduque*) (* = new data). Typical material examined: Philippines: Holotype ��: [Ins. Philipp.] [Semper] [Aphaena astraea St��l] [499 58] [387 61] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [NHRS-HEMI 000000013] (NHRS). Notes: according to the original description, the holotype is from Manilla (Luzon). 2 �� labeled [Ins. Philipp.] [Semper] [Paratypus] [389 61] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [NHRS-HEMI 000000015] (NHRS) and [Ins. Philipp.] [Semper] [Paratypus] [388 61] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [NHRS-HEMI 000000016] (NHRS) have been examined but are not recognized as paratypes because the original description refers to one single specimen. Material examined: Philippines: 1 ��: (NHRS); 1 ��: idem, Semper (NHRS). Luzon: 4 ��, 3 ��: E Luzon, N Ec. Bongabon Bgy Laby, Sierra Madre Mingan Mts, 700m, 15.viii. 2005, J.H. Lourens (RBINS) coordinates: 15 �� 38 'N 121 �� 15 'E; 8 ��, 2 ��: E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Aurora,, ix. 2007, I. & M. Lumawig (RBINS) coordinates: 16 �� 20 'N 122 ��00'E; 1 ��: N Luzon, x. 1993 (MHNL) coordinates: 17 �� 30 'N 121 ��E; 1 ��: N Luzon, vi. 1990 (MHNL); 1 ��: N Luzon, viii. 1995 (MHNL); 1 ��: Luzon, Manilla, Thorey (RBINS) 14 �� 35 'N 121 ��00'E; 1 ��: Luzon, Los Ba��os,, xii. 2002, R. Curaran (RBINS) coordinates: 14 �� 11 'N 121 �� 11 'E; 1 ��: Luzon, Mount Maquiling, 150m, 22.viii. 1948, A. Dingayan (RBINS) coordinates: 14 ��08'N 121 �� 12 'E; 2 ��: Luzon, Mt Banahaw, v. 1994 (MHNL) coordinates: 14 �� 54 'N 121 ��05'E. Negros: 1 ��: E Negros, vi. 1989 (MHNL) coordinates: 10 ��N 123 ��E. Marinduque: 1 ��: Marinduque, Sto Vincente, 29.vii. 1989, J.H. Lourens (ZMAN) coordinates: 13 �� 24 'N 121 �� 58 'E. Mindanao: 1 ��: Mindanao (NHRS). Mindoro: 1 ��: Mindoro, Mount Halcon, vii. 2000 (MHNL) coordinates: 13 �� 16 'N 121 ��00'E; 2 ��, 1 ��, idem, ix. 2007, I. & M. Lumawig (RBINS). 1 ��: no data (OUMNH). Additional data (photograph by Joachim Bresseel): Philippines: Luzon : Quezon province, Mt Palakong, 650m, 8.vii. 2009 coordinates: 14 �� 39 ���N 121 �� 33 ���E., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Stal, C. (1864) Hemiptera nonnulla nova vel minus cognita. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 4: 47 - 68.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1947) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea. Part 9 Fulgoridae. Raleigh (U. S. A.) North Carolina State College, 280 pp.","Lallemand, V. (1963) Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxieme partie. faunes asiatique et australienne. Memoires de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (2 e serie) 75: 1 - 99, pl. 1 - 11."]}

Penthicodes quadrimaculata Lallemand, 1963 revised status Figs. 9 A���E, 20 A���D, 27. Penthicodes quadrimaculata Lallemand, 1963: 26. Penthicodes bimaculata (Schmidt, 1905); erroneously synonymised by Nagai & Porion, 1996: 20. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch along sutural margin and along costal margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 9 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown with pale yellow rings (Fig. 9 E); (3) black-brown markings of tegmina irregular, also on membrane (Fig. 9 A); (4) disc of hind wings with base red, rest orange to orange-red, or red, and with 3 (2���5) round, large black spots (usually at least one black spot with white center) and 1���3 small white spots (Fig. 9 A); (5) abdominal tergites red, rarely basal tergites black-brown in middle (Fig. 9 A). LT �� (n = 5): 25.0 mm (23.0��� 27.3); �� (n = 3): 29.6 mm (28.8���30.5). Wingspan �� (n = 6): 46.3 mm (44.1 ��� 48.6); �� (n = 21): 53.4 mm (49.4 ���61.0). Notes: (1) the species is easy to separate from P. bimaculata, by the 2 white spots of nodal line along the sutural and costal margins of the tegmina (only one spot also along sutural margin in P. bimaculata). The very similar P. variegata is known only from continental Asia, shows smaller spots on hind wings, and hind wings always orange with base red. (2) the erroneous synonymy with P. b i m a c u l a t a proposed by Nagai and Porion (1996) was obviously based on superficial observation of the two species and did not take in account the male genitalic characters. Male genitalia: anal tube short and narrow, broader apically in dorsal view, much broader in lateral view with strong subbasal hump dorsally and median ventral carina (Figs. 20 A���C); pygofer with posterior margin emarginate at dorsal third in lateral view (Fig. 20 A), broader at dorsal third in postero-ventral view (Fig. 20 D); gonostyli rounded apically in lateral view (Fig. 20 A), slightly separated basally in postero-ventral view and with teeth subparallel in postero-ventral view, not or slightly projecting laterally (Fig. 20 D). Distribution (Fig. 27): Java, Sumatra*, Borneo*, Nias Island*, We Island * (* = new data). Typical material examined: Holotype ��: [Java, Fruhstorfer] [Type] [Penthicodes quadrimaculata Lall. V. Lallemand det., 1961](FSAG). Material examined: Indonesia, Java : 1 ��: E Java, Mount Gumitir, ii. 1999 (MHNL) coordinates: 8 �� 13 'S 114 ��00���E. Borneo: 1 ��: Tandjoengredeb (= Tanjungredep), E. Mj��berg (ZMAN) coordinates: 2 ��09'N 117 �� 29 'E; 1 ��: Sambas, 1891, Dr. J. Bossha (RMNH) coordinates: 1 �� 20 'N 109 �� 15 'E. Nias Island: 1 ��: Nias Isl. (RBINS) coordinates: 1 ��05'N 97 �� 35 'E. Sumatra: 1 ��: Sumatra NO, between Serdang and Toba Lake, Dr. B. Hagen (RMNH) coordinates: 2 �� 35 'N 98 �� 50 'E; 3 ��: Aceh, v. 1993 (MHNL) coordinates: 5 �� 30 'N 95 �� 25 'E; 2 ��, 1 ��: idem, iv. 1993 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, no date (MHNL); 1 ��: W Sumatra, Bukittinggi, v. 1994 (MHNL) coordinates: 0�� 19 'S 100 �� 22 'E; 1 ��: W Sumatra, Padang,, iv. 1994 (MHNL) coordinates: 0�� 57 'S 100 �� 21 'E; 1 ��:idem, xii. 1994 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, vi. 1994 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, v. 1994, (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, vii. 1994 (MHNL); 1 ex, sex unknown: Sumatra, Muller (RMNH); 1 ��: Tamiang, V. Nill (RMNH) coordinates: 2 �� 28 'S 103 �� 55 'E; 1 ��: Laut Tador, alt. 90m, 1.viii. 1950, R. Straatman (RMNH) coordinates: 3 �� 18 'N 99 �� 15 'E. We Island; 1 ��, 2 �� We Island, W off Sumatra, i. 1993 (MHNL) coordinates: 5 �� 49 ' 29 "N 95 �� 18 ' 29 "E. Malaysia, Borneo : 1 ��: Sarawak: Saribas, x. 1923 (OUMNH) coordinates: 1 �� 30 'N 111 �� 20 'E; 1 ��: Sabah, Crocker Range, vi. 1982 (MHNL) coordinates: 5 �� 40 'N 116 �� 20 'E; 1 ��:idem, v. 1992 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, vii. 1990 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, viii. 2001 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, i. 2000 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, 12���26.vi. 2006 (RBINS); 1 ��: idem, 10���15.vi. 2008 (RBINS); 2 ��: Sabah, near Keningau, iv. 1991 (MHNL) coordinates: 5 �� 20 'N 116 �� 10 'E; 1 ��: ���Borneo��� (MHNL). Data compliled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel (those data were under the very similar P. variegata but here attributed to P. quadrimaculata regarding the allopatric known distribution of the 2 species): Borneo: 1 ��: Malaysia, North, Sabah, District Ranau, Poring Hot Spring, light trap, Poring Lodge, v. 2002, 650m, T. Kothe (ZSMC) coordinates: 6 ��02' 35 N 116 �� 42 ' 19 E; 1 ex.: Indonesia, West-Kalimantan, Pontianak, R. Oberthur (MNHN) coordinates: 0��02'S 109 �� 20 'E; 1 ex.: Borneo (ZMHB); 3 ex.: idem, R. Oberthur (MNHN); 1 ��: Borneo, P. variegata det. J. Constant 2003 (MNHN). Indonesia: Sumatra: 1 ex: Ober-Langkat, Deli (= Labuhandeli) (near Medan), M. Ude S., P. variegata det. H. Synave 1967 (ZMHB) coordinates: 3 �� 45 'N 98 �� 41 'E; 1 ��: West, Rimbo Panti Natural Reserve, 5.vi. 2002, 250m, T. Kothe, det. T. Kothe (ZSMC) coordinates: 0�� 20 ' 50 ���N, 100 ��04'07���E., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Lallemand, V. (1963) Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxieme partie. faunes asiatique et australienne. Memoires de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (2 e serie) 75: 1 - 99, pl. 1 - 11.","Schmidt, E. (1905) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 66: 332 - 383.","Nagai, S. & Porion, T. (1996) Fulgoridae 2: Catalogue illustre des faunes asiatique et australienne. Sciences Nat, Compiegne: 80 pp., 236 figs."]}

Penthicodes pulchella (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838) Figs. 8 A���E, 19 A���D, 26. Aphaena pulchella Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838: 186. Aphaena confuscius White, 1846: 24; synonymised by St��l, 1862: 485. Aphaena io Walker, 1851: 279; synonymised by St��l, 1862: 485. Aphaena nigroirrorata St��l, 1854: 244; synonymised by St��l, 1862: 485. Penthicodes pulchella (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838): Distant, 1918: 198. Penthicodes wachsi Schmidt, 1930: 115; synonymised by Nagai & Porion, 1996: 21. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch along sutural margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 8 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown with pale yellow rings (Fig. 8 E); (3) tegmina marked with numerous small black-brown spots, some of them v-shaped on veins (Fig. 8 A); (4) disc of hind wings orange with base red, rarely completely orange-red, with 6���15 black spots in 3 rows and 4 (3���5) small white spots (Fig. 8 A); (5) abdominal tergites red (Fig. 8 A). LT �� (n = 8): 20.2 mm (19.4 ��� 20.8); �� (n = 3): 21.4 mm (20.3 ��� 22.3). Wingspan �� (n = 4): 44.1 mm (42.1 ��� 46.3). Male genitalia: anal tube elongate, about 1.5 time longer than borad, broader basally in dorsal view (Figs. 19 A), and slightly sinuate in dorsal and lateral views (Figs. 19 A, C); pygofer not showing hump, with hind margin subregularly rounded in lateral view (Fig. 1 A); gonostyli rounded posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 1 A); contiguous in postero-ventral view, spliting near apex and with teeth projecting latero-ventrad in posteroventral view (Fig. 1 D). Distribution (Fig. 26): Andaman Islands**, Cambodia *, China, India, Indonesia: Java, Sumatra*, Myanmar *, Taiwan *, Thailand, Vietnam (* = new data; ** = no specimen examined in this study). Typical material examined: Holotype of Aphaena nigroirrorata labeled: [China] [nigroirrorata St��l] [Typus] [Io Walk. = confucius White (B.M.)] [1 58] [NHRS-HEMI 000000049]. Type �� of Penthicodes wachsi (examined on photo) labeled: [Fr. A. Th. H. Verbeek, Aglebock, No.] [Java, 24.3. 1927, Res. Rembang, 40 M] [* wachsi Schmidt, 1930] [Penthicodes wachsi Schmidt ��, Edm. Schmidt determ. 1930] [Typus] [Mus. Zool. Polonicum Warszawa, 12 / 45] [Mus. Zool. Polonicum Warszawa Typus n. 1218, Penthicodes wachsi Schmidt, 1930, Syntypus] (ZMPA) coordinates of Rembang: 6 �� 42 'S 111 �� 20 'E. Material examined: 1 ��: Himalaya (ZMUC). Cambodia: 1 ��: Angkor Thom, Siem Reap prov., 25��� 27.ii. 2005, D. Jump (RBINS) coordinates: 13 �� 27 'N 103 �� 52 'E; 1 ��: Phnom Kulen N.P., Kbal Spean, 24.vii. 2004, P. Grootaert (RBINS) coordinates: 13 �� 41 'N 104 ��00'E. India: 2 ��: Assam (ZMUC) coordinates: 25 �� 34 'N 91 �� 53 'E. Indonesia: Java : 1 ��: Semarang, Teak forest, 1.iii. 1931, L.G.E. Kalshoven (RMNH) coordinates: 6 �� 58 'S 110 �� 25 'E; 1 ��: idem, 27.ii. 1931 (RMNH); 1 ��: W Java, Toegoe (= Tugu), ex coll. Oberthur, 1902 (RBINS) 6 ��07'S 106 �� 55 'E; 1 ��, 2 �� (FSAG); 1 ��, 1 ��: xii. 1935, Preariger, Regenschofren (FSAG); 1 ��: Soekaboemi (= Sukabumi) (FSAG) coordinates: 6 �� 55 'S 106 �� 56 'E; 1 ��: Java, West, Palaboehan Ratoe (= Pelabuhanratu), vi. 1908, E. Cordier, coll. C, Tess�� de B��arn Croisi��re du "Nirvana" (MNHN) coordinates: 6 �� 59 'S 106 �� 33 'E. Sumatra: 4 ��: W Sumatra, Moeara Tenam Benkoelen (= Bengkulu), 1200m, Le Moult (FSAG) coordinates: 3 �� 48 'S 102 �� 16 'E. Myanmar: 1 ��: Rangoon, Churchill Road, F.J. Meggitt (RBINS) coordinates: 16 �� 47 'N 96 �� 10 'E. Thailand: 1 ��: 14 mi S of Ban Muang Pon, 23.xi. 1978, E.S. Ross (CAS) coordinates: 18 �� 47 'N 97 �� 54 'E; 2 ��, 1 ��: 7km NW of Fang, Horticultural Experimental Station, 30.x��� 2.xi. 1979, Zool mus Copenhagen Exp (ZMUC) coordinates: 19 �� 55 'N 99 �� 13 'E; 2 ��: Doi Suthep-Pui NP, Konthathan waterfall area, 600m, 20���27.x. 1979, Zool mus Copenhagen Exp (ZMUC) coordinates: 18 �� 48 'N 98 �� 55 'E. Vietnam: 1 ��: Cochinchina, Tayninh, 1923 (FSAG) coordinates: 11 �� 18 'N 106 ��06'E; 1 ��: Tonkin: Bavi, 16.iv. 1936, Le Moult (FSAG) coordinates: 21 ��05'N 105 �� 23 'E; 1 ��: Tonkin, region Hoa Binh, 1934, A. De Cooman (MNHN) coordinates: 20 �� 50 'N 105 �� 20 'E. Additional data: MHNL [specimens examined on photographs transmitted by H. Labrique, data compiled by C. Audibert]: India: 1 ex: Kotarigi, TN, 27���29.x. 1997, leg. Werner, coll. T. Porion coordinates: 11 �� 26 ���N 76 �� 53 ���E. Thailand: 3 ex.: Chiang Mai, v. 1990, coll. T. Porion coordinates: 18 �� 47 'N 98 �� 59 'E; 1 ex: Wang Chin Pae, x. 1991, coll T. Porion coordinates: 17 �� 53 ���N 99 �� 37 ���E. IEBR [data sent by H.T. Pham]: Vietnam: Th��i Nguy��n (���ng H���) coordinates: 21 �� 40 ���N 105 �� 55 ���E. Data compliled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel: Taiwan: 1 ex: Formosa, Alikang, 1909, H.Sauter (SMTD) coordinates not found. Indonesia: Java: 1 ��: Java, det.V. Lallemand (DEI). Vietnam: 1 ex.: Tonkin, Lang Nac, viii. 1917, Jeanvoine (SMTD) coordinates: 21 �� 13 'N 106 �� 50 'E; 1 ex.: Tonkin, Tien Yen, ix. 1917, Jeanvoine (SMTD) coordinates: 21 �� 19 'N 106 �� 55 'E., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1838) Crustaces, Arachnides et Insectes. Voyage autour du monde, execute par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de sa majeste, La Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 par M. L. I. Duperrey, 2 (2): 1 - 319.","White A. (1846) Descriptions of some apparently new species of Orthopterous and Homopterous insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18: 23 - 26, Pl. 1.","Stal, C. (1862) Synonymiska och systematiska anteckningar ofver Hemiptera. Ofversigt Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 19: 479 - 504.","Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, 2: 261 - 636.","Stal, C. (1854) Nya Hemiptera. Ofversigt Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 11: 231 - 255.","Distant, W. L. (1918) The Homoptera of Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9). 1: 196 - 200.","Schmidt, E. (1930) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zikaden des indoaustralischen Faunengebietes. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 47: 112 - 126.","Nagai, S. & Porion, T. (1996) Fulgoridae 2: Catalogue illustre des faunes asiatique et australienne. Sciences Nat, Compiegne: 80 pp., 236 figs."]}

Penthicodes celebica n. sp. Figs. 7 A���E, 18 A���D, 24. Etymology. The species is named after its patria typica, Celebes (Sulawesi, Indonesia). Material examined: Indonesia, Sulawesi : holotype ��: [Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Indonesia, S. Sulawesi, Puncak Palopo, 2008, achat Syamsul Alam, I.G.: 31.172] (RBINS) coordinates: 3 ��00'S 120 �� 12 'E Paratypes: 2 ��, 7 ��: same data as holotype (RBINS); 9 ��, 11 ��: [Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Indonesia, S Sulawesi, Puncak Palopo, iv. 2008, I.G.: 31.318] (RBINS, 1 ��: BMNH); 1 ��: [Indonesia, S.W. Sulawesi, Puncak Palopo, X���XI. 1996, Tajuddin] [Coll. Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam] [Penthicodes spec. det. C.A. Schulz, 2007] (ZMAN); 1 ��: [Ned. Indi��, W. Celebes, 1500m, Sidaonta Paloe, vi. 1937, J.M.A. v. Groenendael] [Penthicodes spec. det. C.A. Schulz, 2007] (ZMAN) coordinates: 1 �� 18 ���S 119 �� 57 ���E; [Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan, Rd Rantepao- Palopo, 9.v. 2004, 500m, G. Withaar] [Penthicodes spec. det. C.A. Schulz, 2007] (ZMAN) coordinates: 2 �� 59 'S 119 �� 54 'E; 1 ��: [Indonesia: Sulawesi, Soroako, 9.x. 1993, disturbed rain forest] [2 �� 35 ��� 30 ���S 121 �� 22 ��� 30 ���E, M.J. & J.P. Duffels, at light] [Penthicodes spec. det. C.A. Schulz, 2007] (ZMAN). Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch only along sutural margin on nodal line of crossveins (Fig. 7 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown, rarely with slightly paler rings (Fig. 7 E); (3) black-brown markings of tegmina irregular, also on membrane (Fig. 7 A); (4) disc of hind wings red and with 3���5 round black spots, at least 2 with central white spot, and 0���2 small white spots (Fig. 7 A); (5) abdominal tergites red, rarely dark brown in middle (Fig. 7 A). Description. LT: �� (n = 12): 26.3 mm (24.8���27.7); �� (n = 19): 27.9 mm (26.2���29.4). Wingspan: �� (n = 2): 47.7 mm (46.4���49.1); �� (n = 8): 52.8 mm (50.3 ���57.0). Head: eyes included, slightly more than half as broad as thorax (Fig. 7 B); dark olivaceous-brown with antennae and apex of clypeus black (Figs. 7 B, C); vertex much broader posteriorly than anteriorly, with anterior margin strongly emarginate and lateral margins carinate; posterior half with 2 strong impressions separated by median carina, anterior half with 2 semicircular humps (Fig. 7 B); frons longer than broad, punctured and wrinkled, with strong peridiscal carina and slightly marked median carina on superior half (Fig. 7 C); obsolete cephalic process hooked and flattened on dorsal part of head (Fig. 7 B); clypeus longer than frons, medially carinate (Fig. 7 C); labium reaching apex of abdomen, black-brown with yellow ring on penultimate segment (Fig. 7 E); ratio BV/LV = 5; BF/LF = 1. Thorax: (Fig. 7 B) dark olivaceous-brown, sometimes mesonotum slightly tinged with red; pronotum wrinkled with anterior margin carinate and strongly bisinuate, and posterior margin strongly and angulously emarginate medially; strong median carina with deeply impressed point on each side; mesonotum with median carina not reaching apex posteriorly and curved peridiscal carinae; disc wrinkled and with slightly impressed point at postero-lateral angle; ratio BT/LP+LM = 1.14; LP/LM = 0.52. Tegmina: (Fig. 7 A) olivaceous-brown with irregular black-brown markings; usually 3���4 larger spots along costal margin and 1 at apico-sutural angle; white spot along sutural margin at nodal line of cross-veins; costal margin slightly curved; apical margin obliquely rounded; sutural margin sinuate; maximal breadth near nodal line; ratio LTg/BTg = 2.5. Hind wings: (Fig. 7 A) slightly broader than tegmina; bright red with band along sutural margin and apical 1 / 3 black; red area rarely turning to bright orange-red apically; 3���4 large and 1���2 small black spots on basosutural half of disc, usually 2���3 larger ones with small white spot in middle; 0���2 small white spots on apicocostal half of disc; irregular grey-white markings on apical 1 / 3, often confluent. Legs: (Figs 7 A, E) black-brown; rarely femora and tibiae I and II with slightly marked paler, brown rings; tibiae III with 5���6 lateral and 7 apical spines. Abdomen: red dorsally, sometimes tinged with brown in middle (Fig. 7 A); black ventrally (Fig. 7 E). Male genitalia: anal tube short, thick and broad, with subbasal hump dorsally in lateral view and lateral margins strongly rounded in dorsal view (Figs. 18 A���C); subtriangular in posterior view (Fig. 18 B); pygofer with hind margin bisinuate in lateral view (Fig. 18 A), broader slightly above middle in postero-ventral view (Fig. 18 D); gonostyli roundly pointed apically in lateral view, with dorsal margin broadly rounded and ventral margin bisinuate (Fig. 18 A), contiguous in postero-ventral view, and with teeth projecting latero-ventrally in postero-ventral view (Fig. 18 D). Distribution (Fig. 24): Sulawesi., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336

Penthicodes celebica n. sp., is described from Sulawesi, P. warleti n. sp. from India (Assam) and P. caja malayana n. ssp. from peninsular Malaysia. They are compared with the allied species of the subgenus Ereosoma Kirkaldy, 1906, as treated by Nagai & Porion (1996): P. astraea (Stal, 1864), P. atomaria (Weber, 1801) P. bimaculata (Schmidt, 1905), P. caja (Walker, 1851), P. pulchella (Guerin-Meneville, 1838), P. quadrimaculata Lallemand, 1963, P. rugulosa (Stal, 1870) and P. variegata (Guerin-Meneville, 1829). Penthicodes quadrimaculata is removed from synonymy with P. bimaculata. Male genitalia of all treated species are illustrated and described. New geographical records, distribution maps, behaviour data and photographs of habitus are given. An illustrated identification key to all 12 species of the genus, including P. farinosa and P. nicobarica, is proposed. Penthicodes basigera (Walker, 1870) is transferred to the genus Scamandra Stal, 1863 and the new combination Scamandra basigera (Walker, 1870) n. comb. is proposed. The subgenus Ereosoma is regarded as heterogenous and the species are separated in 2 new species-groups on the base of the male genitalia and colour pattern: group astraea+ (astraea, bimaculata, caja, celebica, quadrimaculata, rugulosa and variegata) and group atomaria+ (atomaria, pulchella, warleti).

Penthicodes rugulosa (St��l, 1870) Figs. 10 A���E, 21 A���D, 25. Aphana rugulosa St��l, 1870: 742. Aphaenina rugulosa (St��l, 1870): Metcalf, 1947: 152. Penthicodes rugulosa (St��l, 1870): Lallemand, 1963: 26. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch only along sutural margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 10 A); (2) legs I and II uniformly dark brown (Fig. 10 E); (3) black-brown markings of tegmina irregular, larger ones subcircular with central white spot, membrane unspotted (Fig. 10 A); (4) disc of hind wings red, with 1 (2) round black spots with central white spot, 1-3 small white spots (Fig. 10 A); (5) abdominal tergites red (Fig. 10 A). LT �� (n = 3): 24.3 mm (23.6���24.9); �� (n = 6): 26.0 mm (24.4���27.7). Wingspan �� (n = 2): 49.3 mm (48.5 ���50.1). Male genitalia: anal tube short, crescent-shaped in dorsal view and with 2 short processes posteroventrally (Figs. 21 A���C); pygofer with strong hump at dorsal third (Fig. 21 A); broader at ventral third in postero-ventral view (Fig. 21 D); gonostyli rounded apically in lateral view (Fig. 21 A), contiguous in posteroventral view (Fig. 21 D) and with pilose hump dorsally at level of lateral teeth (Fig. 21 A); lateral teeth spinose posteriorly (Figs. 21 A, D). Distribution (Fig. 25): Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, Leyte*, Biliran* (* = new data). Typical material examined: Philippines: Holotype ��: [Ins. Philipp.] [Semper] [rugulosa St��l] [Typus] [384 61] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [NHRS-HEMI 000000078] (NHRS). Material examined: Philippines: Biliran : 1 ��: Isl. Biliran, Baker (FASG) coordinates: 11 �� 29 'N 124 �� 29 'E. Leyte: 1 ��: Leyte: Mount Panasugan, 400m, 6.v. 1952, C.R. Baltazar (RBINS) 10 �� 44 'N 124 �� 54 'E. Luzon: 1 ��: E Luzon, N. Ec. Bongabon Bgy Laby, Sierra Madre Mingan Mts, 700m, 15.viii. 2005, J.H. Lourens (RBINS) coordinates: 15 �� 38 'N 121 �� 15 'E; 2 ��: E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Aurora,, ix. 2007, I. & M. Lumawig (RBINS) coordinates: 16 �� 59 'N 121 �� 38 'E. Mindanao: 1 ��, 1 ��: Mindanao, Butuan, Baker (RBINS) 8 �� 57 'N 125 �� 32 'E; 1 ��: Mindanao, Zamboanga, i. 1993 (MHNL) coordinates: 6 �� 54 'N 122 ��04'E; 2 ��: Mindanao, Davao, Baker (FSAG) coordinates: 7 ��04'N 125 �� 36 'E; 1 ��: Sitio Taglawig, Maco, Tagum, Davao prov., X. 1946, at sea level, original dipterocarp forest, CNHM-Philippine Zool. Exped. 1946 - 47, leg. H. Hoogstraal (FMNH) coordinates: 7 �� 22 'N 125 �� 51 'E. Additional data compiled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel: Philippines: Mindanao: Davao, Baker (SMTD)., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Metcalf, Z. P. (1947) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea. Part 9 Fulgoridae. Raleigh (U. S. A.) North Carolina State College, 280 pp.","Lallemand, V. (1963) Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxieme partie. faunes asiatique et australienne. Memoires de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (2 e serie) 75: 1 - 99, pl. 1 - 11."]}

Penthicodes caja caja (Walker, 1851) Figs. 5 A���E, 25. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch along sutural margin and along costal margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 5 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown with pale yellow rings (Fig. 5 E); (3) dark-brown to black-brown markings of tegmina large and irregular, also on membrane, ground colour of membrane paler (Fig. 5 A); (4) disc of hind wings orange with base red, and with 4 (3���6) black spots, one elongate black line near base and 1���4 small white spots (Fig. 5 A); (5) abdominal tergites black medially (Fig. 5 A). LT: �� (n = 1): 28.0 mm; �� (n = 3): 30.9 mm (30.1 ��� 32.0). Wingspan: �� (n = 3): 56.7 mm (55.4 ��� 57.5). Note: the species is easy to recognize by the large, irregular, dark brown markings of the tegmina, and the subspecies is easily recognized by the disc of hind wings orange with base red. Distribution (Fig. 25): Bengladesh, India (N), Laos *, Myanmar *, Thailand, Vietnam (* = new data). Typical material examined: Bengladesh: photo of the holotype �� labeled: [Silhet ��� on the reverse ��� 46 48] [Type] [Holo-type] (BMNH) coordinates of Silhet (= Sylhet): 24 �� 53 'N 91 �� 52 'E. Notes: the original description refers to a male specimen but Walker and other authors very often confused males and females in Fulgoridae and other Fulgoromorphs, e.g. Eurybrachidae. 1 �� labeled [Silhet] [Stevens] [caja W. (B.M.)] [Typus] [497 58] [383 61] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [NHRS-HEMI 000000032] (NHRS) has also been examined. This sspecimen is not regarded as typical because the original description refers to one specimen from Mr. Stainforth collection while this specimen is from Mr. Stevens��� collection. Material examined: 2 ��: no data (MHNL). Myanmar: 2 ��: Dawna, vi. 1992 (MHNL) coordinates: 16 �� 50 'N 98 �� 15 'E; Laos: 1 ��: Phong Saly (= Ph��ngsali), viii. 1920, R. Vitalis de Salvaza (RBINS) coordinates: 21 �� 41 'N 102 ��06'E; 1 ��: idem, v. 1920 (FSAG). Thailand: 2 ��: Thailand (GGC); 2 ��: Chiang Mai, iv 1992, M. Donskoff (MNHN) coordinates: 18 �� 47 'N 98 �� 59 'E. India: 1 ��, 1 ��: Sikkim, Elwes (FSAG) coordinates: 27 �� 45 'N 88 �� 30 'E; 1 ��, 2 ��: Sikkim (NHRS). Note: 1 �� erroneously labeled from N Celebes, ex coll. E.P. VanDuzee (CAS) has also been examined. Additional data: Vietnam: 1 ��: Vinh Phuc province, Tam Dao National Park, vi. 2000, alt 1000m, H.T. Pham (IEBR) coordinates: 21 �� 29 'N 105 �� 38 'E. Data compliled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel: India: 1 ��: Darjeeling, det. V. Lallemand (ZMHB) 2 ex.: Sikkim (SMTD)., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, 2: 261 - 636."]}

Penthicodes variegata (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1829) Figs. 11 A���E, 13 A, 22 A���D, 27. Aphaena variegata Gu��rin-M��neville, 1829: Pl. 58, fig. 3. Aphaena basirufa Walker, 1851: 278; synonymised by Lallemand, 1963: 25. Penthicodes variegata (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1829): Distant, 1918: 198. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch along sutural margin and along costal margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 11 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown with pale yellow rings (Fig. 11 E); (3) black-brown markings of tegmina irregular, also on membrane (Fig. 11 A); (4) disc of hind wings yellow-orange with base red, 5-10 black spots (2-4 large and 3-6 small ones) and 2-4 small white spots (Fig. 11 A); (5) abdominal tergites red, rarely basal tergites black-brown in middle (Fig. 11 A). LT �� (n = 4): 27.4 mm (26.2���28.2); �� (n = 7): 29.7 mm (28.5��� 31.8). Wingspan �� (n = 4): 51.8 mm (48.0 ��� 57.6); �� (n = 24): 56.4 mm (51.0��� 60.8). Male genitalia: anal tube short and narrow, broader apically in dorsal view, about as broad in lateral view, with slight subbasal hump dorsally (Figs. 22 A���C); pygofer with strong hump at dorsal third in lateral view (Fig. 22 A), broader in middle in postero-ventral view (Fig. 22 D); gonostyli cut straight apically in lateral view, with dorsal margin emarginate near apex (Fig. 22 A), broadly separated in postero-ventral view, joining at apex and with teeth projecting laterally in postero-ventral view (Fig. 22 D). Distribution (Fig. 27): Bhutan *, N India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand *, Vietnam (* = new data). Note: the species was erroneously mentioned from Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo) and the Philippines (see Metcalf, 1947). Material examined (on photo): holotype ��of Aphaena basirufa Walker, 1851, labeled [Type] [23. Aphaena basirufa] [Silhet] (BMNH). Material examined: India: 1 ��: Darjeeling, 1891, Mowis (RMHN) coordinates: 27 ��02'N 88 �� 16 'E; 1 ��: idem, A. Desgodins (RMHN); 1 ��: idem, ex coll. C. van Volxem, [18] 64, Higgins (RBINS); 1 ��: idem, Wroblewsky (ZMUC); 1 ��: idem, F.A M��ller (ZMUC); 1 ��: Sikkim (RBINS) coordinates: 27 �� 45 'N 88 �� 30 'E; 1 ��: Sikkim (ZMAN). Malaysia: 1 ��: Cameron Highlands, iv. 1990 (MHNL) coordinates: 4 �� 29 'N 101 �� 23 'E; 1 ��, 7 ��:idem, vi. 1992, T. Porion (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, v. 1996, T. Porion (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, 8.vi. 1989 (MHNL); 1 ��: idem, iv. 1990 (MHNL). Myanmar: 2 ��: Dawna, vi. 1992 (MHNL) coordinates: 16 �� 50 'N 98 �� 15 'E; 2 ��: Momeik (= M��ng Mit), 600m (RBINS) coordinates: 23 ��07'N 96 �� 41 'E. Thailand: 1 ��: Thailand (CAS); 1 ��: idem, iv. 1975 (RBINS); 1 ��: idem (MHNL); 1 ��: E Siam, Pak Johng (= Pak Chong), 14.vi. 1925, H.M. Smith (RBINS) coordinates: 14 �� 42 'N 101 �� 25 'E; 1 ��: Loei prov., Na Haeo, secondary forest, 5��� 12.v. 2001, Constant & Grootaert (RBINS) coordinates: 17 �� 29 'N 101 ��04'E; 3 ��: Phrae, Wang Chin, vii. 2001 (RBINS) coordinates: 17 �� 53 'N 99 �� 37 'E; 1 ��: Wiang Pa Pao, v. 1989 (MHNL) coordinates: 19 �� 22 'N 99 �� 30 'E. Vietnam: 1 ��: 120km NNE Ho Chi Minh, Cat Tien Nat. Park, 7���21.vi. 1995, A. Napolov (MHNL) coordinates: 11 �� 32 ���N 107 �� 26 ���E; 1 ��: Annam, CuaTung (RBINS) coordinates: 21 ��02'N 106 �� 29 'E; 2 ��, 2 ��: idem (FSAG); 1 ��: idem (RMHN); 1 ��, 1 ��: Cochinchina, Tan Lo,, 20.v. 1923, R. Vitalis de Salvaza (RBINS) coordinates: 19 �� 20 'N 105 �� 31 'E. No country data: 2 �� (MHNL); 3 �� (RBINS); 1 ��: 1823, Diard (RMHN); 1 ��, 1 ��: Himalaya, 1861, Dr. C. Falder (RMHN). Additional data: IEBR [data sent by H.T. Pham]: Vietnam: 1 ��: Vinh Phuc province, Tam Dao National Park, vi. 2000, alt 1000m, H.T. Pham coordinates: 21 �� 29 'N 105 �� 38 'E; Vinh Phuc province, Ngoc Thanh coordinates: 18 �� 55 '0"N 105 �� 31 '0"E; Ninh Binh province, Cuc Phuong N.P. coordinates: 20 �� 19 'N 105 �� 38 'E. - Data compliled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel: Bhutan: 1 ��, 1 ��: Bhutan, Maria Basti, R. Oberthur (MNHN). Vietnam: 3 ��: Tonkin, Cho-Ganh, L. Duport (MNHN) coordinates: 13 �� 17 'N, 109 �� 15 'E; 1 ��: Tonkin, Nang Tri (MNHN) coordinates not found; 1 ��: Hue, coll. E. Fleutiaux 1919 (MNHN) coordinates: 16 �� 28 'N 107 �� 36 'E; 1 ��, 1 ex.: Annam, Quantri, Haupt 1926 (SMTD coordinates: 20 ��03'N 105 �� 32 'E; 1 ��: Tonkin, Than Moi (= Thanh Moi), H.Rolle (SMTD) coordinates: 21 �� 38 'N 106 �� 33 'E. India: 1 ex.: Darjeeling, Linnaea T., det. V. Lallemand (ZMHB); 1 ��, 1 ex.: Assam (ZMHB) coordinates: 26 ��00'N 93 ��00'E. Myanmar: 4 ��: Burma, Tenasserim, det. A. Krohner 1998 (ZSMC) coordinates: 13 ��00'N 99 ��00'E. Malaysia: 2 ��, 25 ��: Cameron highlands (near Ipoh), A.E. Selner, det. A. Krohner 1998 (ZSMC). Thailand: 1 ��: Chiang Mai, Exp. Lehmann, det. A. Krohner 1998 (ZSMC) coordinates: 18 �� 47 'N 98 �� 59 'E., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336, {"references":["Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1829) Homoptera. Plates from Iconographie du Regne Animal de G. Cuvier, 1 - 104.","Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, 2: 261 - 636.","Lallemand, V. (1963) Revision des Fulgoridae (Homoptera). Deuxieme partie. faunes asiatique et australienne. Memoires de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (2 e serie) 75: 1 - 99, pl. 1 - 11.","Distant, W. L. (1918) The Homoptera of Indo-China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9). 1: 196 - 200.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1947) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV Fulgoroidea. Part 9 Fulgoridae. Raleigh (U. S. A.) North Carolina State College, 280 pp."]}

Penthicodes caja malayana n. ssp. Figs. 6 A���E, 25. Diagnostic characters: (1) tegmina with white patch along sutural margin and along costal margin on nodal line of cross-veins (Fig. 6 A); (2) legs I and II dark brown with pale yellow rings (Fig. 6 E); (3) dark-brown to black-brown markings of tegmina large and irregular, also on membrane, ground colour of membrane paler (Fig. 6 A); (4) disc of hind wings red, and with 4 (3���6) black spots, one elongate black line near base and 1���4 small white spots (Fig. 6 A); (5) abdominal tergites black medially (Fig. 6 A). LT: �� (n = 2): 27.8 mm (27.3 ��� 28.3); �� (n = 2): 29.6 mm (29.3���29.9). Wingspan: �� (n = 2): 50.6 mm (49.5���51.6); �� (n = 4): 54.3 mm (50.8���56.2). Note: the subspecies is easy to recognize by the disc of hind wings red. Distribution (Fig. 25): W Malaysia. Material examined: Malaysia: Holotype ��: [Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Malaysia W., Cameron Highlands, iv. 2007, purchased from A. Chaminade, I.G.: 31.467] (RBINS) coordinates: 4 �� 29 'N 101 �� 23 'E. Paratypes: 1 ��, 2 ��: idem (RBINS); 1 ��, 1 ��: [Cameron Highlands, vi. 1992] (MHNL); 1 ��: [Cameron Highlands, ii. 1989] (MHNL); 1 ��: [Pahang, Cameron Highlands, v. 1990] (MHNL) coordinates: 4 �� 30 'N 103 �� 23 'E. Additional data compiled by A. Wessel and S. Seidel: Malaysia: 2 ��: Cameron Highlands, from Tapah to Tana Rata (= Tanah Rata), v. 1981, J. and P.O. Bourgeat, det. J. Constant 2003 (MNHN) coordinates: 4 �� 20 ���N 101 �� 20 ���E; 3 ��, 3 ��: Cameron highlands (near Ipoh), A.E. Selner, Augsburg, det. A. Krohner 1998 (ZSMC) coordinates: 4 �� 35 'N 101 ��05'E., Published as part of Constant, Jerome, 2010, The lanternfly genus Penthicodes: key to the species and review of the " Ereosoma group " with two new species and one new subspecies (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae), pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 2523 on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196336