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1. Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

Author

Per A. Andersson, Irina Vartanova, Daniel Västfjäll, Gustav Tinghög, Pontus Strimling, Junhui Wu, Isabela Hazin, Charity S. Akotia, Alisher Aldashev, Giulia Andrighetto, Adote Anum, Gizem Arikan, Fatemeh Bagherian, Davide Barrera, Dana Basnight-Brown, Birzhan Batkeyev, Elizaveta Berezina, Marie Björnstjerna, Paweł Boski, Inna Bovina, Bui Thi Thu Huyen, Đorđe Čekrlija, Hoon-Seok Choi, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Rui Costa-Lopes, Mícheál de Barra, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Angela R. Dorrough, Nikolay Dvoryanchikov, Jan B. Engelmann, Hyun Euh, Xia Fang, Susann Fiedler, Olivia A. Foster-Gimbel, Márta Fülöp, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, C. M. Hew D. Gill, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Vladimir Gritskov, Katarzyna Growiec, Peter Halama, Andree Hartanto, Tim Hopthrow, Martina Hřebíčková, Dzintra Iliško, Hirotaka Imada, Hansika Kapoor, Kerry Kawakami, Narine Khachatryan, Natalia Kharchenko, Toko Kiyonari, Michal Kohút, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Norman P. Li, Zhuo Li, Kadi Liik, Angela T. Maitner, Bernardo Manhique, Harry Manley, Imed Medhioub, Sari Mentser, Pegah Nejat, Orlando Nipassa, Ravit Nussinson, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Minna Persson, Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Marianna Pogosyan, Jana Raver, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Sara Romanò, Pedro P. Romero, Inari Sakki, Alvaro San Martin, Sara Sherbaji, Hiroshi Shimizu, Brent Simpson, Erna Szabo, Kosuke Takemura, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Napoj Thanomkul, Habib Tiliouine, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Yannis Tsirbas, Sita Widodo, Rizqy Zein, Lina Zirganou-Kazolea, and Kimmo Eriksson

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.

Published
2024
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2. Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries

Author

Giulia Andrighetto, Aron Szekely, Andrea Guido, Michele Gelfand, Jered Abernathy, Gizem Arikan, Zeynep Aycan, Shweta Bankar, Davide Barrera, Dana Basnight-Brown, Anabel Belaus, Elizaveta Berezina, Sheyla Blumen, Paweł Boski, Huyen Thi Thu Bui, Juan Camilo Cárdenas, Đorđe Čekrlija, Mícheál de Barra, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Angela Dorrough, Jan B. Engelmann, Hyun Euh, Susann Fiedler, Olivia Foster-Gimbel, Gonçalo Freitas, Marta Fülöp, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, Colin Mathew Hugues D. Gill, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Katarzyna Growiec, Hirofumi Hashimoto, Tim Hopthrow, Martina Hřebíčková, Hirotaka Imada, Yoshio Kamijo, Hansika Kapoor, Yoshihisa Kashima, Narine Khachatryan, Natalia Kharchenko, Diana León, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Kadi Liik, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Angela T. Maitner, Pavan Mamidi, Michele McArdle, Imed Medhioub, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Sari Mentser, Francisco Morales, Jayanth Narayanan, Kohei Nitta, Ravit Nussinson, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Evgeny Osin, Seniha Özden, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Oleksandr Pereverziev, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Marianna Pogosyan, Jana Raver, Cecilia Reyna, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Sara Romanò, Pedro P. Romero, Inari Sakki, Angel Sánchez, Sara Sherbaji, Brent Simpson, Lorenzo Spadoni, Eftychia Stamkou, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Fiona Fira Winata, Rizqy Amelia Zein, Qing-peng Zhang, and Kimmo Eriksson

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.

Published
2024
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3. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Author

Kimmo Eriksson, Pontus Strimling, Michele Gelfand, Junhui Wu, Jered Abernathy, Charity S. Akotia, Alisher Aldashev, Per A. Andersson, Giulia Andrighetto, Adote Anum, Gizem Arikan, Zeynep Aycan, Fatemeh Bagherian, Davide Barrera, Dana Basnight-Brown, Birzhan Batkeyev, Anabel Belaus, Elizaveta Berezina, Marie Björnstjerna, Sheyla Blumen, Paweł Boski, Fouad Bou Zeineddine, Inna Bovina, Bui Thi Thu Huyen, Juan-Camilo Cardenas, Đorđe Čekrlija, Hoon-Seok Choi, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Rui Costa-Lopes, Mícheál de Barra, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Angela Dorrough, Nikolay Dvoryanchikov, Anja Eller, Jan B. Engelmann, Hyun Euh, Xia Fang, Susann Fiedler, Olivia A. Foster-Gimbel, Márta Fülöp, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, C. M. Hew D. Gill, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Vladimir Gritskov, Katarzyna Growiec, Peter Halama, Andree Hartanto, Tim Hopthrow, Martina Hřebíčková, Dzintra Iliško, Hirotaka Imada, Hansika Kapoor, Kerry Kawakami, Narine Khachatryan, Natalia Kharchenko, Ninetta Khoury, Toko Kiyonari, Michal Kohút, Lê Thuỳ Linh, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Norman P. Li, Zhuo Li, Kadi Liik, Angela T. Maitner, Bernardo Manhique, Harry Manley, Imed Medhioub, Sari Mentser, Linda Mohammed, Pegah Nejat, Orlando Nipassa, Ravit Nussinson, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Seniha Özden, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Minna S. Persson, Mpho Pheko, Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Marianna Pogosyan, Jana Raver, Cecilia Reyna, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Sara Romanò, Pedro P. Romero, Inari Sakki, Alvaro San Martin, Sara Sherbaji, Hiroshi Shimizu, Brent Simpson, Erna Szabo, Kosuke Takemura, Hassan Tieffi, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Napoj Thanomkul, Habib Tiliouine, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Yannis Tsirbas, Richard Wan, Sita Widodo, Rizqy Zein, Qing-peng Zhang, Lina Zirganou-Kazolea, and Paul A. M. Van Lange

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.

Published
2021
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4. Social axioms and coping strategies: the case of a Greek sample

Author

Aikaterini Gari and Penny Panagiotopoulou

Subjects
Social axioms, Social axioms dimensions, Coping strategies, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

Social axioms are individual assessments of psychological, social, material and spiritual reality expressed as generalized beliefs or assertions about the relationship between two entities or concepts. This study explores how social axioms are associated with coping styles in a Greek sample composed of students and adults. Previous studies of how social axioms are related to coping styles showed that Social Complexity predicted the coping style of problem solving, Fate Control predicted the strategies of distancing, and Social Cynicism predicted the wishful thinking coping processes. In the present study, the 82 item questionnaire version of the Social Axioms Survey (SAS) was employed, along with the Folkman and Lazarus questionnaire of coping styles adapted in the Greek language. Both questionnaires were administered to a sample of 192 individuals, of 48 men and 144 women, among whom 108 were adults and 84 were university students. The sample was composed by two age groups: young adults-students of age 18-30 years (43.8%) and adults of age 31-59 years (56.3%). The results showed that Social Cynicism was not correlated in any way with coping strategies; however, Social Complexity was significantly associated with problem solving strategies, and Fate control was also associated with wishful thinking and distancing coping strategies.

Published
2020
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5. Author Correction: Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Author

Kimmo Eriksson, Pontus Strimling, Michele Gelfand, Junhui Wu, Jered Abernathy, Charity S. Akotia, Alisher Aldashev, Per A. Andersson, Giulia Andrighetto, Adote Anum, Gizem Arikan, Zeynep Aycan, Fatemeh Bagherian, Davide Barrera, Dana Basnight-Brown, Birzhan Batkeyev, Anabel Belaus, Elizaveta Berezina, Marie Björnstjerna, Sheyla Blumen, Paweł Boski, Fouad Bou Zeineddine, Inna Bovina, Bui Thi Thu Huyen, Juan-Camilo Cardenas, Đorđe Čekrlija, Hoon-Seok Choi, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Rui Costa-Lopes, Mícheál de Barra, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Angela Dorrough, Nikolay Dvoryanchikov, Anja Eller, Jan B. Engelmann, Hyun Euh, Xia Fang, Susann Fiedler, Olivia A. Foster-Gimbel, Márta Fülöp, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, C. M. Hew D. Gill, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Vladimir Gritskov, Katarzyna Growiec, Peter Halama, Andree Hartanto, Tim Hopthrow, Martina Hřebíčková, Dzintra Iliško, Hirotaka Imada, Hansika Kapoor, Kerry Kawakami, Narine Khachatryan, Natalia Kharchenko, Ninetta Khoury, Toko Kiyonari, Michal Kohút, Lê Thuỳ Linh, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Norman P. Li, Zhuo Li, Kadi Liik, Angela T. Maitner, Bernardo Manhique, Harry Manley, Imed Medhioub, Sari Mentser, Linda Mohammed, Pegah Nejat, Orlando Nipassa, Ravit Nussinson, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Seniha Özden, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Minna S. Persson, Mpho Pheko, Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Marianna Pogosyan, Jana Raver, Cecilia Reyna, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Sara Romanò, Pedro P. Romero, Inari Sakki, Alvaro San Martin, Sara Sherbaji, Hiroshi Shimizu, Brent Simpson, Erna Szabo, Kosuke Takemura, Hassan Tieffi, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Napoj Thanomkul, Habib Tiliouine, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Yannis Tsirbas, Richard Wan, Sita Widodo, Rizqy Zein, Qing-peng Zhang, Lina Zirganou-Kazolea, and Paul A. M. Van Lange

Subjects
Science
Published
2021
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6. Personal and general belief in a just world and self-esteem in primary school students

Author

Penny Panagiotopoulou and Spyridoula Tatsi

Subjects
Secondary education, Higher education, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Self-esteem, 050109 social psychology, 050105 experimental psychology, Just-world hypothesis, Scale (social sciences), Personal belief, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Residence, business, Psychology, Social psychology, General Psychology, media_common
Abstract

According to the just world theory, individuals have the need to believe that the world is a fair and predictable place where good things happen to “good” people and bad things happen to “bad” people. Previous research on this theory has focused mainly on students of secondary education and higher education. The current study examines personal (PBJW) and general (GBJW) belief in a just world in 292 fifth and sixth-grade primary school students (Mage = 10.98, SD = 0.74) in Greece. It also investigates the effect of other demographic variables, such as grade, gender, and place of residence on self-esteem. Lastly, it explores the contribution of PBJW and GBJW to self-esteem. Students completed the Greek translation of the scales of General and Personal Belief in a Just World as well as a Self-Esteem Scale. The results indicated that students more strongly endorse PBJW than GBJW. Also, PBJW and children’s place of residence significantly predict self-esteem, indicating that the more the students feel they are treated fairly, the better their level of self-esteem.

Published
2021
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7. Author Correction: Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Author

Napoj Thanomkul, Giulia Andrighetto, Lina Zirganou-Kazolea, Hassan Tieffi, Zhuo Li, Hansika Kapoor, Richard Wan, Davide Barrera, Fouad Bou Zeineddine, Susann Fiedler, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, Anja Eller, Adote Anum, Vladimir Gritskov, Martina Hřebíčková, Jered Abernathy, Dana M. Basnight-Brown, Dzintra Iliško, Sita Widodo, Juan Camilo Cárdenas, Narine Khachatryan, Yang Li, Habib Tiliouine, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Katarzyna Growiec, Andree Hartanto, Márta Fülöp, Orlando Nipassa, Pegah Nejat, Jan B. Engelmann, N V Dvoryanchikov, Pontus Strimling, Angela Rachael Dorrough, Nneoma Gift Onyedire, Linda Mohammed, Seniha Özden, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Jana L. Raver, Hiroshi Shimizu, Per A. Andersson, Elizaveta Berezina, Mícheál de Barra, Anna Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Birzhan Batkeyev, Minna S. Persson, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Sara Romanò, Lisa M. Leslie, Hyun Euh, Norman P. Li, Qing peng Zhang, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Paweł Boski, Michal Kohút, Sylvie Graf, Olivia Foster-Gimbel, Sari Mentser, Bernardo Manhique, Alisher Aldashev, Ani Grigoryan, Ravit Nussinson, Michele J. Gelfand, Gizem Arikan, Marie Björnstjerna, Andreas Glöckner, Ninetta Khoury, Bui Thi Thu Huyen, Ike E. Onyishi, Inari Sakki, Toko Kiyonari, Hoon Seok Choi, Rizqy Amelia Zein, Alvaro San Martin, Junhui Wu, Đorđe Čekrlija, Kadi Liik, Brent Simpson, Erna Szabo, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Mpho M. Pheko, Inna Bovina, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, Yannis Tsirbas, Imed Medhioub, Kimmo Eriksson, Fatemeh Bagherian, Rui Costa-Lopes, Angela T. Maitner, Charity S. Akotia, Lê Thuỳ Linh, Natalia Kharchenko, Xia Fang, Peter Halama, Hirotaka Imada, Anabel Belaus, Zeynep Aycan, Lorena R. Perez-Floriano, Pedro Romero, Cecilia Reyna, Sara Sherbaji, Sheyla Blumen, Harry Manley, Kosuke Takemura, C. M.Hew D. Gill, Kerry Kawakami, Marianna Pogosyan, Tim Hopthrow, and Ricardo Borges Rodrigues

Subjects
Male, Value of Life, Norm (group), Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Violence, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Judgment, Human behaviour, Social Norms, Humans, Attention, Sociology, Author Correction, Social Behavior, Psychology and behaviour, Multidisciplinary, Negotiating, Published Erratum, Social Support, General Chemistry, Female, Perception, Comprehension, Humanities
Abstract

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.

Published
2021

8. Motivations and self-regulated learning in MOOCs.

Author

Ioanna, Mitsoula, Anthi, Karatrantou, Penny, Panagiotopoulou, and Christos, Panagiotakopoulos

Subjects
MASSIVE open online courses, MOTIVATION (Psychology), EXTRINSIC motivation, LEARNING strategies, PHYSIOLOGY education
Abstract

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) require learners to self-regulate their learning to achieve their goals. Due to MOOCs' learning autonomy, students must develop strong motivations for learning and self-regulated strategies. The aim of the present study is to investigate learners' motivations for learning and their self-regulated learning strategies which led some to successfully complete their MOOC, whereas others not. One-hundred-and-twenty (120) learners in xMOOCs, or Coursera-type-MOOCs, took part in the study by completing the MSL-Questionnaire. The results indicated that learners who had completed their MOOC had developed strong motivations of extrinsic orientation, task value, and high self-efficacy. Furthermore, they had used strategies of elaboration and of metacognitive self-regulation. They were able to manage their time and study environment and felt the obligation to keep on studying even when their learning object did not seem to have any interest on them. Finally, individual differences among the participants, such as gender, year of school graduation, reasons for participating in the MOOC, time for studying, and time dedicated to work per week were found to differentiate both motivations for learning and self-regulated learning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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12. Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study

Author

Klaus Boehnke, Erna Szabo, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Manfred Schmitt, Anu Realo, Lili Duan, Bert Overlaet, Márta Fülöp, Beng-Chong Lim, Lisa Art. Leslie, Rozhan Othman, Ronald Fischer, Patricia Márquez, Alessia D'Amato, Paweł Boski, Kibum Kim, Naharika Vohra, Peter B. Smith, Jakobina Arnadottir, Montse Ferrer, Lisa Hisae Nishii, Darius K.-S. Chan, Larisa Ponomarenko, Zeynep Aycan, Susumu Yamaguchi, James Georgas, Janetta Lun, Midori Toyama, Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Emiko S. Kashima, Lorena R. Perez-Florizno, Jana L. Raver, Alain Lempereur, Soon Ang, Evert Van de Vliert, Rosa Cabecinhas, Vidar Schei, Michele J. Gelfand, Yoshishima Kashima, Nalinee Taveesin, Karl Peltzer, Iris C. Fischlmayr, Nazar Soomro, Assaf Almaliach, Colleen Ward, Social Psychology, and Universidade do Minho

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Permissiveness, Social Values, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, Social value orientations, Autocracy, Conformity, Young Adult, Social Conformity, Cultural diversity, 0502 economics and business, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Social Behavior, media_common, Population Density, Behavior, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, Cultural Characteristics, Political Systems, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, Cross-cultural studies, SELF, Social Control, Formal, Social norms, Political economy, Government, Cultural rights, Female, 050203 business & management, Deviance (sociology), Social control, Tightness-looseness
Abstract

With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change., Supported by NSF grant 9910760 and U.S. Army Research Lab and Research Office grant W911NF-08-1-0144 (M.J.G.), Turkish Academy of Sciences (Z.A.), Polish Academy of Sciences (P. B.), Australian Research Council (Y.K.), and Estonian Ministry of Science (A. R.). We thank C. B. Bruss and R. Mohr for their help in preparing this manuscript.

Published
2011

13. Social Axioms in Greece: Etic and Emic Dimensions and their Relationships with Locus of Control

Author

Kostas Mylonas, Penny Panagiotopoulou, and Aikaterini Gari

Subjects
Religiosity, Cynicism, Locus of control, Emic and etic, Control (linguistics), Psychology, Social psychology, Economic Justice, Exploratory factor analysis, Axiom
Abstract

Two studies investigated emic and etic aspects of social axioms and their correlates. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis with Greek university students revealed five factors resembling the original structure presented by Leung and Bond (2004). There were also indications for a sixth factor comprising of some Reward for Application items and some Social Cynicism items, reflecting stereotypic beliefs about justice and success and the "just world" belief. Based on a Procrustean rotated solution, five salient factors were identified and they were also in line with the original structure. A "hit matrix" (Georgas & Mylonas, 2006) containing all possible Tucker Φ comparisons among the factor solutions for six countries— including Greece— supported factor equivalence. However, discrepancies were present for specific factors or specific countries, implying a possible need for emic items. This was attempted in Study 2, with 558 Greek students and 20 additional items for examining a culturally Greek approach to social axioms. The five social axiom dimensions were verified afresh, but an additional culture-specific factor of Social Cynicism stressing competition in human relations emerged. These six social axiom factors were correlated with locus of control. Based on canonical correla- tion functions, Religiosity and Social Cynicism were correlated, as expected, with External Locus of Control, and Reward for Application was correlated with Internal Locus of Control. These correlations were further supported by discriminant func- tion analyses, with an additional link between Fate Control and External Locus of Control.

Published
2009
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14. Greece

Author

Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Artemis Giotsa, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Aikaterini Gari, and Kostas Mylonas

Subjects
Social psychology (sociology), Anthropology, Sociology, Social science
Published
2006
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16. Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures

Author

Andrianna Viskochil, Sophie M. Lambert, Ly Sycip, Kaisa-Kitri Niit, Maria Cristina Ferreira, Nandita Chaudhary, Mihály Berkics, Dien Fakhri Iqbal, Félix Neto, Fons van deVijver, Adrian Furnham, Kimberly A. Noels, Klaus Boehnke, Fumio Murakami, Sujata Sriram, Iva Poláčková Šolcová, Xu Huang, Margareta Dinca, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Jianxin Zhang, Bilge Ataca, Rosnah Ismail, Kyung Ae Son, Jenny Kurman, Ram David Thein, Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Anna Laura Comunian, Ivars Austers, Andrew Mogaji, Al K. C. Au, Zainal A. Ahmed, Helena Hurme, David L. Sam, Nadezhda Lebedeva, Joseph O. T. Odusanya, Edgar W. Klinger, Günter Bierbrauer, Oksana Ponomareva, Colleen Ward, Silvia Campo, Toomas Niit, Jay J. Van Bavel, Luis Oceja, Michael Harris Bond, Muhammad Jahanzeb Khan, William E. Cabanillas, Márta Fülöp, Neharika Vohra, Markus Broer, Nino Javakhishvili, Charles Harb, Kwok Kit Tong, Steven M. Burgess, Mia Böling, Saba Safdar, Vijé Franchi, June Bernadette D’souza, Rosa Cabecinhas, Filip Boen, Kwok Leung, Guguli Magradze, Iva Stetovska, Lina Chen, Sharon Reimel de Carrasquel, Susumu Yamaguchi, Anjali Ghosh, Paulo Xavier, Theodore M. Singelis, J. Rees Lewis, Universidade do Minho, and Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Social Psychology, Social Axioms Survey, 05 social sciences, Cultural group selection, Social change, Collectivism, 050109 social psychology, Societal cynicism, Social value orientations, 050105 experimental psychology, Cynicism, Psicologia, Cultural dimensions, Social system, Anthropology, Psychology [Social sciences], Psicologia [Ciências sociais], Psychology, Dynamic externality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, Social axioms, Social psychology
Abstract

Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set., (undefined)

Published
2004

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