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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes the entirety of malaria infection and transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to Plasmodium falciparum, one of the several species of malaria known to infect humans. Recent studies have put forth some evidence that transmission of Plasmodium vivax may also be occurring in the DRC. As interventions and treatments differ between malaria species, it is crucial to maintain the most accurate understanding of malaria species diversity in each region., Methods: Blood samples were taken from aymptomatic children 0-5 years old living in three regions of the DRC in 2014. For this study, samples were taken from a larger pool of samples, collected as part of a population-based survey in three regions. Plasmodium infection was screened for using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and species were confirmed by cloning and DNA sequencing., Results: Of 336 samples screened by PCR, 62.2% (n=209) initially tested positive for P. falciparum and 14.6% (n=49) initially tested positive for P. vivax. Sanger sequencing was performed on PCR-positive Plasmodium samples to confirm identity of Plasmodium species. Sequencing showed Plasmodium malariae in one blood sample and Plasmodium ovale in another sample. Plasmodium vivax was detected in 12/65 cases (18.5%). Overall, 14/65 sequenced cases (21.5%) were infected with a non-falciparum malaria. 330bp 18s P. vivax DNA sequences were obtained., Conclusions: This study reveals Plasmodium vivax and other non-falciparum malaria across several regions of the DRC, and enforces the importance of further testing and more precise diagnostics when testing for and treating malaria in the DRC. Here, we find a higher proportion of cases of P. vivax malaria than found in previous studies. This is the most robust DNA sequencing of Plasmodium vivax in the DRC to date., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 associated immune pathology is crucial to develop pan-effective vaccines and treatments. Here we investigate the immune events from the acute state up to four weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection, in non-human primates (NHP) with heterogeneous pulmonary pathology. We show a robust migration of CD16 expressing monocytes to the lungs occurring during the acute phase, and we describe two subsets of interstitial macrophages (HLA-DR + CD206 - ): a transitional CD11c + CD16 + cell population directly associated with IL-6 levels in plasma, and a long-lasting CD11b + CD16 + cell population. Trafficking of monocytes is mediated by TARC (CCL17) and associates with viral load measured in bronchial brushes. We also describe associations between disease outcomes and high levels of cell infiltration in lungs including CD11b + CD16 hi macrophages and CD11b + neutrophils. Accumulation of macrophages is long-lasting and detectable even in animals with mild or no signs of disease. Interestingly, animals with anti-inflammatory responses including high IL-10:IL-6 and kynurenine to tryptophan ratios show less severe illness. Our results unravel cellular mechanisms of COVID-19 and suggest that NHP may be appropriate models to test immune therapies.