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Les objectifs globaux de cette session avec les producteurs d'hévéa de Côte d'Ivoire sont les suivants : - Partager des informations techniques sur les RAS (Rubber Agroforestry Systems) ou systèmes agroforestiers à base d'hévéa) existants dans le monde pour illustrer des exemples de ce qui est réalisable dans les conditions climatiques et pédologiques spécifiques du Cambodge. - Informer les agriculteurs et bénéficier également de leur propre expérience et des RAS le cas échéant notamment en cultures intercalaires - Identifier les contraintes et les opportunités de développement des RAS dans divers environnements socio-économiques et l'impact des marchés locaux dans la conception du potentiel du RAS - Identifier les modèles de culture RAS adaptés aux agriculteurs locaux - Identifier les conditions pour d'autres actions potentielles (parcelles de démonstration, essais à la ferme) - Partager les perceptions des agriculteurs sur le RAS et les conditions pour développer des opportunités Pour le GPSNR, les objectifs sont les suivants ; - Recueillir des données sur les meilleures données probantes et les meilleures pratiques au niveau mondial, national et régional sur l'agroforesterie pour les systèmes de caoutchouc naturel. - Dans la mesure du possible, le matériel pédagogique rassemblé est à diffuser auprès des producteurs membres de APROMAC et de leurs communautés - Organiser des ateliers pilotes (Indonésie, Cambodge et ici Cote d'Ivoire) pour les petits exploitants membres du GPSNR et leurs communautés afin de présenter les concepts et les pratiques de l'agroforesterie.

The global objectives of this session with Sumatra rubber smallholders were the following: - To share technical information on current existing RAS in the world to illustrates examples of what if feasible. - To provide information to farmers and profit as well of their own experience and RAS (“RAS sendiri”). - To Identify constraints and opportunities to develop RAS in various socio-economic environment - To Identify RAS cropping patterns suitable to local famers. - To identify conditions for further potential actions (demo-plots, On-Farm Trials)

Natural rubber is considered a strategic material for the development of Sri Lanka by the Ministry for Plantations. In response to climate change, the country has adopted a policy focusing on resilience and sustainable development. It is in this context that Ksapa initiated the RIVER project in 2022, aiming to develop a program to strengthen agricultural capacity in Sri Lanka. To carry out this project, the company commissioned YAPI Expertise to provide agroforestry intercropping models based on rubber trees with good agronomic performance and economically of interest to producers to diversify their sources of income. The RIVER project is implemented in two districts in south-eastern Sri Lanka: Moneragala and Ampara. This study began with an analysis of the literature in order to select crops that could be intercropped with rubber. In parallel, 80 interviews, prepared by YAPI Expertise, were conducted in the field by a local organisation, LOAM. The aim of these interviews was to identify rubber intercrop models already implemented in the study areas and to understand the reasons why farmers adopted these models. The interviews were analysed statistically by MCA and Chi². By combining these with the literature review, the study established 5 models (Pineapple model, Cocoa model, Banana model, Passion fruit model, Soursop model) for several intercrops that could be planted with rubber, with potential for adoption by local farmers. Finally, selection criteria were established for each model. Both their strong and weak points are presented, since an effective model cannot rely on agronomic analysis alone and it will be essential to adapt the choice of crops to the local market and to farmers' needs.

Background: Worldwide coffee production, especially Arabica coffee, is threatened by climatic change, plants diseases and vulnerability of smallholders. Meanwhile, consumers' demand for socially and environmentally sustainable products is steadily increasing, driving the engagement of stakeholders in agro-ecological and social initiatives. Here we present a new organizational model, the “Coffee agroforestry business-driven cluster” (CaFC), which aims at preserving ecosystems while offering producers a fair income. Based on an original local micro value-chain dedicated to sustainable production of high-quality Arabica coffee under agroforestry systems, the CaFC model stands out by addressing the issues around plantation renovation, a crucial process that requires considerable investments from producers. Methods: Based on a pilot project in Nicaragua, we illustrate how the operational principles of CaFC can be applied in a real setting. Using data shared by key stakeholders involved in the project, we assess the profitability of the CaFC model by comparing different scenarios and applying sensitivity analysis. We then reflect on the reproducibility of the model in other contexts, building on lessons learned from ongoing implementations in Vietnam and Cameroon. Results: For producers renovating their plantations, the CaFC model consistently outperforms other scenarios, offering high quality premiums coupled with capacity building, access to highly productive varieties that perform well under agroforestry systems and adapted credit with favourable repayment schemes. Implementation in Vietnam and Cameroon show that the model can be successfully replicated with some adaptation to local contexts. These cases also highlight the importance of mutual interests, trust and communication in enabling collaboration between stakeholders. Conclusions: The CaFC model has great potential for positive environmental and economic impact and offers strong incentives for stakeholders invol

Description of the subject. Farmers' knowledge is a significant source of information about cultivated soil knowledge. Objectives. This paper focuses on farmers in the Alaotra Lake Region in Madagascar to identify their knowledge of the soil and soil fertility and to propose a conceptual framework for developing participatory approaches. Method. The methodology is based on surveys conducted with 100 farmers randomly selected within five Communes (villages) to (i) study their knowledge on soil, (ii) design local soil map, and (iii) identify local soil fertility assessment. For each task, an exploratory survey with non-directive individual interviews followed by more in-depth surveys with semi-directive individual interviews and restitution workshops were conducted. Results. The results revealed two types of local soil classifications according to toposequence. Twelve and nine local soil types were identified respectively in the southern zone and in the northern zone. Moreover, farmers used 14 main local indicators to assess the fertility of these soils. Farmers' soil classification was found to comply with previous pedological studies and even provided complementary details to the reference French Soil Classification (CPCS). Finally, the local soil fertility indicators have been proved to be identical to those used by other farmers in other countries and are scientifically validated to be effective. Conclusions. This paper offers a new conceptual framework that may be effective for agricultural development service and scientific research in other contexts. It provides a foundation for supporting a common language between farmers and researchers, one that may prove instrumental in future projects including the co-conception of sustainable, innovative agricultural practices.

Meeting 1 with CRRI (2/10/2023) A meeting was organized in CRRI Head Office Phnom Penh to discuss the possibilities of implementation of permanent agroforestry systems in Cambodia and their potential to favor adaptation to Climate Change and Climate marginality. GDR, RUA, WWF were invited to participate but only WWF could join the meeting. The agenda of the meeting was as follows: “Presentation of agroforestry options and patterns in the world”. * Discussion and selection of crops to be associated and patterns: In particular the double- spacing design to limit the number of trees/ha to comply with climatic constraints and limit risk of water competition. Various options have been discussed to frame what could be done in terms of agroforestry patterns. Double-spacing patterns with maximum 550 trees (rubber and associated fruit/timber trees). These designs will be then discussed with local farmers. CRRI mentioned their opinion about the difficulty for farmers to accept to decrease their rubber planting density below 555 rubber trees per hectare, the standard planting density of rubber monoculture in Cambodia. Meeting2 / Focus group with local rubber farmers in Mondulkiri in O arm village, Sre Kthum commune, Keo Seiwa district. Many farmers do practice intercropping with rubber in immature period with food crops (upland rice, mais, peanut, …) or pluriannual crops such as pineapple and banana. But for all farmers in Cambodia, there is no agroforestry practices during mature period as most of these farmers have worked in large estates, or have been trained for monoculture. Agroforestry patterns during mature period enable income diversification and a better economic resilience in particular facing volatile and low rubber price. We decided initially to focus only on potential agroforestry patterns during mature period using only double-spacing patterns.

Background: Worldwide coffee production, especially Arabica coffee, is threatened by climatic change, plants diseases and vulnerability of smallholders. Meanwhile, consumers' demand for socially and environmentally sustainable products is steadily increasing, driving the engagement of stakeholders in agro-ecological and social initiatives. Here we present a new organizational model, the “Coffee agroforestry business-driven cluster” (CaFC), which aims at preserving ecosystems while offering producers a fair income. Based on an original local micro value-chain dedicated to sustainable production of high-quality Arabica coffee under agroforestry systems, the CaFC model stands out by addressing the issues around plantation renovation, a crucial process that requires considerable investments from producers. Methods: Based on a pilot project in Nicaragua, we illustrate how the operational principles of CaFC can be applied in a real setting. Using data shared by key stakeholders involved in the project, we assess the profitability of the CaFC model by comparing different scenarios and applying sensitivity analysis. We then reflect on the reproducibility of the model in other contexts, building on lessons learned from ongoing implementations in Vietnam and Cameroon. Results: For producers renovating their plantations, the CaFC model consistently outperforms other scenarios, offering high quality premiums coupled with capacity building, access to highly productive varieties that perform well under agroforestry systems and adapted credit with favourable repayment schemes. Implementation in Vietnam and Cameroon show that the model can be successfully replicated with some adaptation to local contexts. These cases also highlight the importance of mutual interests, trust and communication in enabling collaboration between stakeholders. Conclusions: The CaFC model has great potential for positive environmental and economic impact and offers strong incentives for stakeholders invol

Background Some countries have historically developed rubber agroforestry practices: Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia (as jungle rubber, or later in Sri Lanka, China and India,. Other countries rely entirely on monoculture (Cambodia, Vietnam, Ivory Coast…..). Historically, jungle rubber was the first rubber cropping system very adapted to local conditions in Southeast Asia but with a low productivity (500 kg/ha/year). Since the 1980's Rubber Agroforestry Systems (RAS) are clone based RAS with a high rubber productivity (1300-1800 kg/ha/year) that replace gradually jungle rubber in Indonesia or are being developed beside monocultures. Objective The objective is to understand why some farmers have adopted agroforestry practices and identify what are the cultural, socio-economic, technical and political conditions necessary for such development. Methods We explored the existing bibliography in the top ten rubber producing countries and try to find genericity of RAS development. Results From 1910 to the 1970's, jungle rubber was widely adopted by poor farmers (no improved planting material nor inputs) in Southeast Asia. The implementation of rubber development projects brought in clonal planting material. Low productivity triggered the end of jungle rubber and boosted RAS development with clonal rubber associated with fruits, timber trees, vegetable, spices, Tea or resins such as Gaharu. Although rubber monoculture became the main rubber cropping system in many countries, some farmers reintroduced agroforestry practices in their rubber plots. Social role of agroforestry products, income diversification and positive externalities on soil, water and biodiversity were the main reasons for RAS adoption thanks to markets access (fruits in Thailand) and the great facility of rubber to be associated with other trees. In countries with no RAS history and where the development of the rubber smallholder sector was strongly linked to the agro-industrial plantations (Cambodia, Ivory C

Madagascar is one of the leader producer and exporter of lychee, clove and vanilla in the world. These three crops were introduced and developed on the east coast of Madagascar more than a century ago in the context of colonial agriculture. Since then, innovative complex agroforestry systems (AFS) were designed by smallholders that associate a high diversity of species and constitute the basis for the export of these products. In Atsinanana and Analanjirofo (literally : clove forest) regions, these AFS not only combine clove and lychee trees but also a high diversity of fruit and forest tree species, and herbaceous crops that are or have been of strategic economic importance such as vanilla, coffee or pepper. Some crops are also intended to feed the local market or the on-farm consumption as breadfruit, jackfruit, or sugarcane. Moreover these AFS provide a wide bunch of ecosystemic services for local population: the diversification process improves socio-economic resilience of vulnerable farmers by balancing incomes and providing numerous cultural, social and environmental services. The paper, based on numerous farm surveys and field observations in the areas of Toamasina and Fenerivo, proposes a typology of AFS, mainly characterized by structures (species composition and association) and practices. The diversity observed contributes significantly to the resilience of the socio-ecological system. In the future, the orientation of these socio-ecological systems toward more resilient trajectories will highly depend on the development of their capacities to reconcile the constraints of highly competitive international value chains such as lychee, clove or vanilla, which are greatly influenced by the demand located in developed and emerging countries, with the complexity of the existing systems.

The potential of natural rubber to contribute to climate change mitigation is often overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize available research, mainly from the results of a recent workshop organised by IRSG in collaboration with CIFOR/FTA, IRRDB and CIRAD. Studies have been conducted on the potential contribution of rubber plantations to climate change mitigation in diverse situations, generally focusing on carbon stocked in tree biomass above and below ground. 2 They show that rubber plantations constitute carbon stocks that can be compared to some agroforestry or forestry systems. However, the global GHG emissions balance needs to take into account the effects of conversion to rubber plantation, which is strictly dependent on the previous land use. Conversion of forests or swidden agriculture can lead to substantial carbon emissions especially if swidden agriculture displaced by rubber in turn translates to an area where it converts natural forest. Such studies show the importance of promoting the renewal of existing plantations and to increase productivity, in rubber and associated crops, to reduce the need for additional land. Rubber plantations can also be an effective mitigation measure on degraded lands. There is a considerable potential in use of rubber wood, largely untapped, that would reduce the need for additional wood collection in forests and for timber plantations. Finally, natural rubber and rubber wood can substitute other products highly dependent of fossil energies and are themselves carbon sinks.

The study took place in southern Thailand, in Phatthalung province, and is part of “Heveadapt,” a Franco-Thai research project. The aim of this project was to show how smallholder rubber plantations can adapt and remain sustainable in the face of variable climatic conditions and deep changes in socio-economic context. Among the various types of cropping systems, agroforestry practices were identified as promising. Rubber agroforestry systems (AFS) are economically more productive than rubber monocrop plantations and give more flexibility to smallholders, in particular when rubber prices are low, which has been the case since 2013. However, adoption of AFS during the mature period of the plantations is very low in Thailand. The policy to boost rubber agroforestry practices still needs to be developed with all local stakeholders. The objectives of the study were to identify the possibilities and capacities to use current AFS dynamic networks as a basis to set up a rubber agroforestry innovation platform. The research team studied: i) farmers' collective organizations, groups or networks with rubber AFS partially or entirely and ii) the social dynamic enabling the sharing of knowledge and know-how. An individual producer's grid, with original farmers or strong knowledge with ease of sharing, was also studied. The role of local institutions involved in the promotion of rubber AFS was also analyzed. This allowed us to design an innovation platform and to define activities that suit the socio-economic context of Phatthalung province. The main aims of the platform are to promote cooperation among innovative producers and the transmission between them of knowledge and know-how about rubber AFS. This could an efficient tool that Thai rubber institutions could set up to encourage the adoption of rubber AFS by farmers.

Latex is considered a strategic material for the development of the country by the Ministry of Plantation of Sri Lanka. In response to the climate change, the country has adopted a policy focused on resilience and sustainable development. It is in this context that Ksapa initiated in 2022 the RIVER project which will develop a program to strengthen agricultural capacity in Sri Lanka through a digital suite, SUTTI. To carry out this project, the company commissioned YAPI Expertise to provide intercropping models based on rubber trees that are agronomically "performant" and economically interesting for producers to diversify their income. The RIVER project takes place in two districts in south-eastern Sri Lanka: Moneragala and Ampara. This study was based on literature searches which enabled to select crops that could be intercropped with rubber. In parallel, 80 interviews, prepared by YAPI Expertise, were conducted on the field by a local organisation, LOAM. The aim of these interviews was to identify rubber intercrops models already implemented in the study areas and to understand the reasons why farmers adopted these intercrop models. The interviews were analysed statistically by MCA and Chi². Combined with the literature review, the study established 5 models (Pineapple model, Cocoa model, Banana model, Passion fruit model, Soursop model) proposing several intercrops that could be planted with rubber. Finally, choice criteria have been established for each model, presenting their strong and weak points.

Le café Arabica (Coffea arabica), essentiellement Catimor est une production de rente très importante pour les petits producteurs dans les provinces de Son La et Dien Bien (Nord du pays). Cette culture est très sensible aux maladies et aux changement climatiques. Le prix est également très lié à la qualité finale du produit Le projet BREEDCAFS/EU (BREEDing Coffee Agroforestry Systems, 2017-2021), vise à créer de nouvelles variétés hybrides de caféiers de qualité organoleptique supérieure et plus tolérantes aux changements climatiques dans des systèmes agroforestiers et les valoriser dans un système de développement appelé " CaFC ", ou “Coffee/Cocoa agroforestry Business driven clusters”. Le concept CaFC est basé sur une intégration des acteurs le long de la filière pour produite un café de meilleure qualité payé a un prix supérieur à celui du cours mondial et avec une productivité supérieure au Catimor actuel. Une enquête de caractérisation des systèmes productifs a été réalisée en 2019 par CIRAD/ICRAF/NOMAFSI sur 64 exploitations agricoles avec l'identification d'une typologie structurale. L'objectif de cette communication est de montrer les résultats et impacts d'une simulation technico-économique prospective sur l'introduction d'un système de culture agroforestier basé sur la variété hybride Starmaya dans les différentes types actuels d'exploitations agricoles aux acteurs de la filière et les performances potentielles du concept CaFc. Plusieurs scénarios sont testés avec le logiciel de modélisation Olympe (INRA/CIRAD/IAMM): i) 100 % des surfaces de caféiers sont replantées avec la variété Starmaya ; ii) 50% seulement et enfin iii) ajout de 0,5 ha de Starmaya. La modélisation a montré l'intérêt pour les producteurs de joindre un cluster et d'utiliser la starmaya avec cependant un risque sur l'investissement important et la nécessité d'un prix minimal à négocier.

In 1994 in the Sanggau/Sintang area in West Kalimantan province, most farmers relied mainly on jungle rubber, an old agroforestry system based on rubber seedling with low productivity, low establishment cost and low maintenance but high biomass and biodiversity. Most farmers at that period wanted to have access to clonal rubber planting material in order to improve their productivity (rubber clones do produce 3 times more than seedlings). The CIRAD/ICRAF/IRRI project called SRAP (Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry project) has set-up in 1994 on farm trials with 60 farmers in order to optimize clonal based new RAS according to local conditions and constraints. When SRAP started (1994/2007), the original objectives were multiple: i) to provide clone and high rubber productivity, ii) to maintain agroforestry practices to profit from positive externalities, and iii) to diversify income through timber, fruits, resins (Gaharu, Damar…) and other forest products (rattan, medicinal plants, forest vegetables etc). In 1997, came in the landscape oil palm estates though the very high and rapid development of private concessions. Oil palm became in the 2000's the main priority for most smallholders. Today, all forest and most local jungle rubber have disappeared to the profit of roughly 2/3 of the area planted with oil palm (estates and smallholder) and 1/3 with clonal rubber for smallholder, either in monoculture or agroforestry. In 2019, CIFOR/FTA program funded a mission to CIRAD to obtain information about the evolution of RAS trials plots evolution in the province of West Kalimantan. The survey provide an idea of the historical and current trend in terms of local farming strategies concerning agroforestry. It raised also the question of clonal planting material availability for replanting and the poor tapping quality that lead to a reduction of the clonal rubber lifespan. Evolution of trials status over the period1994/2019 display the following results: i) Conversion to oil pa