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3. Skills Issues in Other Business Services: Professional Services. Skills Task Force Research Paper 16.

Author

Department for Education and Employment, London (England)., Penn, Roger, and Holt, Richard

Abstract

"Creative business services" have grown rapidly in Great Britain and are important in terms of their impact on the economy, including their contribution to international trade. They have helped and been boosted by such business changes as privatization, spread of information technology (IT), and contracting out of services. The sectors of management consultancy, advertising, and market research are subject to considerable structural change and a blurring of boundaries between them. This generates pressure toward multi-skilling. The sectors contain major employers of highly skilled knowledge workers, and they address skills gaps by on-the-job training. Such training tends to be highly company-specific for consultancy, less so for advertising and market research. Consultancy and advertising firms attach relatively low importance to external accreditation of qualifications, but market research firms attach a higher importance. Growth in and professional take over of IT skills blurs boundaries between creative business services and IT. The Internet has a profound effect on the sectors, especially advertising. Market researchers increasingly use the Internet for fieldwork. The Internet revolution affects consultancy with an increasing market for specialist advice on how companies can use the Internet to transform their businesses. (Appendixes include lists of organizations and individuals contacted and 49 references.) (YLB)

Published
2000

4. The Dynamics of Decision-Making in the Sphere of Skills' Formation. Skills Task Force Research Paper 2.

Author

Department for Education and Employment, London (England). and Penn, Roger

Abstract

A study assessed how to improve individual informed decision making by various actors in the arena of skills formation in Great Britain on the basis of existing research knowledge. Since individual decisions are situated in a complex institutional arena, two of the most important contextual relationships--schools and employers--were analyzed prior to assessing the determinants of individual decision making. These two areas of complexity in analysis of individuals' decision making were identified: large number of different types of actors and different geographical contexts for typical skill formation. Different actors had differing perceptions and different goals. Main areas of employers' interests in skill formation were reproduction of the work force, expansion of skills, and changing skills. Schools had at least these two sets of contradictory goals: to develop student competence to the best and highest level and to produce people who enter the world of work with the right attributes for employment. Outcomes involved an interaction between this broad institutional environment and various cognitive filters that operate upon individuals' decision making. Individuals' cognitive maps of training, learning, and skills formation were determined by a range of social factors, gender, social class, and ethnicity. Arenas for future action were the school system, improved career information, and social exclusion, gender, social class, and ethnicity. (Contains 116 references.) (YLB)

Published
1999

24. Modelling Trajectories through the Educational System in North West England

Author

Penn, Roger and Berridge, Damon

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to identify those school-level and locality-level factors that significantly affect each of the three stages in a young adult's educational trajectory in North West England: GCSE results, track taken at age 16 and "A"-level scores. By applying three-level models to data collected as part of the EFFNATIS project, we find no evidence of any locality-level effects. Overall, none of the explanatory variables conventionally considered to affect educational attainment had a consistent effect across "all" three stages. Rather, each explanatory variable had a contingent effect at specific points within the overall trajectory of educational outcomes. (Contains 7 tables and 9 notes.)

Published
2008
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27. Social Exclusion and Modern Apprenticeships: A Comparison of Britain and the USA.

Author

Penn, Roger

Abstract

In the first wave of participation in Modern Apprenticeships in Britain, 89% were male, only 3% were ethnic minorities. Ethnic and gender exclusion has been central to apprenticeship structure in both Britain and the United States. However, the pattern in the United States has begun to change due to affirmative action. (SK)

Published
1998

43. Attitudes towards ideal family size of different ethnic/ nationality groups in Great Britain, France and Germany

Author

Penn, Roger and Lambert, Paul

Subjects
Family size -- Surveys, Family size -- Planning, Attitude (Psychology) -- Surveys, Company business planning, Sociology and social work
Abstract

A study on the integration of children of international migrants in Britain, France and Germany is examined for a descriptive and multivariate analysis of factors influencing attitudes towards ideal family size. Results show that there are significant differences between ethnic groups in Britain, with Indian and Pakistani respondents stating preference for larger families. In Germany and France, many children of international migrants preferred smaller families than the indigenous population, in particular Portuguese respondents in France and Turks in Germany. Religion also had a major effect: Moslems and Christians preferred larger families than those with no religious connections.

Published
2002

47. Policy responses and international migration to Britain since 1945

Author

Penn, Roger Penn, Perret, Joanna Perret, and Lambert, Paul

Subjects
lcsh:Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, lcsh:JV1-9480
Abstract

The paper assesses policy responses to international migration into Britain since 1945. The immediate post-war period was characterized by accelerating immigration into Britain from the Caribbean, the Indian sub-continent and elsewhere from the former British Empire. Most international migrants arrived with British citizenship at that time and there were few specific policy responses to such immigration. The 1960s witnessed the beginning of the development of the ‘dual strategy’ to deal with the increasing ethnic heterogeneity of Britain. Successive Governments have progressively limited the right of access to Britain from the Commonwealth. This strategy has been labelled as «Fortress Britain» and has involved the racialization of entry requirements. Parallel to restrictions upon entry, policies have been developed across many areas of society to promote equal rights and opportunities for ethnic minorities. These include both first-generation international migrants and their descendants. Central to this policy has been legislation to outlaw racial discrimination. This has been championed by the national Commission for Racial Equality and local Community Race Councils. In the sphere of housing much policy impinges upon ethnic minorities. However, ethnic differences in housing tenure are deep-set within British society. Recently, the new Labour Government has put equal housing opportunities on the agenda once more. However, most implementation remains in the hands of voluntary associations and/or local agencies, and there is strong evidence that the deep structure of ethnic housing differences and disadvantage remains within contemporary Britain. In the sphere of education the picture is more complex and more diverse. Some ethnic minority groups achieve educational results well above the average for the autochthonous population. There are also significant gender differences between ethnic groups which continue to perplex sociologists. El documento evalúa las respuestas políticas a la migración internacional a Gran Bretaña desde 1945. El período de posguerra se caracterizó por el aumento de la inmigración al Reino Unido procedente del Caribe, el subcontinente indio y de cualquier lugar que hubiera pertenecido al Imperio Británico. La mayoría de los inmigrantes que llegaron entonces lo hicieron con la ciudadanía británica y hubo escasas respuestas políticas a tal inmigración. Los años sesenta presenciaron el inicio del desarrollo de la «estrategia dual», destinada a tratar con la creciente heterogeneidad étnica de Gran Bretaña. Los sucesivos gobiernos han ido limitando el derecho de acceso al Reino Unido a los inmigrantes procedentes de la Commonwealth. A esta estrategia se le ha llamado «Fortaleza Gran Bretaña» y ha traído consigo una serie de requisitos de entrada que dependen del grupo étnico de pertenencia. Paralelamente a estas restricciones para la entrada, se han desarrollado políticas para promover la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades de las minorías étnicas en muchas áreas de la sociedad. Éstas incluyen tanto a los inmigrantes de primera generación como a sus descendientes. La ilegalidad de la discriminación racial ha sido uno de los puntos clave de esta política. Esto ha sido defendido por la Comisión Nacional para la Igualdad Racial y por los Consejos Raciales de cada comunidad. En el ámbito de la vivienda, hay numerosas medidas políticas que afectan a las minorías étnicas. Sin embargo, las diferencias étnicas en cuanto a la tenencia de vivienda están muy establecidas en la sociedad británica. Recientemente, el gobierno laborista ha puesto sobre la mesa, una vez más, el tema de la igualdad de oportunidades para la adquisición de una vivienda. No obstante, la parte esencial de la puesta en práctica de estos planes sigue estando en manos de asociaciones de voluntarios y/o de agencias locales, y resulta evidente que las diferencias y las desventajas étnicas en el ámbito de la vivienda se mantienen en la Gran Bretaña moderna.

Published
2016

48. Ethnicity and career aspirations in contemporary Britain

Author

Scattergood, Hilda and Penn, Roger

Subjects
Career choice -- Social aspects, Ethnic, cultural, racial issues/studies, Sociology and social work
Abstract

An analysis of the career ambitions of school pupils in Rochdale shows that there are complex links between their career aims and factors such as ethnic background and gender. The most important influences were identified as gender, social class, ethnic background and the school attended, and the research was intended to allow the analysis of the individual effects of these factors on career aims. Almost two-thirds of the pupils surveyed intended to go on to higher education at some point, with higher education attracting many more Asians than non-Asians. Apprenticeships were also popular, especially with boys and non-Asians.

Published
1992

50. Gender relations, technology and employment change in the contemporary textile industry

Author

Penn, Roger, Martin, Ann, and Scattergood, Hilda

Subjects
United Kingdom -- Employment, Women -- Employment, Employment -- Demographic aspects, Textile industry -- Employment, Sociology and social work, Employment, Demographic aspects
Abstract

This paper examines employment patterns in the British textile industry over the last twenty years. In particular it focuses on a dramatic structural shift in the balance of male and female employees within textiles. From the onset of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century until the 1960s, around two-thirds of textile employees were female. Over the last twenty years textile manufacture has become increasingly the domain of male employees. The research reported was located in Rochdale, one of the six localities which were researched as part of the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative. Rochdale has long been a major centre for textile production. The data are based upon a survey of textile plants undertaken in 1986 and 1987. The analysis revealed that employment in these textile plants had become increasingly male during the period between 1980 and 1986. These changes were more pronounced in larger establishments and within the minority of plants that had introduced advanced machinery. A further analysis of 987 work histories collected in 1986 revealed that women were far less likely to enter textiles in the 1980s than at any time since the advent of industrialization. A major reason for this lies in the increasing adoption of full-time shift work by plants in the town. Most part-time employment has been eliminated from textile mills as they seek to run advanced equipment continuously. The growth of flexible patterns of employment in the burgeoning service sector has interacted with these developments in textiles. Women still seek paid employment in Rochdale but no longer in the textile industry., There is considerable debate in contemporary Britain about changing patterns of employment and, in particular, what lies behind contemporary trends towards increasing levels of female participation in paid employment (Dex [...]

Published
1991

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