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Abstract Tree‐contact single‐phase‐to‐ground faults (TSFs) present a significant fire hazard in electrical distribution systems, and research on the development, modelling, and monitoring is insufficient. This article investigates the electro‐thermal coupling mechanisms during the current rise of TSFs, constructing a simplified power–frequency model that leverages actual physical parameters like tree size for prolonged simulations of the first TSF stage zero‐sequence current. Validated through full‐scale testing, the model enables digital simulations across various tree sizes, concluding that the detection sensitivity for grounding faults should not exceed 0.5 A to mitigate fire risks effectively. This approach surpasses the limitations of traditional high‐impedance fault models reliant on empirical parameters and the shortcomings of generalised conclusions from experimental inductions, offering a new paradigm for TSF research that enhances the predictive accuracy and applicability of fault analysis in electrical distribution networks.

Abstract Background Vegetable soybean is an important legume vegetable. High sucrose content is a significant quality characteristic of vegetable soybean that influences consumers’ taste. However, the genetic basis of sucrose content in vegetable soybean is currently unclear. Results In this study, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of sucrose content in vegetable soybean was performed using Chinese soybean mini-core collection. The results showed a wide genetic variation for the sucrose content in the mini-core collection. The sucrose content of genotypes from HHR (Huanghuai region) and SR (Southern region) was higher than that of genotypes from NER (Northeast region) and NR (Northern region). Furthermore, 82,187 high quality SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphism) were used for GWAS of sucrose content. Based on SNPs detected in multiple environments, the chromosome 8 19,496,314–19,698,413 bp interval was identified as the candidate interval. And Glyma.08g234100 was most likely to affect the sucrose content of vegetable soybean seeds. Conclusions This study has created new details to be used for breeding for high sucrose content in vegetable soybean.

Abstract In recent years, global crisis events have become increasingly common. Gold, recognized as a safe asset, and crude oil, an essential industrial commodity, have attracted the attention of many scholars seeking to understand the impact of such crises on both. On the basis of a Markov regime-switching (MRS) model, copula function, and conditional value at risk (CoVaR) model, this paper proposes an MRS copula CoVaR model to investigate the changes in the level of dependence between these two assets and examine the risk spillover effects between them. This study obtains the following conclusions. (1) From 2018 to 2023, there are two distinct dependence regimes between the two assets. The tranquil regime is characterized by positive dependence, whereas the crisis regime is characterized by negative dependence. (2) In the crisis regime, there is downside risk spillover between the two assets, whereas in the tranquil regime, there is an upside risk spillover. These findings contribute to theoretical research and offer valuable insights for policymakers and investors in making informed decisions and developing appropriate investment strategies.

The Lianggaoshan Formation in the Fuxing area of the Sichuan Basin has developed a typical set of medium to high maturity continental shale condensate oil reservoirs. Research on the development characteristics and patterns of organic pores in shale reservoirs at the condensate oil stage is relatively sparse. Using experimental methods such as whole-rock thin section organic petrography identification, argon ion polishing-scanning electron microscopy observation, and energy spectrum measurement, this study analyzed the characteristics and main controlling factors of organic pore development in the Lianggaoshan Formation shales in the Fuxing area. The research results showed that, at the high maturity evolution stage (Ro=1.30%), organic pores developed within the primary organic matter and solid bitumen in the continental shales of the Lianggaoshan Formation. The organic pores were mainly nanopores with irregular shapes, exhibiting honeycomb-like clusters, which locally connected to form micron-sized pores or micro fractures. The type of organic maceral was the basis for organic pore development in the Lianggaoshan Formation shales. Relatively high organic matter abundance and thermal evolutiondegree were key factors controlling the development of organic pores. The inorganic mineral framework and the diagenetic-hydrocarbon generation evolution process were the ultimate guarantees for the preservation of organic pores.

The assessment of geological disaster susceptibility is crucial for early warning, prevention, and mitigation of disasters. Current methods for evaluating geological disasters rely primarily on static factors that cause disasters and historical data at disaster sites or dynamic factors that are introduced into the evaluation model; however, relatively few studies have focused on the use of dynamic data corrections on the basis of susceptibility evaluation. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology can effectively capture surface deformation features. Therefore, this study introduces a correction framework based on small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) data to improve the accuracy of geohazard susceptibility assessment results. This correction framework corrects the susceptibility results of the Random Forest (RF) model, which is based on 12 static factors and historical hazard data, using surface deformation data measured by the SBAS-InSAR technique. Compared with the assessments based on static factors via the RF model, the revised results indicated a reduction in the low susceptibility area by 282.30 km2 and increases in the medium, high, and extremely high susceptibility areas by 90.00 km2, 138.98 km2, and 53.34 km2, respectively. The revised evaluation also revealed a lower density of disaster sites in the low- to high-susceptibility zones than before the revision but a higher density in the extremely high-susceptibility zones. This suggests a greater concentration of disaster sites in areas of higher susceptibility, aligning the zoning results more closely with the actual distribution of the sites. Thus, the proposed method has important reference value for improving the accuracy of regional geological disaster susceptibility evaluation.

The physical properties of a biomaterial play a vital role in modulating macrophage polarization. However, discerning the specific effects of individual parameters can be intricate due to their interdependencies, limiting the mechanism underlying a specific parameter on the polarization of macrophages. Here, we engineered silk fibroin (SF) films with tunable surface roughness while maintaining similar physical properties by combining casting and salting out techniques. We demonstrate that increased surface roughness in SF films promotes M2-like macrophage polarization, characterized by enhanced secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptomic analysis unveils the modulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix-cell interactions, highlighting the role of surface topography in regulating cellular processes. Mechanistically, we show that surface roughness induces macrophage membrane curvature, facilitating integrin αv endocytosis and thereby inhibiting the integrin-NF-kB signaling pathway. In vivo implantation assays corroborate that rough SF films substantially mitigate early inflammatory responses. This work establishes a direct link between surface roughness and intracellular signaling in macrophages, adding to our understanding of the biomaterial surface effect at the material-cell interface and bringing insights into material design.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) is a versatile crop with strong stress resistance and promising growth potential. Widely cultivated in various regions of China, it ranks among the top crops globally in terms of both planting area and consumption. Known for its pleasant taste and high nutritional value, pumpkin pulp is rich in essential trace elements for the human body. Even after harvest, pumpkin fruit remains metabolically active, requiring its own nutrients to complete the postripening process. Failure to provide proper postharvest storage conditions can lead to excessive water loss and rapid nutrient depletion, resulting in rough, shriveled, and even rotten peel, ultimately diminishing the economic value of the pumpkin. This study aimed to investigate the changes in pumpkin quality and physiological indicators during storage to provide insights to determine optimal consumption and processing periods of pumpkins. The pumpkins were stored at a temperature of 16 ± 2 °C and 60% to 80% humidity during the experiment. The dynamic changes in fruit quality, hardness, respiration rate, malondialdehyde content, level of antioxidant enzymes, and other indicators of two pumpkin cultivars (BM5 and JQ) were assessed during storage, and the correlation among these indicators was evaluated. The results indicated a decrease in the vitamin C content and pulp hardness, whereas the superoxide dismutase and catalase contents initially increased and then decreased, and malondialdehyde and weight loss rates increased over the storage period. The weight loss rate exhibited significant positive and negative correlations with the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.01) of the two cultivars, whereas the vitamin C content showed a significant positive correlation with pulp hardness (P < 0.01). The findings indicate that optimal fruit quality was maintained within 40 days of postharvest storage. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of storable pumpkin cultivars.

To address the challenge of accurately identifying tree-related high-impedance earth faults (THIEFs), a method based on long-term fluctuations in zero-sequence current is proposed. The analysis of the recorded data from staged tests in a real test network reveals the development patterns of THIEFs and their zero-sequence characteristics during the fault process. It was found that, over an extended duration, the fluctuation characteristics of the zero-sequence current RMS value curves for THIEFs differ significantly from those of the other types of high-impedance earth faults (HIEFs). By applying approximate arc length parameterization, the RMS value curve is standardized. The curvature standard deviation, the average curvature variation rate, and its standard deviation are used as feature parameters. An identification method based on an improved grey wolf optimization probabilistic neural network is constructed. Validation with staged test results demonstrates that the proposed method achieves a success rate of 97.5%, accurately distinguishing THIEFs from other types of HIEF.

Abstract Textile-based wearable electronics have attracted intensive research interest due to their excellent flexibility and breathability inherent in the unique three-dimensional porous structures. However, one of the challenges lies in achieving highly conductive patterns with high precision and robustness without sacrificing the wearing comfort. Herein, we developed a universal and robust in-textile photolithography strategy for precise and uniform metal patterning on porous textile architectures. The as-fabricated metal patterns realized a high precision of sub-100 µm with desirable mechanical stability, washability, and permeability. Moreover, such controllable coating permeated inside the textile scaffold contributes to the significant performance enhancement of miniaturized devices and electronics integration through both sides of the textiles. As a proof-of-concept, a fully integrated in-textiles system for multiplexed sweat sensing was demonstrated. The proposed method opens up new possibilities for constructing multifunctional textile-based flexible electronics with reliable performance and wearing comfort.

Marine shale gas, represented by the shale gas from Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in southern China, is the main field for shale gas exploration and development in China. In recent years, marine shale gas exploration and development have been constantly facing new problems and challenges. Expanding new fields of shale gas resources and increasing shale gas production are still top priorities. The distribution characteristics, resource potential, and favorable area prediction of shale gas in typical marine formations in China are sorted out, with the results as follows. The geological and recoverable resources of shale gas in Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in Sichuan Basin and its peripheral regions are (17.50-33.19)×1012 m3 and (3.50-6.14)×1012 m3, respectively, with deep shale gas resources accounting for over 50%, mainly distributed in the high and steep structural belt in eastern Sichuan and in the low steep structural belt in southern Sichuan. The geological and recoverable resources of shale gas in the Permian Wujiaping Formation are (8.7-24.6)×1012 m3 and (1.3-3.7)×1012 m3, respectively, with exploration potential in areas such as Kaijiang-Liangping, Longjuba, Jiannan, and Sanxing in eastern Sichuan. The geological and recoverable resources of shale gas in the Qiongzhusi Formation are (5.69-12.71)×1012 m3 and (0.89-1.06) ×1012 m3, respectively, with favorable areas mainly distributed in areas such as Jingyan-Jianwei-Weiyuan-Ziyang in southwestern Sichuan, Nanjiang in northern Sichuan, and Yichang in the middle Yangtze region. The ancient marine formations such as the Doushantuo Formation, Hongshuizhuang Formation, and Xiamaling Formation have certain potential of shale gas resources, which are potential continuation of shale gas resources. The favorable areas for shale gas in the Doushantuo Formation are mainly distributed in western Hunan and Hubei and southeast Chongqing, while the favorable areas for shale gas in the Hongshuizhuang Formation are mainly distributed in the Chengde-Kuancheng area of Hebei. The favorable areas for shale gas in the Xiamaling Formation are mainly distributed in the areas of Zhuozhou in Hebei, Fangshan, Mentougou, Changping in Beijing, and Lanqi-yingzi. Based on this, three suggestions are further proposed for the future exploration direction of marine shale gas: the first is to focus on deep to ultra-deep and normal pressure shale gas, move towards new layers, and expand the field of shale gas exploration; the second is to deepen and enrich the exploration theory of deep to ultra-deep shale gas, normal pressure shale gas, and shale gas of new layer in the new area; the third is to focus on the improvement and innovation of deep to ultra-deep shale gas drilling and production technology and supporting equipment, and reduce the drilling and production costs of single wells of normal pressure shale gas.

The Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm faces issues in path planning, including low search efficiency, high randomness, and suboptimal path quality. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes an improved RRT planning algorithm based on vehicle lane change trajectory data. This algorithm dynamically adjusts the sampling area based on road environment and trajectory change laws, allowing the random tree to sample within an effective area, thereby improving the algorithm’s sampling efficiency. After determining the sampling area, a sampling point optimization strategy is used to enhance sampling quality, resulting in a smoother and more executable path. Finally, the vehicle is processed in a standardized manner to further improve path safety. Simulation results indicate that, compared to the original RRT algorithm, the improved version reduces nodes, planning time, and path length by 12.77%, 64.79%, and 12.87%, respectively. It also improves path smoothness and more closely aligns with actual lane-change trajectories, demonstrating the effectiveness and executability of the improved algorithm.

Aiming at the problem of blind field of view caused by the change in the vehicle’s yaw angle when the self-driving vehicle is turning or changing lanes, this paper proposes a camera rotation strategy based on monocular active environment sensing, which realizes the detection of the blind field of view when the vehicle’s yaw angle changes in the self-driving vehicle. Based on the two-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model, the camera rotation angle control is achieved by controlling the front-wheel angle of the vehicle. A camera control module is designed using Simulink to control the camera in real-time, allowing it to rotate based on different driving scenes. The effect of obstacle detection by traditional vision sensors and active vision sensors is tested under different vehicle driving scenes. The results demonstrate that the obstacle detection effect of the camera rotation strategy based on monocular active environment perception, as designed in this paper, is better than the traditional monocular vision.

Collapse risk identification is the basis of collapse disaster prevention. High level collapse is characterized by sudden, hidden and large height difference, which brings great challenges to information collection, disaster identification and risk assessment. In order to solve this engineering problem, this paper takes the Jiulongxia high slope in the Bailong River basin as an example, Based on the 3D model of oblique photography, the establishment of high-level collapse identification index and its structural plane information extraction method, proposes a collapse risk assessment model combining stereographic projection qualitative analysis and InSAR quantitative analysis, and forms a whole process model of high level collapse identification and risk assessment combining collapse identification, stability analysis and deformation monitoring. The results show that there are 22 collapse dangerous rocks in the study area (including 7 high risk rocks, accounting for 32%, 11 medium risk rocks, accounting for 50%, and 4 low risk rocks, accounting for 18%), with a distribution height of 37 m – 640 m. High risk dangerous rocks are mainly concentrated in the prominent mountain mouth in the south, the eastern slope and the western slope toe. These analysis results are consistent with the historical data of highway disaster maintenance, which verifies the feasibility of tilt photography and InSAR technology in high level collapse risk identification. The results provide a basis and reference for the application of this technology in collapse disaster prevention.

Abstract In plants, exocyst subunit isoforms exhibit significant functional diversity in that they are involved in either protein secretion or autophagy, both of which are essential for plant development and survival. Although the molecular basis of autophagy is widely reported, its contribution to plant reproduction is not very clear. Here, we have identified Exo84c, a higher plant-specific Exo84 isoform, as having a unique function in modulating exocytotic compartment degradation during stigmatic tissue senescence. This process is achieved through its interaction with the ER localised VAP27 proteins, which regulate the turnover of Exo84c through the autophagy pathway. VAP27 recruits Exo84c onto the ER membrane as well as numerous ER-derived autophagosomes that are labelled with ATG8. These Exo84c/exocyst and VAP27 positive structures are accumulated in the vacuole for degradation, and this process is partially perturbed in the exo84c knock-out mutants. Interestingly, the exo84c mutant showed a prolonged effective pollination period with higher seed sets, possibly because of the delayed stigmatic senescence when Exo84c regulated autophagy is blocked. In conclusion, our studies reveal a link between the exocyst complex and the ER network in regulating the degradation of exocytosis vesicles, a process that is essential for normal papilla cell senescence and flower receptivity.

Summary: The self-incompatibility system evolves in angiosperms to promote cross-pollination by rejecting self-pollination. Here, we show the involvement of Exo84c in the SI response of both Brassica napus and Arabidopsis. The expression of Exo84c is specifically elevated in stigma during the SI response. Knocking out Exo84c in B. napus and SI Arabidopsis partially breaks down the SI response. The SI response inhibits both the protein secretion in papillae and the recruitment of the exocyst complex to the pollen-pistil contact sites. Interestingly, these processes can be partially restored in exo84c SI Arabidopsis. After incompatible pollination, the turnover of the exocyst-labeled compartment is enhanced in papillae. However, this process is perturbed in exo84c SI Arabidopsis. Taken together, our results suggest that Exo84c regulates the exocyst complex vacuolar degradation during the SI response. This process is likely independent of the known SI pathway in Brassicaceae to secure the SI response.

Protoplast has been widely used in biotechnologies to circumvent the breeding obstacles in citrus, including long juvenility, polyembryony, and male/female sterility. The protoplast-based transient gene expression system is a powerful tool for gene functional characterization and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in higher plants, but it has not been widely used in citrus. In this study, the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated method was optimized for citrus callus protoplast transfection, with an improved transfection efficiency of 68.4%. Consequently, the efficiency of protein subcellular localization assay was increased to 65.8%, through transient expression of the target gene in protoplasts that stably express the fluorescent organelle marker protein. The gene editing frequencies in citrus callus protoplasts reached 14.2% after transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 constructs. We demonstrated that the intronic polycistronic tRNA-gRNA (inPTG) genome editing construct was functional in both the protoplast transient expression system and epicotyl stable transformation system in citrus. With this optimized protoplast transient expression system, we improved the efficiency of protein subcellular localization assay and developed the genome editing system in callus protoplasts, which provides an approach for prompt test of CRISPR vectors.

Vehicle pose detection plays a vital role in modern automotive technology, which can improve driving safety, enhance vehicle stability and provide important support for the development of autonomous driving technology. The current pose estimation methods have the problems of accumulation errors, large algorithm computing power, and expensive cost, so they cannot be widely used in intelligent connected vehicles. This paper proposes a vehicle pose detection method based on an RSU (Roadside Unit). First, the on-board GPS performs the positioning of the target vehicle and transmits the positioning information to the RSU through the UDP (User Data Protocol). Next, the RSU transmits a forward command to the OBU (On-board Unit) through the UDP. The OBU sends the command to the ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to control the vehicle forward. Then, the RSU detects and tracks the vehicle. The RSU takes pictures of two images before and after the movement and obtains the coordinates of the four angle points and the center point by image processing. The vehicle heading direction is determined by the moving direction of the center point of the front and rear two images. Finally, the RSU captures the vehicle images in real time, performs the process of tracking, rectangular fitting and pose calculation to obtain the pose information and transmits the information to the OBU to complete the whole process of vehicle pose detection and information transmission. Experiments show that the method can realize accurate and efficient detection of vehicle pose, meet the real-time requirements of vehicle pose detection, and can be widely used in intelligent vehicles.

The shale oil exploration, in the Middle Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Fuxing area of Sichuan Basin, is in preliminary stage, requiring further in-depth study on shale oil and gas enrichment conditions. The lithological, organic geochemical, and reservoir characteristics of the Lianggaoshan Formation shale were analyzed using a suite of tests, including common thin section observation, organic carbon determination, pyrolysis experiment, combined N2-high pressure mercury test and argon ion polishing-scanning electron microscope, to elucidate source rock and reservoir qualities and their variation in vertical. Results suggest that the medium-carbon argillaceous shale, medium-carbon shell calcareous-argillaceous shale, and low-carbon argillaceous shale facies were mainly developed in Member 1 and Member 2 of the Lianggaoshan Formation. The medium-carbon argillaceous shale facies in the sub-layer ④ was rich in organic matter, with abundant sapropel, chitinous and secondary organic components, which were considered as a set of medium-quality source rocks. The medium-carbon shell calcareous-argillaceous shale and low-carbon argillaceous shale in the sub-layers ② and ③ have relatively low organic matter abundance, with vitrinite and inertinite as major organic microscopic components, revealing poor hydrocarbon generation potential. The porosity of shale reservoirs in sub-layers ②‒④ was higher than 3.0%, with predominant mesopores, followed by macropores, consisting of mainly clay mineral pores, organic pores, and microfractures related to organic matter. The medium-carbon argillaceous shale facies at the Lianggaoshan Formation is high-quality source rocks and reservoirs and is thus a potential target for lacustrine shale oil exploration in the Fuxing area of the Sichuan Basin.

Abstract Background Chlorophyll and carotenoids, the most widely distributed lipophilic pigments in plants, contribute to fruit coloration during development and ripening. These pigments are assembled with pigment-protein complexes localized at plastid membrane. Pigment-protein complexes are essential for multiple cellular processes, however, their identity and composition in fruit have yet to be characterized. Results By using BN-PAGE technique in combination with microscopy, we studied pigment-protein complexes and plastid transformation in the purified plastids from the exocarp of citrus fruit. The discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to isolate total plastids from kumquat fruit, and the purity of isolated plastids was assessed by microscopy observation and western blot analysis. The isolated plastids at different coloring stages were subjected to pigment autofluorescence observation, western blot, two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis and BN-PAGE assessment. Our results demonstrated that (i) chloroplasts differentiate into chromoplasts during fruit coloring, and this differentiation is accompanied with a decrease in the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio; (ii) BN-PAGE analysis reveals the profiles of macromolecular protein complexes among different types of plastids in citrus fruit; and (iii) the degradation rate of chlorophyll-protein complexes varies during the transition from chloroplasts to chromoplasts, with the stability generally following the order of LHCII > PS II core > LHC I > PS I core. Conclusions Our optimized methods for both plastid separation and BN-PAGE assessment provide an opportunity for developing a better understanding of pigment-protein complexes and plastid transitions in plant fruit. These attempts also have the potential for expanding our knowledge on the sub-cellular level synchronism of protein changes and pigment metabolism during the transition from chloroplasts to chromoplasts.

The electromechanical flywheel hybrid power device has the dual attributes of energy supply and power output, which can provide more design space for the optimization of vehicle energy utilization efficiency. It involves two key problems of device parameters design and energy management. Therefore, the optimization design of electromechanical flywheel device’s parameters and the energy management strategy are the main research objects in this paper. Firstly, based on the working principle of planetary gear mechanism, the dynamic characteristics of electromechanical flywheel device under different topological structure schemes are analyzed, and the design schemes of speed regulating motor connecting to the sun gear, flywheel connecting to the ring gear and output end connecting to the planet carrier are determined. Then, according to the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, the parameters of flywheel, speed regulating motor and planetary gear mechanism were designed. Furthermore, considering the state of energy (SOE) of the electromechanical flywheel device, 15 working modes of the vehicle were designed, and the corresponding energy management strategies were proposed. Finally, a vehicle test platform was constructed to analyze the dynamic and economic performances of the electromechanical flywheel hybrid electric vehicle. Results show that, compared with the original vehicle driven by a single motor of the front axle, owing to the power intervention of the electromechanical flywheel hybrid device, the average acceleration from 0 km/h to 100 km/h is increased by 22.32% and the acceleration time is reduced by 18.25%, which effectively improves the vehicle dynamic performance. Moreover, the new hybrid system designed is conducive to the miniaturization design of the drive motor, increasing the load rate of the motor and improving the efficiency of powertrain system. With the advantage of short-term energy supply of electromechanical flywheel, the average discharge current of lithium battery can be reduced to improve its efficiency. Under J1015, NEDC and HWFET cycles, the average operating efficiencies of the powertrain system are increased by 8.2%, 5.6% and 4.3% respectively; the efficiency improvements of lithium battery also reach 6.7%, 4.2% and 4.1% respectively. The research of this paper is devoted to applying electromechanical flywheel to electric vehicles to help improve the performance of vehicles and promoting the development of hybrid electric vehicles in the future.

Contact sites permit the exchange of signals and materials between organelles. Here the authors characterize a protein complex associated with an ER-mitochondrial contact site in Arabidopsis that is required for mitochondrial function and mitochondrial turnover

Terrestrial shale strata generally has frequent and strong heterogeneity characteristics, thus affecting shale gas enrichment and target selection. In this study, samples from the Da’anzhai Member of Well A in Yuanba area have performed a series of experiments including total organic carbon ( TOC ) content measurement, rock pyrolysis, organic petrology, vitrinite reflectance ( R o ), whole-rock mineral composition, thin section analysis, focused ion beam scanning electron microscope, high-pressure Hg injection, nitrogen (N 2 ) adsorption, and methane (CH 4 ) isothermal adsorption. The results show that: (1) Da'anzhai (J 1 da) Member is a set of mixed sediments with various lithology, which consists of black shale and well-developed siltstone and carbonate rocks interlayers. The second section of the Da'anzhai Member (J 1 da 2 ) has relatively greater organic matter abundance (1.24% TOC ), better organic matter type dominated by type III and II, as well as higher maturity (1.67% R o ), which is the most favorable section of J 1 da. (2) J 1 da 2 shale strata can be divided into three shale lithofacies types, two interlayer lithofacies types, and three macro-lithofacies assemblage types. Among them, mudstone–limestone lithofacies assemblage (type AB-I) has preferable hydrocarbon generation conditions, better reservoir properties, and more developed shell limestone interlayers with better fracturing performance, is thought the most favorable interval. (3) The optimal interval and horizontal target of J 1 da 2 are further selected based on the source–reservoir coupling relationship, corresponding to the depth is 3909–3914 m, which imply the optimal horizontal target window for Well A. This study has application values not only for the identification of “sweet intervals” and well location deployment of J 1 da but also supports the later systematic studies of shale gas accumulation mechanism and enrichment regularity in Yuanba area.

Triglyceride and glucose levels are important indicators for determining metabolic syndrome, one of the leading public-health burdens worldwide. Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for investigating metabolic diseases because it has 70% homology to human genes and its regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism homeostasis is highly similar to that of mammals. However, traditional analytical methods of triglyceride and glucose are time-consuming, laborious, and costly. In this study, a simple, practical, and reliable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis method was developed for the rapid determination of glucose and triglyceride levels in an in vivo model of metabolic disorders using Drosophila induced by high-sugar or high-fat diets. The partial least squares (PLS) model was constructed and optimized using different spectral regions and spectral pretreatment methods. The overall results had satisfactory prediction performance. For Drosophila induced by high-sugar diets, the correlation coefficient (RP) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.919 and 0.228 mmoL gprot−1 for triglyceride and 0.913 and 0.143 mmoL gprot−1 for glucose respectively; for Drosophila induced by high-fat diets, the RP and RMSEP were 0.871 and 0.097 mmoL gprot−1 for triglyceride and 0.853 and 0.154 mmoL gprot−1 for glucose, respectively. This study demonstrated the potential of using NIR spectroscopy combined with PLS in the determination of triglyceride and glucose levels in Drosophila, providing a rapid and effective method for monitoring metabolite levels during disease development and a possibility for evaluating metabolic diseases in humans in clinical practice.

Emerging in-vehicle applications seek to improve travel experiences, but the rising number of vehicles results in more computational tasks and redundant content requests, leading to resource waste. Efficient compute offloading and content caching strategies are crucial for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to optimize performance in time latency and energy consumption. This paper proposes a joint task offloading and content caching optimization method based on forecasting traffic streams, called TOCC. First, temporal and spatial correlations are extracted from the preprocessed dataset using the Forecasting Open Source Tool (FOST) and integrated to predict the traffic stream to obtain the number of tasks in the region at the next moment. To obtain a suitable joint optimization strategy for task offloading and content caching, the multi-objective problem of minimizing delay and energy consumption is decomposed into multiple single-objective problems using an improved Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Decomposition (MOEA/D) via the Tchebycheff weight aggregation method, and a set of Pareto-optimal solutions is obtained. Finally, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the TOCC strategy. Compared with other methods, its latency is up to 29% higher and its energy consumption is up to 83% higher.

Microfractures at the Ziliujing lacustrine shale at Fuling in eastern Sichuan Basin were investigated through core observation, SEM image observation and high-pressure mercury injection. and quantifies the impact of micro fracture development to reservoir capacity, leads to the following understanding: (1) fracture types in lacustrine shale reservoir are defined; (2) the contribution of fractures to lacustrine shale reservoir is determined. Results show that the microfractures in the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing lacustrine shale reservoirs in eastern Sichuan Basin can be divided into three types, each with four groups: micro fractures related to sedimentation (bedding fractures), microfractures related to diagenesis (clay–mineral shrinkage fractures), and micro fractures related to hydrocarbon generation (organic-matter shrinkage fractures and organic-matter-cracking fractures). High-pressure mercury injection and plane porosity determination confirm that microfractures in lacustrine shale reservoirs exhibit good reservoir performance, whose contribution to shale reservoir capacity is about 25%.

Waterlogging caused by short and severe, or prolonged precipitation can be attributed to global warming. Pumpkin plants are drought-tolerant but not tolerate to waterlogging stress. Under frequent rain and waterlogging conditions, the production of pumpkins is of lower quality, sometimes rotten, and harvest failure occurs in severe cases. Therefore, it is of great significance to assess the waterlogging tolerance mechanism of pumpkin plants. In this study, 10 novel pumpkin varieties from Baimi series were used. The waterlogging tolerance level of pumpkin plants was evaluated by measuring waterlogging tolerance coefficient of biomass and physiological indices using waterlogging stress simulation method. The criteria to evaluate the waterlogging tolerance capacities of pumpkin plants were also explored. Using principal component and membership function analysis, waterlogging tolerance levels of the pumpkin varieties were ranked as follows: Baimi No. 10>; Baimi No. 5>; Baimi No. 1>; Baimi No. 2>; Baimi No. 3>; Baimi No. 7>; Baimi No. 9>; Baimi No. 6>; Baimi No. 4>; Baimi No. 8. Based on the results, Baimi No. 10 was identified with strong waterlogging tolerance and Baimi No. 8 with weak waterlogging tolerance. The responses of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, key enzymes responsible for anaerobic respiration, and antioxidant enzymes to waterlogging stress were studied in pumpkin plants. The relative expression levels of related genes were determined using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technique. The aim of our study was to assess the waterlogging tolerance mechanism of pumpkin plants, thus laying a theoretical foundation for breeding waterlogging-tolerant varieties in the future. After flooding stress treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activities, contents of proline and alcohol dehydrogenases of Baimi No. 10 and Baimi No. 8 displayed an increase followed by a decrease. All indices of Baimi No. 10 were higher than Baimi No. 8. MDA contents gradually increased, with the content being higher in Baimi No. 8 than Baimi No. 10. The activities of pyruvate decarboxylases (PDCs) in Baimi No. 8 and Baimi No. 10 exhibited a decrease initially, followed by an increase, and then a decrease again. The PDC activity in Baimi No. 8 was generally higher than Baimi No. 10. The relative expression levels of genes encoding superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were consistent with their corresponding enzyme activities. During the early stage of flooding stress, pumpkin plants waterlogging tolerance was improved by enhancing the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme encoding genes and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities.

BackgroundThyroid nodules (TNs) are very common in the adults of Northwest China. The role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in TNs is poorly investigated and even with controversial conclusions. Our study aimed at highlighting the relationship between H. pylori infection and the risk of TNs.Methods9,042 individuals were enrolled with thyroid ultrasonography and 14C-urea breath test (14C-UBT). Baseline characteristics and relevant covariates were obtained, including basic and laboratory indicators. After applying the exclusion criteria, 8,839 patients were included and divided into 2 groups: a cross-sectional study of single follow-up (n=8,711) and a retrospective cohort study of multiple follow-ups for 5 years (n=139).ResultsThe prevalence of H. pylori infection and TNs was 39.58% and 47.94% in the adults of Northwest China, respectively. The prevalence of TNs was significantly higher among H. pylori-positive individuals than those without infection (52.55% vs. 44.92%, p

Based on core, thin section, scanning electron microscopy observations, X-ray diffraction analysis, as well as carbon and oxygen isotopes and energy spectrum analysis of carbonate rocks, the quartz, feldspar, pyrite, carbonate and clay minerals in shale of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi formations of Sichuan Basin were effectively characterised and classified, and the influences of their diagenetic evolution sequence on the development of shale reservoir were discussed. The results showed that good material basis and unique diagenetic sequence were the key factors for the formation of high-quality shale reservoirs. (1) Framboidal/euhedral pyrite, bio-quartz and microbial dolomite were mainly formed from the syngenetic stage to the A-substage of early diagenetic stage. They were both destructive and constructive for maintaining the original pores in shale, and the constructive supporting framework of which was critical for the formation of high-quality shale reservoir. The rigid framework formed by these early-formed minerals and terrigenous debris facilitated the maintenance of original pores and the reservoir stimulation of shale gas exploitation. (2) The co-evolution of hydrocarbon generation and diagenesis promoted the development of reservoir spaces. In the A-substage of middle diagenetic stage, the production and consumption of organic acids, the dissolution/alteration of unstable minerals (feldspar and carbonate minerals), clay mineral conversion and oil generation from kerogen were synchronic, which provided favorable space for the charging and retention of liquid hydrocarbons during the oil generation period. From the B-substage of middle diagenetic stage to the late diagenetic stage, the shale gas/organic pore generation and pressure increase of kerogen and retained hydrocarbon cracking promoted the development of organic pores and micro-fractures, which was conducive to the enrichment and high production of shale gas.

The adsorption properties of Cu, Ag, Zn, and Cd-modified SnP3 monolayers for H2S have been studied using density functional theory (DFT). Based on phonon spectrum calculations, a structurally stable intrinsic SnP3 monolayer was obtained, based on which four metal-modified SnP3 monolayers were constructed, and the band gaps of the modified SnP3 monolayers were significantly reduced. The adsorption capacity of Cu, Zn-modified SnP3 was better than that of Ag, Cd-modified SnP3. The adsorption energies of Cu-modified SnP3 and Zn-modified SnP3 for H2S were −0.749 eV and −0.639 eV, respectively. In addition, Cu-modified SnP3 exhibited chemisorption for H2S, while Zn-modified SnP3 exhibited strong physisorption, indicating that it can be used as a sensor substrate. Co-adsorption studies showed that ambient gases such as N2, O2, and H2O had little effect on H2S. The band gap change rate of Zn-modified SnP3 after adsorption of H2S was as high as −28.52%. Recovery time studies based on Zn-modified SnP3 showed that the desorption time of H2S was 0.064 s at 298 K. Therefore, Zn-modified SnP3 can be used as a promising sensor substrate for H2S due to its good selectivity, sensitivity, and fast recovery time.

To meet the real-time path planning requirements of intelligent vehicles in dynamic traffic scenarios, a path planning and evaluation method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the B-spline algorithm and four-stage lane-changing theory, an obstacle avoidance path planning algorithm framework is constructed. Then, to obtain the optimal real-time path, a comprehensive real-time path evaluation mechanism that includes path safety, smoothness, and comfort is established. Finally, to verify the proposed approach, co-simulation and real vehicle testing are conducted. In the dynamic obstacle avoidance scenario simulation, the lateral acceleration, yaw angle, yaw rate, and roll angle fluctuation ranges of the ego-vehicle are ±2.39 m/s2, ±13.31°, ±13.26°/s, and ±0.938°, respectively. The results show that the proposed algorithm can generate real-time, available obstacle avoidance paths. And the proposed evaluation mechanism can find the optimal path for the current scenario.

BackgroundTo compare the perioperative and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and open liver resection (OLR) in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) based on propensity score matching (PSM) to investigate therapeutic safety, efficacy, and value for clinical application.MethodsForty-nine patients with rHCC who underwent surgery at Wenzhou People’s Hospital between January 2017 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and classified into LLR (n=30) and OLR (n=22) cases based on the surgical method. Thirty-eight patients were screened using PSM for data analysis to compare basic clinical characteristics, perioperative outcomes, and postoperative recurrence in both groups.ResultsBefore PSM, the tumour diameter was larger, tumor staging (BCLC staging system), intraoperative blood loss, units of blood transfused, constituent ratio of liver cirrhosis, incidence of MVI and intravascular tumour thrombus and postoperative complication were higher, and duration of hospital stay was significantly longer in the OLR group compared to those in the LLR group (p < 0.05). After PSM, there were no significant differences regarding tumour diameter, MVI incidence, blood transfusion amount or postoperative complication rate in the LLR and OLR groups. The tumor staging, incidence of vascular cancer thrombus, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative duration of hospitalisation were significantly higher in the OLR group than in the LLR group (p

Objective: The seven-grade classification refers to a morphological grade of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), while the postoperative ODI improvement rate in patients with different grade is still unclear. We explored the potential significance of morphological grade in treatment decision making. In addition, we also conducted a relevant assessment of radiological indicators and symptom indexes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study performed decompression surgery in 156 LSS patients with claudication. According to the morphological grade, namely A3 (n = 29), A4 (n = 30), B (n = 33), C (n = 36) and D (n = 28), the patients were divided into 5 groups. Two radiological indicators included the largest cross-sectional area difference (CSAD) of the dural sac and the min AP/max AP, and symptom indexes included an Oswestry disability index (ODI). Results: The relevance between the radiological indicators and the symptom indexes was analyzed. In Pearson analysis, min AP/max AP and preoperative ODI, postoperative ODI, and postoperative ODI improvement rate were r = −0.384 (p

The Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin in South China is the key stratum for shale gas exploration and production. To date, three national shale gas demonstration zones have been developed. Nevertheless, there are still some test wells that have not yet been commercialized. In this study, the geological characteristics of commercial and non-commercial zones are analyzed, as are the main controlling factors of high-producing wells (high estimated ultimate recovery; EUR), and the reasons for low-production wells (low EUR) by dissecting the three national shale gas demonstration zones and the main shale gas exploration wells. The results of this study indicate the following: (1) The black shale in the WF2–LM4 graptolite zone is deposited in the Craton depression on the Upper Yangtze plate, which provides a relatively stable tectonic environment for tectonic deformation and uplift destruction. The large shale thickness and weak tectonic activity jointly result in shale gas being enriched mainly in the deep-water shelf. (2)The regional fault has a destructive effect on shale gas preservation, and the shale gas reservoir is likely to be destroyed. In the areas close to the regional fault, multiple fracture-fluid migration activities caused by multistage tectonic movements are also detrimental to shale gas preservation. Conversely, shale gas is generally well preserved in areas far from regional faults. (3) The black shale thickness in the WF2–LM4 graptolite zone in the deep-water shelf area controls the shale gas field distribution. Furthermore, the horizontal well trajectory in the WF2–LM4 graptolite zone determines the shale gas well test production and EUR. The results of this work will provide a reference for shale gas exploration and development of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin, as well as the Silurian strata in other parts of the world.

Landslides are common and highly destructive geological hazards that pose significant threats to both human lives and property on a global scale every year. In this study, a novel ensemble broad learning system (BLS) was proposed for evaluating landslide susceptibility in Taiyuan City, Northern China. Meanwhile, ensemble learning models based on the classification and regression tree (CART) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were applied for a comparison with the BLS-AdaBoost model. Firstly, in this study, a grand total of 114 landslide locations were identified, which were randomly divided into two parts, namely 70% for model training and the remaining 30% for model validation. Twelve landslide conditioning factors were selected for mapping landslide susceptibility. Subsequently, three models, namely CART-AdaBoost, SVM-AdaBoost and BLS-AdaBoost, were constructed and used to map landslide susceptibility. The frequency ratio (FR) was used to assess the relationship between landslides and different influencing factors. Finally, the three models were validated and compared on the basis of both statistical-based evaluations and ROC curve-based evaluations. The results showed that the integrated model with BLS as the base learner achieved the highest AUC value of 0.889, followed by the integrated models that used CART (AUC = 0.873) and SVM (AUC = 0.846) as the base learners. In general, the BLS-based integrated learning methods are effective for evaluating landslide susceptibility. Currently, the application of BLS and the integrated BLS model for evaluating landslide susceptibility is limited. This study is one of the first efforts to use BLS and the integrated BLS model for evaluating landslide susceptibility. BLS and its improvements have the potential to provide a more powerful approach to assess landslide susceptibility.

Road obstacle detection is an important component of intelligent assisted driving technology. Existing obstacle detection methods ignore the important direction of generalized obstacle detection. This paper proposes an obstacle detection method based on the fusion of roadside units and vehicle mounted cameras and illustrates the feasibility of a combined monocular camera inertial measurement unit (IMU) and roadside unit (RSU) detection method. A generalized obstacle detection method based on vision IMU is combined with a roadside unit obstacle detection method based on a background difference method to achieve generalized obstacle classification while reducing the spatial complexity of the detection area. In the generalized obstacle recognition stage, a VIDAR (Vision-IMU based identification and ranging) -based generalized obstacle recognition method is proposed. The problem of the low accuracy of obstacle information acquisition in the driving environment where generalized obstacles exist is solved. For generalized obstacles that cannot be detected by the roadside unit, VIDAR obstacle detection is performed on the target generalized obstacles through the vehicle terminal camera, and the detection result information is transmitted to the roadside device terminal through the UDP (User Data Protocol) protocol to achieve obstacle recognition and pseudo-obstacle removal, thereby reducing the error recognition rate of generalized obstacles. In this paper, pseudo-obstacles, obstacles with a certain height less than the maximum passing height of the vehicle, and obstacles with a height greater than the maximum passing height of the vehicle are defined as generalized obstacles. Pseudo-obstacles refer to non-height objects that appear to be “patches” on the imaging interface obtained by visual sensors and obstacles with a height less than the maximum passing height of the vehicle. VIDAR is a vision-IMU-based detection and ranging method. IMU is used to obtain the distance and pose of the camera movement, and through the inverse perspective transformation, it can calculate the height of the object in the image. The VIDAR-based obstacle detection method, the roadside unit-based obstacle detection method, YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once version 5), and the method proposed in this paper were applied to outdoor comparison experiments. The results show that the accuracy of the method is improved by 2.3%, 17.4%, and 1.8%, respectively, compared with the other four methods. Compared with the roadside unit obstacle detection method, the speed of obstacle detection is improved by 1.1%. The experimental results show that the method can expand the detection range of road vehicles based on the vehicle obstacle detection method and can quickly and effectively eliminate false obstacle information on the road.

Autonomous vehicles are the most advanced intelligent vehicles and will play an important role in reducing traffic accidents, saving energy and reducing emission. Motion control for trajectory tracking is one of the core issues in the field of autonomous vehicle research. According to the characteristics of strong nonlinearity, uncertainty and chang-ing longitudinal velocity for autonomous vehicles at high speed steering condition, the robust trajectory tracking control is studied. Firstly, the vehicle system models are established and the novel target longitudinal velocity planning is carried out. This velocity planning method can not only ensure that the autonomous vehicle operates in a strong nonlinear coupling state in bend, but also easy to be constructed. Then, taking the lateral location deviation minimiz-ing to zero as the lateral control objective, a robust active disturbance rejection control path tracking controller is designed along with an extended state observer which can deal with the varying velocity and uncertain lateral dis-turbance effectively. Additionally, the feedforward-feedback control method is adopted to control the total tire torque, which is distributed according to the steering characteristics of the vehicle for additional yaw moment to enhance vehicle handing stability. Finally, the robustness of the proposed controller is evaluated under velocity-varying condi-tion and sudden lateral disturbance. The single-lane change maneuver and double-lane change maneuver under vary longitudinal velocity and different road adhesions are both simulated. The simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed controller can accurately observe the external disturbances and have good performance in trajectory tracking and handing stability. The maximum lateral error reduces by 0.18 meters compared with a vehicle that controlled by a feedback-feedforward path tracking controller in the single-lane change maneuver. The lateral deviation is still very small even in the double lane change case of abrupt curvature. It should be noted that our proposed control algorithm is simple and robust, thus provide great potential for engineering application.

Autonomous driving vehicle could increase driving efficiency, reduce traffic congestion and improve driving safety, it is considered as the solution of current traffic problems. Decision making systems for autonomous driving vehicles have significant effects on driving performance. The performance of decision making system is affected by its framework and decision making model. In real traffic scenarios, the driving condition of autonomous driving vehicle faced is random and time-varying, the performance of current decision making system is unable to meet the full scene autonomous driving requirements. For autonomous driving vehicle, the division between different driving behaviors needs clear boundary conditions. Typically, in lane change scenario, multiple reasonable driving behavior choices cause conflict of driving state. The fundamental cause of conflict lies in overlapping boundary conditions. To design a decision making system for autonomous driving vehicles, firstly, based on the decomposition of human driver operation process, five basic driving behavior modes are constructed, a driving behavior decision making framework for autonomous driving vehicle based on finite state machine is proposed. Then, to achieve lane change decision making for autonomous driving vehicle, lane change behavior characteristics of human driver lane change maneuver are analyzed and extracted. Based on the analysis, multiple attributes such as driving efficiency and safety are considered, all attributes benefits are quantified and the driving behavior benefit evaluation model is established. By evaluating the benefits of all alternative driving behaviors, the optimal driving behavior for current driving scenario is output. Finally, to verify the performances of the proposed decision making model, a series of real vehicle tests are implemented in different scenarios, the real time performance, effectiveness, and feasibility performance of the proposed method is accessed. The results show that the proposed driving behavior decision making model has good feasibility, real-time performance and multi-choice filtering performance in dynamic traffic scenarios.

Rock pyrolysis, organic petrology, vitrinite reflectance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and biomarker compound analysis were performed to comprehensively analyze the organic geochemical characteristics of the Jurassic Da’anzhai Member (J1da) shale strata in Yuanba and Puguang areas in the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Then the organic matter provenance and sedimentary environment were further analyzed. Finally, the significance of oil and gas exploration in J1da shale strata was discussed. Results show that the second section of the Da’anzhai Member (J1da2) has relatively high organic matter abundance (1.24%TOC), type Ⅱ-dominated organic matter type, which is the most favorable section of wells Y1 and T1 in the study area. The organic matter maturity and the hydrocarbon phases are quite different, which is 1.01%Ro dominated by oil generation in Puguang area, while it is 1.67%Ro dominated by gas generation in Yuanba area. Content and chromatograms of biomarkers including n-alkanes, tricyclic terpanes, C24 tetracyclic terpanes, and C27-C28-C29 regular steranes show that the organic matters of J1da shale strata derive from both terrestrial higher plants and lower aquatic organisms, with slightly differentiated mixed ratio of each sublayer. Characteristics of Pr/Ph, γ-cerane and hopanes compounds indicate that the overall depositional environment of J1da is a freshwater lacustrine environment, with saline lake deposits in local areas and intervals in the study area. The rapid changes of sedimentary environment have resulted in obvious stratification of water body, frequent interbeds, and strong heterogeneity of J1da shale strata. Comprehensive analysis shows the shale/mud microfacies in the semi-deep lake subfacies and shale/mud interbedded with siltstone and shell bank microfacies in the shallow lake subfacies are the most favorable sedimentary facies for J1da hydrocarbon enrichment. Deeper burial depth and higher maturity make for oil and gas enrichment with higher gas/oil ratio (GOR); moreover, the thicker intervals with organic-rich shale are favorable targets for geochemical evaluation.

Background: Combination therapy has become an attractive option in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether additional use of prostacyclin analogs could exert any additional benefits over background targeted therapies in PAH patients.Methods: Searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to 1 October 2021. Randomized controlled trials were included if patients had been treated with prostacyclin analog-containing combination therapy and compared with the use of other PAH-specific background therapies. The bias risk and statistical analysis of the enrolled studies were performed with RevMan 5.1. Sensitivity analysis and funnel plot were used to evaluate the stability and publication bias, respectively. PROSPERO registered number CRD42021284196.Results: Ten trials involving 1828 patients were included. Prostacyclin analog treatment was associated with greater improvement in clinical worsening (risk ratio [RR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57–0.86), 6-min walk distance (mean difference [MD], 37.17 m; 95% CI, 3.01–71.33 m), NYHA/WHO functional class (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.21–2.05), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MD, −9.23 mmHg; 95% CI, −17.44 to −1.03 mmHg), and cardiac index (MD, 0.41 L/min/m2; 95% CI, 0.26–0.55 L/min/m2) than the control group. No significant differences in pulmonary vascular resistance (MD, −137.22 dyn·s/cm5; 95% CI, −272.61 to −1.84 dyn·s/cm5) and all-cause mortality (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.57–1.61) were found between the prostacyclin analog group and control group. Of note, more adverse events (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02–1.13) occurred in the prostacyclin analog group but no significant increase in serious adverse events (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.75–2.11).Conclusion: Additional prostacyclin analog treatment exerted benefits on clinical worsening, exercise capacity, functional class, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac index in PAH patients, but it was associated with overall risk of adverse events.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021284196, identifier CRD42021284196.

Various types of marine-continental transitional facies are present in the gas-bearing shales of the southeastern Sichuan Basin. A review of the different lithological assemblages in these rocks is important for assessing the likely shale gas content and the development of the storage space. This study of the lithological assemblages of the Permian Longtan Formation in the southeastern Sichuan Basin at Well X1 used core observations, optical thin-section observations, Ar-ion polishing, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption tests to compare and analyze storage space types and pore structures in the shale to determine the sedimentary paleoenvironment, petromineralogy, and organic content. The marine-continental transitional facies in the study area were deposited in a warm climate that favored enrichment by organic matter. The kerogen is type II2-III (average vitrinite reflectance 2.66%), which is within the favorable thermal maturity range for the presence of shale gas. The lithology mainly consists of shale, siltstone, and limestone (with bioclasts), as well as a coal seam. The lithological development divides the Longtan Formation into lower (swamp), middle (tidal flat/lagoon), and upper (delta) sub-members. From lower to upper divisions, the lithofacies evolved from silty shale to clay shale and then to shale intercalated with siltstone or calcareous layers. The proportions of intergranular and dissolution pores in the clay minerals decrease gradually from lower to upper sub-members, and pore size sizes also tend to decrease. Relatively large-diameter pores and microfractures occur in the inorganic matter in the lowest sub-member. Quartz and clay are the main constituents of the shale, respectively contributing to the specific surface area and specific pore volume of the reservoir space.

Accurate recognition of pedestrian crossing intentions is essential for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles on urban roads. However, the current pedestrian crossing intention recognition model has the problems of relatively low recognition accuracy and short recognition advance time. Based on the above problems, this paper carried out a study on the recognition model of pedestrian crossing intention. Firstly, the pedestrian and vehicle crossing data were collected through laser radar and a high-definition monitor, and 1980 groups of valid samples were selected. Secondly, the pedestrian crossing intention characterization parameter set was determined through statistical analysis. Finally, this paper proposes a pedestrian crossing intention recognition model based on stacking ensemble learning. The ensemble learning framework integrates random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), long short-term memory network (LSTM), an attention mechanism, and bidirectional LSTM (AT-Bi-LSTM). Compared with traditional machine learning methods, the proposed method shows greater advantages in recognition accuracy. The model recognition accuracy reaches 95.36% when the model is recognized at 0.5 s before crossing the zebra crossing, and the model recognition accuracy is 89.27% when the model is recognized at 1s before crossing the zebra crossing. The research in this paper is of great significance for building a more intelligent pedestrian-vehicle collaboration and promoting the industrial application of the autonomous vehicle.

To solve the problem of the real-time path-planning of autonomous vehicles for obstacle avoidance on structured roads, a path-planning approach based on the B-spline algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mechanism of driver path planning is analyzed, and a dynamic risk-identification model based on the support vector machine is proposed. It combines the driver’s risk perception characteristics and a risk model. Then, the B-spline algorithm model is improved based on the risk-identification model. Furthermore, road features, road constraints and dynamic constraints are considered to further optimize the planning algorithm. To verify the path-planning approach proposed in this paper, a co-simulation experiment based on CarSim/Simulink is conducted. Results show that the improved algorithm is effective in static and dynamic obstacles avoidance. The algorithm can generate collision-free obstacle avoidance paths, and the paths meet the real-time requirements and dynamic constraints of obstacle avoidance scenarios. In addition, the proposed algorithm optimizes the path according to the driver’s operating characteristics, which can further improve the safety and comfort of autonomous vehicles.

The lacustrine shale in the Dongyuemiao Member of the Fuling area, Sichuan Basin, is widely distributed and has huge shale oil resource potential. It is one of the important replacement areas for shale oil exploration in China. To investigate the key shale oil evaluation well, Well FY10, in the Fuling area, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral analysis, Rock-Eval, argon ion polishing-scanning electron microscope (SEM), Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), and low pressure nitrogen adsorption were launched to determine the heterogeneity of the pore system in the lacustrine shale of the Dongyuemiao Member. The mineral composition exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity, and the shale can be divided into two main lithofacies: argillaceous shale and mixed shale. The porosity ranges from 2.95 to 8.43%, and the permeability ranges from 0.05 to 1.07 × 10−3 μm2. The physical properties of mixed shale are obviously better than those of argillaceous shale. Inorganic mineral pores, such as linear pores between clay minerals and calcite dissolution pores, are mainly developed, while a small amount of organic pores can be observed. The average total pore volume (Vp) is 0.038 ml/g with an average specific surface area of 5.38 m2/g. Mesopores provide the main Vp (average 61.72%), and micropores provide mostly specific surface area. TOC imposes a strong controlling effect on the development of micropores. Clay minerals are the main contributors to mesopores and macropores. The organic-inorganic interaction during the process of diagenesis and hydrocarbon generation controls the formation of shale pore systems.

The effectiveness of transaction fraud detection methods directly affects the loss of users in online transactions. However, for low-frequency users with small transaction volume, the existing methods cannot accurately describe their transaction behaviors for each user, or lead to a high misjudgment rate. So we propose a new method for individual behavior construction, which can make the behavior of low-frequency users more accurate by migrating the current transaction group behavior and transaction status. Firstly, we consider the user's only historical transactions, combined with the optimal risk threshold determination algorithm, to form the user's own transaction behavior benchmark. Secondly, through the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, the behavior characteristics of all current normal samples and fraud samples are extracted to form the common behavior of the current transaction group. Finally, based on historical transaction records, the current transaction status is extracted using a sliding window mechanism. The combination of the three constitutes a new transaction behavior of the user. On this basis, a multi-behavior detection model based on new transaction behavior is proposed. According to the result of each behavior, Naive Bayes model is used to calculate the probability that current transaction belongs to fraud, and finally determine whether current transaction is fraud. Experiments prove that the method proposed in this paper can have a good effect on low-frequency users, which can accurately identify fraud transactions and has a low misjudgment rate for normal transactions.

Cloud Computing is becoming more and more popular for solving problems that need high concurrency and a lot of resources. Many traditional areas of research choose to solve their problems through the cloud, and workflow scheduling is one of them. Cloud computing brings many benefits, meanwhile, due to the almost “infinite” amount of resources for users, it also brings new challenges for scheduling and optimization, in which cost and makespan are the most concerned issues for workflow scheduling. Users want to obtain a low cost and fast makespan solution. This paper focuses on how to find an optimized solution to achieve better cost-makespan at the same time under the constraint of deadline. In order to solve this problem, an immune particle swarm optimization algorithm (IMPSO) is proposed, which effectively improves the quality and speed of the optimization. The proposed IMPSO overcomes the problem of slow convergence of PSO, which is easy to fall into local optimization. Experiments show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Arabidopsis EH/Pan1 proteins are part of the TPLATE complex (TPC) that is required for endocytosis in plants. Here, the authors show AtEH/Pan1 proteins also act in actin-mediated autophagy, by interacting with VAP27-1 at ER-PM contact sites and recruiting TPLATE and AP-2 complex subunits, clathrin and ARP2/3/ proteins to autophagosomes.

The optimal design of a super highspeed flywheel rotor could improve flywheel battery energy density. The improvement of flywheel battery energy density could enhance the performance of the flywheel lithium battery composite energy storage system. However, there are still many problems in the structure, material and flywheel winding of super highspeed flywheels. Therefore, in this paper, electric flywheel energy and power density parameters are designed based on CPE (Continuous Power Energy) function and vehicle dynamics. Then, according to the design index requirements, the structure, size and material of the electric flywheel rotor are designed. Furthermore, the numerical analysis model of stress and displacement of multi-ring interference fit flywheel rotor under plane stress state is established. On this basis, the influence laws of flywheel rotor wheel flange numbers and interlaminar interference on stress distribution of flywheel rotor are analyzed, and the assembly form of wheel flange is determined. Finally, the stress check of the flywheel rotor is completed. The results show that the super highspeed flywheel rotor designed in this paper meets vehicle dynamics requirements in terms of energy storage and power. In terms of strength, it meets the design requirements of static assembly stress and dynamic stress at maximum speed.

A wide range of hemocyte types exist in insects but a full definition of the different subclasses is not yet established. The current knowledge of the classification of silkworm hemocytes mainly comes from morphology rather than specific markers, so our understanding of the detailed classification, hemocyte lineage and functions of silkworm hemocytes is very incomplete. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a representative member of the baculoviruses and a major pathogen that specifically infects silkworms (Bombyx mori) and causes serious losses in sericulture industry. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of hemocytes in BmNPV and mock-infected larvae to comprehensively identify silkworm hemocyte subsets and determined specific molecular and cellular characteristics in each hemocyte subset before and after viral infectmadion. A total of 20 cell clusters and their potential marker genes were identified in silkworm hemocytes. All of the hemocyte clusters were infected by BmNPV at 3 days after inoculation. Interestingly, BmNPV infection can cause great changes in the distribution of hemocyte types. The cells appearing in the infection group mainly belong to prohemocytes (PR), while plasmatocytes (PL) and granulocytes (GR) are very much reduced. Furthermore, we found that BmNPV infection suppresses the RNA interference (RNAi) and immune response in the major hemocyte types. In summary, our results revealed the diversity of silkworm hemocytes and provided a rich resource of gene expression profiles for a systems-level understanding of their functions in the uninfected condition and as a response to BmNPV.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) can activate related signaling pathways and induce gastrointestinal disorders. Based on the results of previous studies, this study tried to explore the relationship between DON-induced intestinal inflammation of weaned rabbits and the ERK-p38 signaling pathway. Forty-five weaned rabbits were divided into three treatments: control, LD and HD group. All rabbits were treated with diet containing a same nutrient content, but animals in the LD and HD groups were additionally administered DON via drinking water at 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg b.w./d, respectively. The protocol consisted of a total feeding period of 31 days, including a pre-feeding period of 7 days. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were applied for analysis the expression of protein and mRNA of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), and hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of rabbits, as well as the distribution of positive reactants. The results proved that DON intake could enhance the levels of inflammatory factors in serum and damage the intestinal structure barrier of rabbits. Meanwhile, DON addition can stimulate the protein and mRNA expression for ERK, p38, PKR, and Hck in the intestine of rabbits, especially in the duodenum, as well as expand the distribution of positive reactants, in a dose-dependent manner.