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The aim of this study was to investigate if videos created by teaching staff had a positive impact on student learning of integrative physiological concepts. Eighteen undergraduate students enrolle...

Cow’s milk is a naturally nutrient-dense foodstuff. A significant source of many essential nutrients, its inclusion as a component of a healthy balanced diet has been long recommended. Beyond milk’s nutritional value, an increasing body of evidence illustrates cow’s milk may confer numerous benefits related to health. Evidence from adult populations suggests that cow’s milk may have a role in overall dietary quality, appetite control, hydration and cognitive function. Although evidence is limited compared with the adult literature, these benefits may be echoed in recent paediatric studies. This article, therefore, reviews the scientific literature to provide an evidence-based evaluation of the associated health benefits of cow’s milk consumption in primary-school-aged children (4–11 years). We focus on seven key areas related to nutrition and health comprising nutritional status, hydration, dental and bone health, physical stature, cognitive function, and appetite control. The evidence consistently demonstrates cow’s milk (plain and flavoured) improves nutritional status in primary-school-aged children. With some confidence, cow’s milk also appears beneficial for hydration, dental and bone health and beneficial to neutral concerning physical stature and appetite. Due to conflicting studies, reaching a conclusion has proven difficult concerning cow’s milk and cognitive function; therefore, a level of caution should be exercised when interpreting these results. All areas, however, would benefit from further robust investigation, especially in free-living school settings, to verify conclusions. Nonetheless, when the nutritional-, physical- and health-related impact of cow’s milk avoidance is considered, the evidence highlights the importance of increasing cow’s milk consumption.

Post-exercise recovery is a multi-facetted process that will vary depending on the nature of the exercise, the time between exercise sessions and the goals of the exerciser. From a nutritional perspective, the main considerations are: (1) optimisation of muscle protein turnover; (2) glycogen resynthesis; (3) rehydration; (4) management of muscle soreness; (5) appropriate management of energy balance. Milk is approximately isotonic (osmolality of 280–290 mosmol/kg), and the mixture of high quality protein, carbohydrate, water and micronutrients (particularly sodium) make it uniquely suitable as a post-exercise recovery drink in many exercise scenarios. Research has shown that ingestion of milk post-exercise has the potential to beneficially impact both acute recovery and chronic training adaptation. Milk augments post-exercise muscle protein synthesis and rehydration, can contribute to post-exercise glycogen resynthesis, and attenuates post-exercise muscle soreness/function losses. For these aspects of recovery, milk is at least comparable and often out performs most commercially available recovery drinks, but is available at a fraction of the cost, making it a cheap and easy option to facilitate post-exercise recovery. Milk ingestion post-exercise has also been shown to attenuate subsequent energy intake and may lead to more favourable body composition changes with exercise training. This means that those exercising for weight management purposes might be able to beneficially influence post-exercise recovery, whilst maintaining the energy deficit created by exercise.

Comprising of two experiments, this study assessed the metabolic, endocrine and appetite-related responses to acute and chronic milk consumption in adolescent males (15–18 y). Eleven adolescents [mean ± SD age: 16.5 ± 0.9 y; BMI: 23.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2] participated in the acute experiment and completed two laboratory visits (milk vs. fruit-juice) in a randomized crossover design, separated by 7-d. Seventeen adolescents [age: 16.1 ± 0.9 y; BMI: 21.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2] completed the chronic experiment. For the chronic experiment, a parallel design with two groups was used. Participants were randomly allocated and consumed milk (n = 9) or fruit-juice (n = 8) for 28-d, completing laboratory visits on the first (baseline, day-0) and last day (follow-up, day-28) of the intervention phase. On laboratory visits (for both experiments), measures of appetite, metabolism and endocrine responses were assessed at regular intervals. In addition, eating behavior was quantified by ad libitum assessment under laboratory conditions and in the free-living environment by weighed food record. Acute milk intake stimulated glucagon (P = 0.027 [16.8 pg mL; 95% CI: 2.4, 31.3]) and reduced ad libitum energy intake relative to fruit-juice (P = 0.048 [−651.3 kJ; 95% CI: −1294.1, −8.6]), but was comparable in the free-living environment. Chronic milk intake reduced free-living energy intake at the follow-up visit compared to baseline (P = 0.013 [-1910.9 kJ; 95% CI: −554.6, −3267.2]), whereas the opposite was apparent for fruit-juice. Relative to baseline, chronic milk intake increased the insulin response to both breakfast (P = 0.031) and mid-morning milk consumption (P = 0.050) whilst attenuating blood glucose (P = 0.025). Together, these findings suggest milk consumption impacts favorably on eating behavior in adolescent males, potentially through integrated endocrine responses.

Consuming whey protein before a meal may reduce postprandial glucose excursions, however, optimising timing of supplementation is important to improve its clinical utility. A total of thirteen centrally obese, insulin-resistant males (waist circumference: 121 (sem 3) cm; homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR): 6·4 (sem 1·2)) completed four experimental conditions in a single-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed mixed-macronutrient breakfast and lunch meals on all occasions, with 20 g whey protein consumed 15 min before (PRE), alongside (DUR) or 15 min post-breakfast (POST) or omitted (CON). Capillary glucose and plasma concentrations of insulin, TAG and NEFA, in addition to subjective appetite ratings, were collected for 180 min after each meal. PRE and DUR reduced post-breakfast glucose peak by 17·0 (sem 1·9) % (Psem 2·9) % (P=0·046), respectively, compared with CON. Post-breakfast glucose AUC was lower following PRE compared with POST and CON (PRE: 982 (sem 30) v. POST: 1031 (sem 36) and CON: 1065 (sem 37) mmol/l×180 min; P≤0·042) but similar to DUR (1013 (sem 32) mmol/l×180 min; P=0·77). Insulin was lower during PRE, when compared with POST and DUR (both P≤0·042) but similar to CON. There were no between-condition differences in measures of postprandial lipaemia or appetite, and no effect of condition post-lunch. Consumption of whey protein as a preload or alongside a mixed-macronutrient breakfast reduces postprandial glucose excursions in centrally obese, insulin-resistant males. Whey consumed as a preload has superior glycaemic-lowering effects. Supplementation at breakfast does not alter glycaemic responses to subsequent meals.

Purpose - Protein consumption after resistance exercise potentiates muscle protein synthesis, but its effects on subsequent appetite in this context are unknown. This study examined appetite and energy intake following consumption of protein- and carbohydrate-containing drinks after resistance exercise.\ud \ud Methods - After familiarisation, 15 resistance training males (age 21 ± 1 years, body mass 78.0 ± 11.9 kg, stature 1.78 ± 0.07 m) completed two randomised, double-blind trials, consisting of lower-body resistance exercise, followed by consumption of a whey protein (PRO 23.9 ± 3.6 g protein) or dextrose (CHO 26.5 ± 3.8 g carbohydrate) drink in the 5 min post-exercise. An ad libitum meal was served 60 min later, with subjective appetite measured throughout. Drinks were flavoured and matched for energy content and volume. The PRO drink provided 0.3 g/kg body mass protein.\ud \ud Results - Ad libitum energy intake (PRO 3742 ± 994 kJ; CHO 4172 ± 1132 kJ; P = 0.007) and mean eating rate (PRO 339 ± 102 kJ/min; CHO 405 ± 154 kJ/min; P = 0.009) were lower during PRO. The change in eating rate was associated with the change in energy intake (R = 0.661, P = 0.007). No interaction effects were observed for subjective measures of appetite. The PRO drink was perceived as creamier and thicker, and less pleasant, sweet and refreshing (P < 0.05).\ud \ud Conclusion - These results suggest whey protein consumption after resistance exercise reduces subsequent energy intake, and this might be partially mediated by a reduced eating rate. Whilst this reduced energy intake is unlikely to impair hypertrophy, it may be of value in supporting an energy deficit for weight loss.

The aim of the present study was to establish the between-day reproducibility of fasting plasma GLP-17-36, glucagon, leptin, insulin and glucose, in lean and overweight/obese 8–11 year-old boys. A within-group study design was utilised wherein the boys attended two study days, separated by 1 week, where a fasting fingertip capillary blood sample was obtained. Deming regression, mean difference, Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA) and typical imprecision as a percentage coefficient of variation (CV %), were utilised to assess reproducibility between-days. On a group level, Deming regression detected no evidence of systematic or proportional bias between-days for all of the satiety-related analytes however, only glucose and plasma GLP-17-36 displayed low typical and random imprecision. When analysed according to body composition, good reproducibility was maintained for glucose in the overweight/obese boys and for plasma GLP-17-36, in those with lean body mass. The present findings demonstrate that the measurement of glucose and plasma GLP-17-36 by fingertip capillary sampling on a group level, is reproducible between-days, in 8–11 year-old boys. Comparison of blood glucose obtained by fingertip capillary sampling can be made between lean and overweight/obese 8–11 year-old boys. Presently, the comparison of fasting plasma GLP-17-36 according to body weight is inappropriate due to high imprecision observed in lean boys between-days. The use of fingertip capillary sampling in the measurement of satiety-related analytes has the potential to provide a better understanding of mechanisms that affect appetite and feeding behaviour in children.

Dietary analysis of Academy soccer players highlights that total energy and carbohydrate intakes are less than optimal, especially, on match-days. As UK Academy matches predominantly kick-off at ∼11:00 h, breakfast is likely the last pre-exercise meal and thus may provide an intervention opportunity on match-day. Accordingly, the physiological and performance effects of an increased calorie breakfast consumed ∼135-min before soccer-specific exercise was investigated. English Premier League Academy soccer players (n = 7) repeated a 90-min soccer match simulation on two occasions after consumption of habitual (Bhab; ∼1100 kJ) or increased (Binc; ∼2100 kJ) energy breakfasts standardised for macronutrient contributions (∼60% carbohydrates, ∼15% proteins and ∼25% fats). Countermovement jump height, sprint velocities (15-m and 30-m), 30-m repeated sprint maintenance, gut fullness, abdominal discomfort and soccer dribbling performances were measured. Blood samples were taken at rest, pre-exercise, half-time and every 15-min during exercise. Although dribbling precision (P = .522; 29.9 ± 5.5 cm) and success (P = .505; 94 ± 8%) were unchanged throughout all time-points, mean dribbling speed was faster (4.3 ± 5.7%) in Binc relative to Bhab (P = .023; 2.84 vs 2.75 m s−1). Greater feelings of gut fullness (67 ± 17%, P = .001) were observed in Binc without changes in abdominal discomfort (P = .595). All other physical performance measures and blood lactate and glucose concentrations were comparable between trials (all P > .05). Findings demonstrate that Academy soccer players were able to increase pre-match energy intake without experiencing abdominal discomfort; thus, likely contributing to the amelioration of energy deficits on match-days. Furthermore, whilst Binc produced limited benefits to physical performance, increased dribbling speed was identified, which may be of benefit to match-play.

Athletes obtain nutritional information from their coaches, yet their competency in this area is lacking. Currently, no research exists in the UK which has a different coach education system to many other countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sports nutrition knowledge of UK coaching certificate (UKCC) level 2 and 3, hockey and netball qualified coaches. All coaches (n = 163) completed a sports nutrition questionnaire to identify: (a) if they provided nutritional advice; (b) their level of sport nutrition knowledge; and (c) factors that may have contributed to their level of knowledge. Over half the coaches provided advice to their athletes (n = 93, 57.1%), even though they were not competent to do so. Coaches responded correctly to 60.3 ± 10.5% of all knowledge questions with no differences between those providing advice and those who did not (p > 0.05). Those coaches who had undertaken formal nutrition training achieved higher scores than those who had not (p < 0.05). In conclusion, UK sports coaches would benefit from continued professional development in sports nutrition to enhance their coaching practice.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:High calcium intakes enhance fat loss under restricted energy intake. Mechanisms explaining this may involve reduced dietary fat absorption, enhanced lipid utilization and (or) reductions in appetite. This study aimed to assess the impact of 2 weeks of calcium supplementation on substrate utilization during exercise and appetite sensations at rest.SUBJECTS/METHODS:Thirteen physically active males completed two 14-d supplemental periods, in a double-blind, randomized crossover design separated by a ⩾4-week washout period. During supplementation, a test-drink was consumed daily containing 400 and 1400 mg of calcium during control (CON) and high-calcium (CAL) periods, respectively. Cycling-based exercise tests were conducted before and after each supplemental period to determine substrate utilization rates and circulating metabolic markers (non-esterified fatty acid, glycerol, glucose and lactate concentrations) across a range of exercise intensities. Visual analog scales were completed in the fasting, rested state to determine subjective appetite sensations.RESULTS:No significant differences between supplements were observed in lipid or carbohydrate utilization rates, nor in circulating metabolic markers (both P>0.05). Maximum rates of lipid utilization were 0.47±0.05 and 0.44±0.05 g/min for CON and CAL, respectively, prior to supplementation and 0.44±0.05 and 0.42±0.05 g/min, respectively, post-supplementation (main effects of time, supplement and time x supplement interaction effect all P>0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in any subjective appetite sensations (all P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Two weeks of calcium supplementation does not influence substrate utilization during exercise in physically active males.

Electronic capture of free-living subjective appetite data can provide a more reliable alternative to traditional pen and paper visual analogue scales (PP VAS), whilst reducing researcher workload. Consequently, the aim of this study was to explore the agreement between PP VAS and a wristwatch-based electronic appetite rating system known as the PRO-Diary© technique, for monitoring free-living appetite sensations in 7-10 year old children. On one occasion, using a within-subject design, the 12 children (n=6 boys; n=6 girls) recorded their subjective appetite (hunger, prospective food consumption, and fullness), at two time points before lunch (11:30 and 12:00) and every 60 min thereafter until 21:00. The agreement between the PP VAS and PRO-Diary© technique was explored using 95% limits of agreement and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) calculated using the Bland and Altman (1986) technique. For hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness, the 95% limits of agreement were -1±25 mm (95% CI: lower limit -8mm; upper limit +6mm), 0±21 mm (95% CI: lower limit -6mm; upper limit +6mm) and -6±24 mm (95% CI: lower limit -14 mm; upper limit +1mm), respectively. Given the advantages associated with electronic data capture (inexpensive; integrated alarm; data easily downloaded), we conclude that the PRO-Diary© technique is an equivalent method to employ when continuously monitoring free-living appetite sensations in 7-10 year old children, but should not be used interchangeably with PP VAS.

The purpose of this research was to inform primary school nutritional policy by identifying which mid-morning snack would be more beneficial to consume from an appetite control perspective. During morning break 14 girls and 11 boys were provided with 160 ml of semi-skimmed milk or 153 g of apple in a randomised crossover manner. Visual analogue scales were used to record hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness, immediately before and after breakfast, immediately before and after the mid-morning snack, and every 60 min until 21:00 on each day. School dinner/packed lunch energy intakes were assessed 90 min following the mid-morning snacks, in addition to evening energy intake. Children felt less hungry and could eat less when apple was consumed, however lunch and evening energy intakes were not different. Fluctuations in appetite did not translate into differences in energy intake therefore both milk and fruit should be promoted as mid-morning snacks in primary schools.

Aim: This review aims to determine if acute exercise affects subsequent energy and macronutrients intake in obese and non-obese children and adolescents.\ud \ud Methods: Databases were searched between January 2015 and December 2015 for studies reporting energy and/or macronutrients intake immediately after an acute exercise and control condition, in children and adolescents. From the initial 118 references found, 14 were included for subsequent analysis after screening representing 31 acute exercise conditions that varied in intensity, duration and modality.\ud \ud Results: One study found increased energy intake after exercise, seven decreased and 23 revealed no change. The meta-analysis revealed a significant effect of acute exercise on intake in obese but not in lean youth by a mean difference of −0.430 (95% confidence interval=−0.703 to −0.157, P=0.002) displaying low heterogeneity (I2=0.000; Q=5.875; df=9, P=0.752). The analysis showed that intense exercise only reduces intake in obese children (no intensity effect in lean). Unchanged macronutrients intake was reported in nine studies as opposed to three which found modified lipids, protein and/or carbohydrate intake.\ud \ud Conclusion: Although acute exercise does not affect energy intake in lean, it appears to reduced food intake in obese youth when intense, without altering the macronutrients composition of the meal.

The acute effects of active and seated video gaming on energy intake (EI), blood glucose, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17–36) and subjective appetite (hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness) were examined in 8–11-year-old boys. In a randomised, crossover manner, twenty-two boys completed one 90-min active and one 90-min seated video gaming trial during which food and drinks were provided ad libitum. EI, plasma GLP-17–36, blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured during and following both trials. Time-averaged AUC blood glucose was increased (P=0·037); however, EI was lower during active video gaming (1·63 (sem 0·26) MJ) compared with seated video gaming (2·65 (sem 0·32) MJ) (P=0·000). In a post-gaming test meal 1 h later, there were no significant differences in EI between the active and seated gaming trials. Although estimated energy expenditure was significantly higher during active video gaming, there was still no compensation for the lower EI. At cessation of the trials, relative EI (REI) was significantly lower following active video gaming (2·06 (sem 0·30) MJ) v. seated video gaming (3·34 (sem 0·35) MJ) (P=0·000). No significant differences were detected in time-averaged AUC GLP-17–36 or subjective appetite. At cessation of the active video gaming trial, EI and REI were significantly less than for seated video gaming. In spite of this, the REI established for active video gaming was a considerable amount when considering the total daily estimated average requirement for 8–11-year-old boys in the UK (7·70 MJ).

Calcium intake is likely to increase body fat loss during energy restriction. Part of this effect may be explained by increased fat oxidation in the presence of a similar energy balance, yet studies have not provided a conclusive answer. Therefore a meta-analysis was performed to determine whether chronic or acute high calcium intake increases fat oxidation. Randomized controlled trials of high calcium intake in human adults where measures of fat oxidation were taken were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on outcomes expressed as standardized mean differences. Chronic high calcium intake increased fat oxidation by a standardized mean difference of 0.42 (95% confidence intervals: 0.14, 0.69; P= 0.003; estimated to correspond to an 11% increase), displaying low heterogeneity (I(2) = 18%), which was more prominent when habitual calcium intake was low (

One-day transition to university workshops have been successful in enhancing peer networks. This study aimed to influence the transition from a Foundation Degree to a third year Undergraduate Degree programme through the use of peer led workshops. Two 2-hour workshops were planned and delivered by five previous students of the Foundation Degree, all of whom were completing their third year of an Undergraduate Degree. The workshops were delivered to 19 current Foundation Degree students. Visual analogue scales exploring students’ feelings and knowledge of the third year were administered prior to the first workshop, immediately after the second workshop and three months following the second workshop. Quantitative analyses found that the peer led workshops enhanced learners knowledge regarding course options, the third year project, module options and location of the universities sports science department. There was also a feeling of increased apprehensiveness following the peer led workshops. The transitio...

Free-living energy intake and subjective appetite were monitored in a group of eleven 13-15-year old trained adolescent netball players. During preliminary visits, a FLEX heart rate calibration and resting metabolic test were conducted. Heart rate data were collected during a netball exercise session and sedentary period and during the waking hours of all study days, to enable exercise-induced and 24-h energy expenditure to be quantified. The girls completed two 5-day treatment weeks, interspersed with a 2-week 'wash out' period. A 47-min bout of netball exercise or an equivalent sedentary period was carried out on day 3 of each treatment week. Energy intake was measured over each 5-day period using a combined self-reported, weighed, food diary and 24-h recall interview technique. Subjective appetite (hunger, prospective food consumption, fullness) and mood were rated by subjects immediately before and after meals each day, and before and after the netball exercise and the sedentary period. Forty eight hour energy intake was significantly higher following the netball exercise compared to the sedentary period. The girls felt significantly more hungry immediately following the netball exercise compared to immediately before. In conclusion, a single intermittent exercise bout alters subsequent appetite and energy intake in trained 13-15-year old girls.

The present study examined the acute effects of active gaming on energy intake (EI) and appetite responses in 8–11-year-old boys in a school-based setting. Using a randomised cross-over design, twenty-one boys completed four individual 90-min gaming bouts, each separated by 1 week. The gaming bouts were (1) seated gaming, no food or drink; (2) active gaming, no food or drink; (3) seated gaming with food and drink offered ad libitum; and (4) active gaming with food and drink offered ad libitum. In the two gaming bouts during which foods and drinks were offered, EI was measured. Appetite sensations – hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness – were recorded using visual analogue scales during all gaming bouts at 30-min intervals and at two 15-min intervals post gaming. In the two bouts with food and drink, no significant differences were found in acute EI (MJ) (P=0·238). Significant differences were detected in appetite sensations for hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness between the four gaming bouts at various time points. The relative EI calculated for the two gaming bouts with food and drink (active gaming 1·42 (sem 0·28) MJ; seated gaming 2·12 (sem 0·25) MJ) was not statistically different. Acute EI in response to active gaming was no different from seated gaming, and appetite sensations were influenced by whether food was made available during the 90-min gaming bouts.

Collecting accurate and reliable nutritional data from adolescent populations is challenging, with current methods providing significant under-reporting. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of a combined dietary data collection method (self-reported weighed food diary, supplemented with a 24-h recall) when compared to researcher observed energy intake in male adolescent soccer players. Twelve Academy players from an English Football League club participated in the study. Players attended a 12 h period in the laboratory (08:00 h–20:00 h), during which food and drink items were available and were consumed ad libitum. Food was also provided to consume at home between 20:00 h and 08:00 h the following morning under free-living conditions. To calculate the participant reported energy intake, food and drink items were weighed and recorded in a food diary by each participant, which was supplemented with information provided through a 24-h recall interview the following morning. Linear regression, limits of agreement (LOA) and typical error (coefficient of variation, CV) were used to quantify agreement between observer and participant reported 24-h energy intake. Difference between methods was assessed using a paired samples t-test. Participants systematically under-reported energy intake in comparison to that observed (p &lt, 0.01) but the magnitude of this bias was small and consistent (mean bias = −88 kcal·day−1, 95% CI for bias = −146 to −29 kcal·day−1). For random error, the 95% LOA between methods ranged between −1.11 to 0.37 MJ·day−1 (−256 to 88 kcal·day−1). The standard error of the estimate was low, with a typical error between measurements of 3.1%. These data suggest that the combined dietary data collection method could be used interchangeably with the gold standard observed food intake technique in the population studied providing that appropriate adjustment is made for the systematic under-reporting common to such methods.

According to national survey data, dairy food consumption has fallen in recent years and declines further with age, especially from childhood to adolescence. Dietary surveys typically rely on retrospective dietary assessment methods and use broad age groupings (4-10 yr; 11-18 yr), making it challenging to differentiate between middle-childhood and adolescence. Consequently, there is a need to assess dairy food consumption during middle-childhood and adolescence using more robust dietary assessment tools. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare patterns of dairy consumption throughout middle-childhood and adolescence. Dairy food consumption was assessed during school term-time over 4 consecutive days, including 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days, in a sample of free-living children (9-11 yr, n=40) and adolescents (15-18 yr, n=35). For children, free-living dairy intake was evaluated through parental-weighed food records, and for adolescents, a combined weighed self-reported food record and 24-h dietary recall technique was utilized. Food records were explored to determine types, amounts, and frequency of dairy food consumption, and were analyzed for differences between middle-childhood and adolescence using a between group 2×2 (age×sex) ANOVA. Descriptive data suggested that milk was the most popular dairy product consumed by both children and adolescents. Statistical analysis revealed a main effect for sex on total milk consumption (mL) and number of daily milk portions consumed. No interaction or main effect was present for any other variable. The present study indicates that independent of age, boys consumed greater amounts of milk compared with girls. Contrary to existing literature, findings suggest no difference in milk-based dairy consumption between middle-childhood and adolescence.

Background: Patients with type 1 diabetes face heightened risk of hypoglycemia after exercise. Subsequent overfeeding, as a preventative measure against hypoglycemia, negates the energy deficit after exercise. Patients are also required to reduce the insulin dose administered with postexercise foods to further combat hypoglycemia. However, the insulin dose is dictated solely by the carbohydrate content, even though postprandial glycemia is vastly influenced by glycemic index (GI). With a need to control the postexercise energy balance, appetite responses after meals differing in GI are of particular interest. \ud \ud Objectives: We assessed the appetite response to a low–glycemic index (LGI) and high–glycemic index (HGI) postexercise meals in type 1 diabetes patients. This assessment also offered us the opportunity to evaluate the influence of GI on appetite responses independent of insulinemia, which confounds findings in individuals without diabetes. \ud \ud Design: Ten physically active men with type 1 diabetes completed 2 trials in a randomized crossover design. After 45 min of treadmill exercise at 70% of the peak oxygen uptake, participants consumed an LGI (GI ∼37) or HGI (GI ∼92) meal with a matched macronutrient composition, negligible fiber content, and standardized insulin-dose administration. The postprandial appetite response was determined for 180 min postmeal. During this time, circulating glucose, insulin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations and subjective appetite ratings were determined. \ud \ud Results: The HGI meal produced an ∼60% greater postprandial glucose area under the curve (AUC) than with the LGI meal (P = 0.008). Insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 did not significantly differ between trials (P > 0.05). The fullness AUC was ∼25% greater after the HGI meal than after the LGI meal (P < 0.001), whereas hunger sensations were ∼9% lower after the HGI meal than after the LGI meal (P = 0.001). \ud \ud Conclusion: Under conditions of matched insulinemia and fiber, an HGI postexercise meal suppresses feelings of hunger and augments postprandial fullness sensations more so than an otherwise equivalent LGI meal in type 1 diabetes patients. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02208115.

Background: Prior evidence suggests that high-calcium intake influences postprandial appetite and insulinemia, possibly due to elevated incretins. In vitro and ex vivo models demonstrate that extracellular calcium and protein synergistically enhance secretion of incretins. This is yet to be shown in humans.Objective: This study was designed to assess energy intake compensation in response to protein and calcium ingestion.Methods: Twenty healthy adults (13 men; 7 women) completed 4 trials in a randomized, double-blind crossover design separated by ≥48 h. During the trials, each participant consumed a low-calcium and low-protein control preload [(CON); 4 g and 104 mg, respectively], a high-protein preload (PRO; 29 g), a high-calcium preload (CAL; 1170 mg), or a high-protein and high-calcium preload (PROCAL). Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after preload ingestion to determine insulin and incretin hormone concentrations. Energy intake was assessed by a homogenous test meal 60 min after the preload. Visual analog scales were completed immediately before blood sampling to assess subjective appetite sensations.Results: Relative to the CON, the PRO produced 100% (95% CI: 85, 115) energy compensation, whereas the CAL produced significant overcompensation [118% (95% CI: 104, 133)], which was significantly more positive than with the PRO (P < 0.05). The PROCAL resulted in energy compensation of 109% (95% CI: 95, 123), which tended to be greater than with the PRO (P = 0.06). The mean difference in appetite sensations relative to the CON was not significantly different between the PRO (−3; 95% CI: −8 to 3 mm), CAL (−5; 95% CI: −9 to 0 mm), and PROCAL (−5; 95% CI: −10 to −1) (P > 0.05).Conclusions: The addition of protein to a preload results in almost perfect energy compensation, whereas the addition of calcium, with or without protein, suppresses appetite and produces overcompensation of subsequent energy intake. The role of circulating insulin and incretin concentrations in these responses, however, remains unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01986036.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of skimmed milk as a recovery drink following moderate–vigorous cycling exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy, female recreational exercisers. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, nine female recreational exercisers (19.7 ± 1.3 years) completed a V̇O2peak test followed by two main exercise trials. The main trials were conducted following a standardised breakfast. Following 30 min of moderate-vigorous exercise (65% V̇O2peak), either 600 mL of skimmed milk or 600 mL of orange drink (475 mL orange juice from concentrate, 125 mL water), which were isoenergetic (0.88 MJ), were ingested, followed 60 min later with an ad libitum pasta meal. Absolute energy intake was reduced 25.2% ± 16.6% after consuming milk compared to the orange drink (2.39 ± 0.70 vs. 3.20 ± 0.84 MJ, respectively, p = 0.001). Relative energy intake (in relation to the energy content of the recovery drinks and energy expenditure) was significantly lower after milk consumption compared to the orange drink (1.49 ± 0.72 vs. 2.33 ± 0.90 MJ, respectively, p = 0.005). There were no differences in AUC (× 1 h) subjective appetite parameters (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) between trials. The consumption of skimmed milk following 30 min of moderate-vigorous cycling exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers.

Pulmonary function is thought to be influenced by a variety of dietary factors and more recently the ingestion of fluids. Specifically, recent evidence suggests that the ingestion of a large volume of fluid (~750 mL) decreased resting pulmonary function However, it is unknown whether factors other than volume (i.e. drink temperature) influenced the effect of fluid ingestion on airway function. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of both the volume and temperature of fluid ingestion on pulmonary function in recreationally active individuals. METHODS: Eight, healthy, recreationally active individuals completed a randomised, crossover study design consisting of four experimental trials. On separate occasions (separated by >=2 d) participants visited the laboratory after an overnight fast to complete an experimental trial consisting of the ingestion of: 500 mL cold-temperature [CT] (~2°C) water, 500 mL room-temperature [RT] (~18°C) water, 1000 mL CT (~2°C) water or 1000 ml RT (~18°C) water. Pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75%) was assessed pre-ingestion and at 1, 5, 10 and 15 min post-ingestion. The maximum percentage fall in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) from the pre-ingestion to the post-ingestion value was calculated to provide an index of airway narrowing. RESULTS: The ingestion of 1000 mL of CT water resulted in a group mean decrease in FEV1 of 7 ± 3% which was significantly reduced compared to 500 mL CT water (2 ± 1%, p=0.005), 500 mL RT water (1 ± 2%, p=0.002) and 1000 mL RT water (3 ± 3%, p=0.002). The maximum reduction in FEV1 following the ingestion of 1000 ml CT was 9 ± 3% and was significantly decreased compared to the 500 mL CT (3 ± 2%, p=0.036) and RT (3 ± 2%, p=0.004) drink. The ingestion of 1000 mL of CT water caused a significant reduction in FVC (7 ± 4%) compared to 500 mL CT water (2 ± 2%, p=0.006), 500 mL RT water (2 ± 2%, p=0.025) and 1000 mL RT water (4 ± 4%, p=0.031). CONCLUSION: The ingestion of a cold, large drink decreased pulmonary function in healthy, active individuals compared to both small volumes of cold and room temperature drinks and a large room temperature drink. These findings suggest an important link between temperature and volume of fluid intake on airway function and should be considered in relation to fluid intake strategies pre-, during, and post-exercise.

This study examined the agreement between fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous measures of appetite-related peptides. Simultaneous fingertip-capillary and antecubital-venous blood samples were collected from 19 participants. The samples were obtained at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min following breakfast for the determination of plasma GLP17–36, glucagon, insulin and leptin. Between-day reproducibility of fingertip-capillary-derived estimates was assessed in 18 participants. Deming regression, limits of agreement (LOA) and typical error as a coefficient of variation (CV) were used to quantify agreement (CVa) and reproducibility (CVr). Deming regression revealed no systematic bias for any of the analytes studied, but for insulin there was evidence of a proportional difference at higher concentrations. Measures of GLP17–36 (CVa=24.0%, LOA ±2.5 pg m/l per h), leptin (CVa=9.0%, LOA ×/÷1.19) and glucagon (CVa=21.0%, LOA, ±31.5 pg m/l per h) revealed good agreement between methodological approaches. Fingertip-capillary glucagon was highly reproducible between days (CVr=8.2%). GLP17–36 and leptin demonstrated modest reproducibility (CVr=22.7 and 25.0% respectively). For insulin, agreement (CVa=36.0%, LOA ×/÷1.79) and reproducibility were poor (CVr=36.0%). Collectively, the data demonstrate that fingertip-capillary blood sampling provides a comparable and reproducible alternative to antecubital-venous blood sampling for the quantification of glucagon, and to a lesser extent for GLP17–36 and leptin. Caution should be exercised when utilising fingertip-capillary blood sampling for insulin quantification, and consequently should not be employed interchangeably with antecubital-venous blood sampling.

Objective: In the laboratory, active gaming has been shown to increase physical activity levels in children compared with seated media activities. The information is sparse, however, about children's real life active gaming practices, and the laboratory protocols used thus far might not be representative. The purpose of the present study was to establish the sociodemographic characteristics, real life active gaming practices, and reasons for gameplay, to later inform intervention studies.\ud \ud Materials and Methods: An “Active Gaming Questionnaire” was purposely developed and distributed to 44 7–11-year-old children and their parents. Forty questionnaires were completed and returned.\ud \ud Results: Analysis found 95 percent of the children had access to active gaming consoles “at home.” The favorite console was the Nintendo (Kyoto, Japan) Wii™, and the favorite game was Nintendo “Wii Sports.” The majority of children frequently played active games against other people. The average reported gameplay time was 81 minutes on 1–2 days per week, usually on a Saturday. More than half of the children (52.5 percent) consumed foods and/or drinks during play, which was significantly associated (P=0.000) with an extended average gameplay time (increased by 25 minutes). The majority of participants (65 percent) considered active gaming to be an alternative form of exercise, and main reasons for active videogame play included for entertainment, health benefits, and the environment.\ud \ud Conclusions: In conclusion, children 9.3±1.4 years old typically play Nintendo “Wii Sports,” once or twice per week for 81 minutes. Reported active gameplay time is extended by 25 minutes when food and/or drinks are consumed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the calcium content of a high-carbohydrate, pre-exercise meal on substrate metabolism and appetite sensations before, during, and after exercise. Nine active males participated in 2 trials in a double-blind, randomised, crossover design. After consuming a high carbohydrate (1.5 g·kg−1 of body mass) breakfast with a calcium content of either 3 (control trial) or 9 mg·kg−1 of body mass (high milk-calcium (CAL)), participants ran at 60% peak oxygen uptake for 60 min. Following exercise, a recovery drink was consumed and responses were investigated for a further 90 min. Blood and expired gas were sampled throughout to determine circulating substrate and hormone concentrations and rates of substrate oxidation. Visual analogue scales were also administered to determine subjective appetite sensations. Neither whole-body lipid oxidation nor non-esterified fatty acid availability differed between trials. The area under the curve for the first hour following breakfast consumption was 16% (95% confidence interval: 0%–35%) greater for fullness and 10% (95% confidence interval: 2%–19%) greater for insulin in the CAL trial but these differences were transient and not apparent later in the trial. This study demonstrates that increasing the calcium content of a high carbohydrate meal transiently increases insulinemia and fullness but substrate metabolism is unaffected.

This study explored 5-day regulation of exercise-induced energy expenditure, energy intake, and hormonal appetite, via acylated ghrelin, after acute exercise. Using a randomized crossover design, 10 female adolescents (13–15 years old) completed two 7-day treatment weeks (2 days of maintenance, 1 day of treatment, and a 4-day follow-up), interspersed with a 1-week period. On day 3, 47 min of netball-based exercise or sedentary activity was imposed with a test meal 1 h later. Measures of energy expenditure, subjective appetite, test meal energy intake, plasma acylated ghrelin, insulin, and glucose were taken during this period. Energy intake compensation for the exercise period was calculated. Four-day follow-up measures were daily subjective appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy balance. Girls felt more full 20 min during the netball-based exercise bout compared with sedentary activity (87 ± 15 mm vs. 75 ± 24 mm). An energy intake compensation of 27% was identified for the netball-based exercise. Compared with immediately before exercise or sedentary activity, plasma acylated ghrelin was elevated 45 min after netball (103.8 ± 56.9 pg·mL−1 vs. 85.7 ± 26.9 pg·mL−1; n = 7) and sedentary activity (98.2 ± 27.1 pg·mL−1 vs. 60.8 ± 33.5 pg·mL−1; n = 7) but not different between treatments. Adolescent girls (13–15 years old) only partially compensated for the netball-based exercise-induced energy expenditure. The effect of exercise on appetite needs to be further explored in adolescents, whereby nutritional behaviour is tracked for more than 1 week to investigate full compensation for acute exercise.

The present study examined the impact of breakfast and exercise on postprandial metabolism, appetite and macronutrient balance. A sample of twelve (blood variables n 11) physically active males completed four trials in a randomised, crossover design comprising a continued overnight fast followed by: (1) rest without breakfast (FR); (2) exercise without breakfast (FE); (3) breakfast consumption (1859 kJ) followed by rest (BR); (4) breakfast consumption followed by exercise (BE). Exercise was continuous, moderate-intensity running (expending approximately 2·9 MJ of energy). The equivalent time was spent sitting during resting trials. A test drink (1500 kJ) was ingested on all trials followed 90 min later by an ad libitum lunch. The difference between the BR and FR trials in blood glucose time-averaged AUC following test drink consumption approached significance (BR: 4·33 (sem 0·14) v. FR: 4·75 (sem 0·16) mmol/l; P= 0·08); but it was not different between FR and FE (FE: 4·77 (sem 0·14) mmol/l; P= 0·65); and was greater in BE (BE: 4·97 (sem 0·13) mmol/l) v. BR (P= 0·012). Appetite following the test drink was reduced in BR v. FR (P= 0·006) and in BE v. FE (P= 0·029). Following lunch, the most positive energy balance was observed in BR and least positive in FE. Regardless of breakfast, acute exercise produced a less positive energy balance following ad libitum lunch consumption. Energy and fat balance is further reduced with breakfast omission. Breakfast improved the overall appetite responses to foods consumed later in the day, but abrogated the appetite-suppressive effect of exercise.

The present study aimed to investigate the reliability of metabolic and subjective appetite responses under fasted conditions and following consumption of a cereal-based breakfast. Twelve healthy, physically active males completed two postabsorption (PA) and two postprandial (PP) trials in a randomised order. In PP trials a cereal based breakfast providing 1859 kJ of energy was consumed. Expired gas samples were used to estimate energy expenditure and fat oxidation and 100 mm visual analogue scales were used to determine appetite sensations at baseline and every 30 min for 120 min. Reliability was assessed using limits of agreement, coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass coefficient of correlation and 95% confidence limits of typical error. The limits of agreement and typical error were 292.0 and 105.5 kJ for total energy expenditure, 9.3 and 3.4 g for total fat oxidation and 22.9 and 8.3 mm for time-averaged AUC for hunger sensations, respectively over the 120 min period in the PP trial. The reliability of energy expenditure and appetite in the 2 h response to a cereal-based breakfast would suggest that an intervention requires a 211 kJ and 16.6 mm difference in total postprandial energy expenditure and time-averaged hunger AUC to be meaningful, fat oxidation would require a 6.7 g difference which may not be sensitive to most meal manipulations.

The accuracy of a combined dietary data collection method (self-reported, weighed food diary and 24-h recall technique) in 13 female, adolescent netball players (14-16 years) was explored. The girls were observed for a 12 h period (08:00-20:00), during which food and drink items were available ad libitum throughout the day and for the period between 20:00 and 08:00 the following morning. All items were covertly weighed before and after consumption to calculate observed energy intake. To calculate participant reported energy intake, food and drink items were weighed and recorded in a food diary by the participants, which was then supplemented with information from the 24-h recall the following morning. Agreement between observed and participant reported energy intake was calculated using the Bland and Altman technique. The mean difference between observed and participant reported energy intake was 0.46 MJ d(-1) (change in mean of 4.2%) indicating a slight bias towards over-reporting using the combined dietary data collection method. There was good agreement at the group level with the confidence interval for bias ranging from 0.00 to 0.92 MJ d(-1). The combined dietary data collection method is an effective technique to employ in 14-16-year old, female adolescent netball players when quantifying energy intake.

PURPOSE: Resting pulmonary function (PFT) is known to have important effects on ventilation, gas exchange and breathing mechanics during exercise and consequently, is routinely assessed in athletes. ATS/ERS guidelines recommend that individuals should avoid a large meal 2-hr prior to PFT testing to