Search

LASA (Look Alike Sound Alike) are drugs that have similar names, looks and speech and need to be watched out for to prevent no errors in taking medication (dispensing error) by pharmacists. High-alert (HA) medication is a drug that must be watched out for because it often causes errors or serious errors (sentinel events) and drugs that have a high risk of causing Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR). One of the pharmacist duties at a pharmacy is to organize LASA and HA drugs properly to prevent medication errors. The purpose of this study is to determine the knowledge of pharmacist in the city of Surakarta on the process of good and safe drug storage and able to implement safe and high alert drug storage for patient/consumer safety. The type of research is experimental research. The study was conducted from September 1, 2021 to January 20, 2022. The number of samples were 117 pharmacists who worked in different pharmacy locations. The data obtained were scored and analyzed using the SPPS 25 test, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by the Paired sample T-Test. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of socialization intervention using the HA and LASA flyer, namely an increase in knowledge and implementation of the arrangement of HA and LASA drugs. Data showed that the results of pre-test 17.52% and post-test 89.74% (p=0.000; p0.05). From this study, it was found that there was a significant change in the level of implementation of the LASA and HA drug arrangement from pharmacists after the intervention using the LASA/HA drug arrangement flyer.

Herba Tespong (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), merupakan salah satu tanaman tradisonal yang telah lama digunakan sebagai obat untuk meringankan berbagai penyakit. Berbagai aktivitas biologis telah diujikan salah satunya adalah antikanker. Pada penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa Oenanthe javanica mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid dan saponin, dan fenol. Pada penelitian lain, ekstrak etanol herba tespong dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 91,20 ppm. Dalam penelusuran literatur, belum ditemukan penelitian mengenai uji sitotoksik dan antiproliferasi isolat herba tespong serta identifikasi dari isolate aktifnya. Oleh karena itu, peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sitotoksik dan antiproliferasi dari isolat herba tespong terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF7 dan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam isolat herba tespong. Metode isolasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kromatografi radial atau kromatotron. Metode MTT digunakan untuk uji aktivitas sitotoksik dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 50; 40; 30; 20 dan 10 µg /mL dan kontrol positif doksorubicin dengan konsentrasi 25; 12,5; 6,25; 3,125 dan 1,625 µg /mL. Metode doubling time dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antiproliferasi dari isolat herba tespong dengan konsentarsi yaitu nilai IC50 dari uji sitotoksik. FTIR digunakan untuk identifikasi isolat aktif herba tespong. Dari hasil penelitian didapat nilai IC50 isolat aktif herba tespong sebesar 38,079 µg/mL dan dikategorikan sebagai moderat aktif. Hasil doubling time menunjukkan isolat aktif herba tespong mampu memperlambat waktu proliferasi sel MCF7 selama 135,885 jam.

Peppermint leaves have been known to have antibacterial and antifungal activity. Amikacin is a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin which is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative enteric bacteria. The combination of plant extracts with antibiotics is one way or alternative to overcome bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effect of the ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and amikacin against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as well as the compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) leaves. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer) and the phytochemical screening test using the tube test method. The concentration of peppermint leaf ethanol extract for the combination test was 200 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL, for the concentration of amikacin used was 5 mg/mL with three comparisons made, namely 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25. The results showed a synergistic effect with the largest inhibition zone diameter at a ratio of 25:75 at a concentration of 200 mg/mL, which was 36.25±2.5 mm on Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. While at a concentration of 400 mg/mL the diameter of the largest inhibition zone was 40±1.63 mm in Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria with a ratio of 75:25. The results of statistical tests using the t-test showed a significance value of 0.000 0.05 so that there was a significant difference in the administration of each concentration to the resulting inhibition zone. The results of the phytochemical screening test contained alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins.

The plant protein of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) in seeds is known to have antioxidant properties. Apart from being an antioxidant, melinjo seed protein also has the potential to be developed as an anticancer compound. One of the potential anticancer compounds has been screened based on supercoiled DNA cleavage activity (pBSKS). The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of the protein fraction isolated with DEAE and BUTYL matrices against supercoiled DNA cleavage of pBSKS. Supercoiled DNA cleavage test activity of pBSKS was determined using the electrophoresis method and visualized with a UV transilluminator at a wavelength of 312 nm. The cytotoxic activity of melinjo seeds was tested through the MTT assay method and was read on an ELISA reader with a wavelength of 550 and 595 nm seen from the IC50 value. The protein fraction of melinjo seeds isolated with DEAE and BUTYL matrices had concentrations of 470.1 and 81.02 g/mL, respectively. The visualization results showed that the DEAE and BUTYL protein fractions resulted in depletion of supercoiled DNA bands of pBSKS. The concentration of active protein in the melinjo seeds fractionated using the DEAE-650M matrix was higher than that of the BUTYL-650M matrix. In this study, after several cytotoxic tests were carried out, various results were obtained. The activity of protein isolates from melinjo seeds fractionated using DEAE-650M and BUTYL-650M against 4T1 and T47D cells could be categorized as non-toxic because the IC50 value was > 1000 g/mL and the average percentage of viable cells was more than 50%, except for the seed protein fraction. Melinjo fractionated using DEAE-650M against T47D cells which had an IC50 value of 127.62 g/mL could be categorized as quite active and cytotoxic. Keywords: Gnetum gnemon L., protein isolation, ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), DNA cleavage, cytotoxic, T47D, 4T1

Mangrove plants as traditional medicine have long been used by the society for the therapy of anticancer diseases. So far, the potency of mangrove plants as anticancer has not been studied intensively. The methanol extract of R. mucronata stem bark has cytotoxic activity on myeloma cells. This study aims to determine the isolates of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the stem bark of R. mucronata and R. apiculata, and to examine the potency of cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and T47D cells. The powder of the stem bark of R. mucronata and R. apiculata were extracted with methanol by maceration, and then the methanol extract was fractionated consecutively using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Ethyl acetate fraction was then purified by column chromatography with a diameter of 2 cm and a height of 30 cm with a static phase in the form of silica gel 60 (0.063-0.2 mm) Merck 7734 and eluent n-hexane:ethyl acetate (6: 4, 5: 5, 6: 4, 7: 3, 8: 2, 9: 1) and n-hexane: methanol (9,5: 0,5) 10 ml each. The eluates that produce the same number and pattern of stains were combined into one isolate. Then the eluate was evaporated at room temperature. Then the purification results of the extract R. mucronata were isolated using preparative TLC with 0.25 mm GF254 silica gel as static phase and n-hexane mobile phase: ethyl acetate (6: 4), while the apiculata extract with n-hexane mobile phase: ethyl acetate (5: 5). The results of the stain separation of the compound were scraped off and separated from the static phase using a solvent. The purity of isolates compound was examined using TLC in the static phase of silica gel GF254 0.25 mm. The qualitative test results of the ethyl acetate fraction of R. apiculata stem bark with an NMR spectrophotometer showed a composition of cis-3- (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid, while the ethyl acetate fraction of R. mucronata stem bark contained n-hexan-3-ol compounds. The cytotoxicity test of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and ethanol extract was carried out on MCF-7 and T47D cells using the MTT method. The results proved that the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and ethanol fraction from the ethanol extract of R. mucronata and R. apiculata stem bark, based on cytotoxic activity, were inactive against MCF-7 and T47D cells.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the digestive system characterized by high blood glucose levels. The main enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism is α-glucosidase. One of the therapeutic approaches to treat T2DM is to make glucose uptake into the blood delayed through inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Neem leaves and mango ginger are reported to reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to determine the potential inhibitor of neem leaves extract and mango ginger extract and their respective fractions on α-glucosidase activity. Simplicia of neem leaves and mango ginger were macerated using 96% ethanol for 24 hours. The ethanol extract of neem leaves and mango rhizome were fractionated using silica gel 60 GF254 as adsorbent and a combination of ethyl acetate and n-hexane as eluent. The extracts of neem leaves and mango rhizome and fractions of both plants were tested for α-glucosidase inhibition with acarbose as a comparison. The results showed that both plants provided inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with the lowest IC50 value from the semi-polar fraction of neem leaves about 24.16±4.58 μg/mL. Neem leaves and mango ginger have potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Previous research has shown that some compounds in leaves and seeds of sugar apple have a cytotoxic activity. The aim of this research was to determine the cytotoxicity of semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark (Annona squamosa L.) on T47D cancer cells. The semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark was collected by fractionation using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) with hexane:ethyl acetic (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4) as mobile phase. Cytotoxicity from the fractions of five different concentration namely; 25, 50, 100, 150, and 250, µg/mL was measured by MTT assay. The potency of the cytotoxicity was defined by the ability of the fraction to inhibit the growth of T47D cells indicated by the value of IC50. Qualitative analysis of contained compounds in the fraction was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method using silica gel F 254 as a stationary phase and hexane:ethyl acetic (7:3) as a mobile phase. UV 254 and 366 nm lamp also Dragendorff, citroboric, and FeCl3 spray reagents were used to visualize the spots of the secondary metabolites. The result proved that the semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark showed potential cytotoxicity on T47D cancer cells with IC50value of 70,77 µg/mL. Qualitative analysis showed that the fraction contained flavonoids and alkaloids which is presumably responsible for its cytotoxic activity.

Bitter melon is one of fruit that have pharmacological effects such as an anticancer which potentially active on breast cancer cell MCF-7. The aim of this study was to compare the potential cytotoxic activity between ethanol extract of pare and the results of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fraction on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to determine the class of compounds contained in each sample. Pare’s powder was extracted with maceration method in 80% ethanol solvent and then continue to fractionated in 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane solvent. Extract and fractions were continue to cytotoxic assay using the MTT assay method. Cytotoxic test results showed that the ethanolic extract had no potential cytotoxic activity. Ethyl acetate fraction with the highest concentration 16 µg/mL has the highest potential inhibition 43,87% on MCF-7 cells population. Extract and fractions than continue to phytochemical screening with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. TLC detection showed that n-hexane fraction contained more compound groups than ethanolic extract, ethanolic-water fraction and ethyl acetate fraction.

Kaffir lime peels (Citrus hystric DC.) have been reported that it has activity on HeLa cell. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract, ethanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane fraction of kaffir lime peels to T47D breast cancer cells and to identify the compounds of kaffir lime peels (Citus hystrix DC.). Extraction was done by maceration using 96% ethanol. The results of thick extracts were fractionated by the liquid-liquid partition method using solvent with different polarity, namely hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Cytotoxic activity tests were carried out using the MTT assay. Identification of compounds were carried out by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method with silica gel GF 254 as a stationary phase. The mobile phase used was hexane:ethylacetate (6:4) for ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions, and hexane:ethylacetate (4:6) for ethanol fractions. IC50 ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions obtained were 268.49, 286.82, and 136.27 mg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions contain alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid and phenolic compounds, while the ethanol fraction contains only flavonoid compound. Cytotoxic results of ethanol extract, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fraction of kaffir lime peels did not active against T47D breast cancer cells.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) regulates important cellular processes, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling, mitophagy, mRNA processing, and innate immune responses; however, structural information on USP15's catalytic domain is currently unavailable. Here, we determined crystal structures of the USP15 catalytic core domain, revealing a canonical USP fold, including a finger, palm, and thumb region. Unlike for the structure of paralog USP4, the catalytic triad is in an inactive configuration with the catalytic cysteine ∼10 Å apart from the catalytic histidine. This conformation is atypical, and a similar misaligned catalytic triad has so far been observed only for USP7, although USP15 and USP7 are differently regulated. Moreover, we found that the active-site loops are flexible, resulting in a largely open ubiquitin tail–binding channel. Comparison of the USP15 and USP4 structures points to a possible activation mechanism. Sequence differences between these two USPs mainly map to the S1′ region likely to confer specificity, whereas the S1 ubiquitin–binding pocket is highly conserved. Isothermal titration calorimetry monoubiquitin- and linear diubiquitin-binding experiments showed significant differences in their thermodynamic profiles, with USP15 displaying a lower affinity for monoubiquitin than USP4. Moreover, we report that USP15 is weakly inhibited by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone in vitro. A USP15–mitoxantrone complex structure disclosed that the anthracenedione interacts with the S1′ binding site. Our results reveal first insights into USP15's catalytic domain structure, conformational changes, differences between paralogs, and small-molecule interactions and establish a framework for cellular probe and inhibitor development.

Penyakit infeksi merupakan masalah serius di Indonesia, termasuk di dalamnya resistensi mikroba terhadap obat-obatan yang ada. Salah satu tumbuhan hutan tropis Indonesia adalah Shorea accuminatissima yang termasuk dalam famili Dipterocarpaceae dan dilaporkan mempunyai kandungan senyawa fenolik dengan aktivitas biologi seperti antibakteri, antioksidan dan antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak aseton dan fraksi aktif ekstrak aseton terhadap S. aureus dan P. aeruginosa multiresisten antibiotik. Ekstrak aseton diperoleh dengan metode maserasi, selanjutnya diuji aktivitas antibakterinya. Ekstrak aseton difraksinasi menggunakan kromatografi cair vakum (KCV). Setiap fraksi diuji bioautografi untuk melihat aktivitas antibakterinya menggunakan metode filter paper disk dengan bakteri uji S. aureus dan P. aeruginosa. Fraksi dengan zona hambat terbesar merupakan fraksi aktif Kemudian dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi aktif ekstrak aseton. Kadar terkecil yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri disebut sebagai kadar bunuh minimum (KBM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak aseton kulit batang Shorea accuminatissima mempunyai nilai KBM 0,25% b/v terhadap S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik dan nilai KBM 1% b/v terhadap P. aeruginosa multiresisten antibiotik. Fraksi aktif adalah fraksi C. Fraksi aktif mempunyai nilai KBM 0,125% b/v terhadap S. aureus multiresisten antibiotik dan nilai KBM 0,25% b/v terhadap P. aeruginosa multiresisten antibiotik.

Four compounds, namely β-sitosterol (1), betulinic acid (2), cinnamic acid (3), and α-viniferin (4) have been successfully isolated from the bark methanol extract of Dipterocarpus confertus Sloot. The structures of the isolated compounds have been established on the basis spectroscopic data evidence, and comparison with the published data. In the cytotoxicity study, cinnamic acid (3) and betulinic acid (2) have been found to be very strong active against murine leukemia P388 and vero cells lines with the IC50 values of 2.25 and 5.10 µg/mL, respectively, while the other compounds were not active.

Resistensi terhadap antibiotika merupakan problem yang sering terjadi di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Pola resistensi ini selalu mengalami pergeseran dan perubahan dari setiap periode pemeriksaan. Oleh karena itu perlu suatu usaha untuk mencegah dan mengatasi munculnya resistensi bakteri dengan monitoring pemakaian antibiotika dibidang kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola kuman dan resistensinya terhadap antibiotika dari spesimen pus di RSUD Dr. Moewardi. Ketepatan penentuan diagnosis dan pemilihan antibiotika berdasarkan uji resistensi sangat membantu dalam penatalaksanaan dan efektifitas terapi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik RSUD Dr. Moewardi dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Kedokteran UNS Surakarta. Spesimen yang digunakan berupa pus (nanah) pasien yang berkunjung atau dirawat di RSUD Dr. Moewardi periode Agustus-Oktober 2012. Jumlah sampel 53, isolasi dan identifikasi dilakukan sesuai standard laboratorium, ditambah dengan data sekunder hasil uji kuman. Uji kepekaan menggunakan metode disc diffusion pada media agar Mueller Hinton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari total sampel yang diisolasi, terdiri dari kuman Gram negatif (66,04%) dan kuman Gram positif (33,96%). Kuman Staphylococcus aureus dominan ditemukan pada spesimen pus (30,19%). Bakteri S. aureus resisten terhadap amoksisilin (93,75%) dan tetrasiklin (87,5%). Kuman Gram negatif Acinetobacter baumanni menunjukkan resistensi tinggi (100%) terhadap siprofloksasin, amoksisilin, gentamisin dan sefotaksim. Kata kunci : Antibiotika, Resistensi, Staphylococcus aureus , Acinetobacter baumanni , pus

Six compounds, KP-1 up to KP-6 were isolated from the methanol extract of the tree bark of Dipterocarpus confertus Sloot (Dipterocarpaceae). The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated against murine leukemia P388 cells. Result of these examination indicated that KP-2 compound and KP-1 were very active with each IC 50 value of these compounds were 2.25 and 5.1 μg/mL, respectively. While the others were not active against murine leukemia P388 cells.Keywords: Dipterocarpaceae, Dipterocarpus confertus Sloot, isolated compounds, cytotoxic, and leukemia P-388 cell

Doksisiklin merupakan antibiotik yang sangat sukar larut dalam air. Suspensi doksisiklin stabil dalam waktu 2 minggu bila disimpan pada suhu ruang, stabil di udara tetapi akan berubah menjadi gelap bila terkena sinar matahari. Secara in vitro, kemampuannya sangat bagus dalam menghambat Staphylococcus aureus. Suspending agent digunakan untuk meningkatkan viskositas dan memperlambat sedimentasi sehingga dapat menghasilkan suatu suspensi yang stabil. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi stabilitas fisik dan stabilitas daya antibakteri suspensi doksisiklin dengan PGA (Pulvis Gummi Arabici) sebagai suspending agent. Suspensi doksisiklin dibuat 3 formula dengan konsentrasi PGA sebagai suspending agent yang berbeda-beda yaitu 5% pada formula 1, 7,5% pada formula 2, dan 10% pada formula 3. Kemudian dilakukan uji stabilitas fisik (volume sedimentasi, viskositas, redispersibilitas, mudah tidaknya dituang, dan ukuran partikel) dan uji stabilitas daya antibakteri dengan mengukur diameter zona hambatan. Data-data yang diperoleh diuji menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov, bila data terdistribusi normal dilanjutkan dengan uji Anava dua jalan dan uji-t dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula 3 memiliki volume sedimentasi paling kecil, viskositas yang paling besar, memiliki waktu yang lebih lama dalam penuangan dan untuk terdispersi kembali, serta ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil. Formula 1 merupakan formula yang paling baik dibandingkan dengan formula 2 dan 3. Daya antibakteri dengan mengukur diameter zona hambat diperoleh hasil bahwa formula 2 paling besar dalam menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.