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Within the broader context of China's industrial structural transformation, the spillover effects of environmental regulations on urban industrial structure upgrading have gained increasing attention. This study uses panel data from 260 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2020, applying the entropy weight method and the ratio method to quantitatively analyze the levels of environmental regulation and industrial structure upgrading. The findings are as follows: (1) Temporal Analysis: Both formal and informal environmental regulations exhibit an upward trend, reflecting growing societal concern for environmental protection and strengthened government policies. Although informal environmental regulations have grown rapidly, their scores remain lower than those of formal regulations, suggesting a gap between public environmental awareness and government action. Industrial structure upgrading shows an overall upward trend, with more significant progress after 2012, likely due to the introduction of more stringent environmental protection policies. (2) Spatial Analysis: Formal environmental regulations initially declined before increasing, likely influenced by regional economic development variations and differences in policy enforcement. The overall level of informal environmental regulations has risen, particularly in medium- and low-level cities, reflecting regional disparities in environmental awareness. The spatial evolution of industrial structure upgrading aligns with these temporal trends, showcasing regional policy coordination and the complementarity of industrial structures across regions. (3) Spatial Spillover Effects of Environmental Regulations: Environmental regulations exert significant positive spatial effects on industrial structure upgrading, indicating that regulations in one region positively influence both local and neighboring areas. The presence of spatial spillover effects highlights the crucial role of environmental regulations in promoting industrial structure upgrading. Both the direct and indirect effects of formal and informal environmental regulations are significant, although the positive spatial spillover diminishes with distance, likely due to higher information transmission and collaboration costs. Marginal Contributions to Existing Literature: First, this study addresses a research gap regarding the impact of urban environmental regulations on industrial structure upgrading, offering new theoretical and practical insights for sustainable urban development and industrial optimization. Second, it broadens the research perspective by examining the roles of both formal and informal environmental regulations. Lastly, it challenges traditional linear assumptions by exploring the nonlinear relationship between environmental regulations and industrial structure upgrading using bivariate spatial correlation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that cities enhance the intensity and effectiveness of environmental regulations, support medium- and low-level cities in their development transitions, and promote industrial structure upgrading through increased inter-city cooperation and mutual assistance.

The activity of sewage sludge ash (SSA) is not high; ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) has a high calcium oxide content that can accelerate polymerization rates and exhibit better mechanical performance. In order to improve the engineering application of SSA–GGBS geopolymer, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its performance and benefits. In this study, the fresh properties, mechanical performance and benefits of geopolymer mortar with different SSA/GGBS, modulus and Na2O contents were studied. Taking the economic and environmental benefits, working performance and mechanical performance of mortar as evaluation indexes, the entropy weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the geopolymer mortar with different proportions. The results show that as SSA/GGBS increases, the workability of mortar decreases, the setting time first increases and then decreases, and the compressive strength and flexural strength decrease. By appropriately increasing the modulus, the workability of the mortar decreases and more silicates are introduced, resulting in increased strength in the later stage. By appropriately increasing the Na2O content, the volcanic ash activity of SSA and GGBS is better stimulated, the polymerization reaction is accelerated, and the early strength increases. The highest I c (integrated cost index, C t f c 28 ) of geopolymer mortar is 33.95 CNY/m3/MPa, and the lowest is 16.21 CNY/m3/MPa, which is at least 41.57% higher than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The minimum I e (embodied CO2 index, E c f c 28 ) is 6.24 kg/m3/MPa, rising up to 14.15 kg/m3/MPa, which is at least 21.39% lower than that of OPC. The optimal mix ratio is a water–cement ratio of 0.4, a cement–sand ratio of 1.0, SSA/GGBS of 2/8, a modulus content of 1.4, and an Na2O content of 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to analyze manganese and copper overlayers with CoCrTaPt/Cr films on glass substrates. The intergranular interactions in the magnetic films were examined by determining the remnant magnetization curves established by using isothermal remanence and direct current demagnetizatising measurements. Experimental results indicated that the diffusion of overlayer atoms occrs at the grain boundaries.

Co/Pd and Co/pt multilayers have been fabricated on ultra-thin (2 nm) indium tin oxide (ITO) seed layers with soft underlayer for perpendicular magnetic recording. The coercivity of the Co/Pd multilayers was increased from 5.1 kOe to 6.3 kOe by increasing the thickness of the initial Pd layer from 1 nm to 2 nm. Hysteresis loops with an almost perfect remanent squareness, high nucleation field, and more sheared sides were obtained. TEM analysis shows that the films have well-segregated columnar structures which help to reduce exchange coupling and increase coercivity. Spin-stand testing shows that the Co/Pd multilayers have a D50 about 157 kfci without differentiating the output signals. Co/Pt multilayers with ITO seed layers deposited in 40 mTorr of Kr give a coercivity of 6.9 kOe and a D50 about 290 kfci when the output signal is differentiated. Index Terms--Co/Pd multilayers, Co/Pt multilayers, indium tin oxide seed layers, perpendicular magnetic recording.

Co/Pt superlattices with an ultra-thin amorphous Ta seed layer on a [Ni.sub.45][Fe.sub.55] underlayer were fabricated for double-layer perpendicular magnetic recording media using a special hard disk sputtering system with a triple-target DC magnetron cathode (Triatron). A 2.5 nm thick Ta seed layer was found to improve the crystalline structure and increase the coercivity of the Co/Pt superlattices from 1.13 to 2.17 kOe. A 2.5 nm Ta layer on a 200 nm thick magnetically soft NiFe underlayer was found to further increase the coercivity from 2.25 to 5 kOe. In addition, the sheared slope of the sides of hysteresis loop of Co/Pt superlattices was significantly improved from about 5 Gauss/Oe (with only a 2.5 nm Ta seed layer) to about 1.1 Gauss/Oe (with both a 2.5 nm Ta seed layer and a 200 nm NiFe underlayer). Index Terms--Co/Pt superlattices, double-layer perpendicular magnetic recording media, NiFe underlayer, ultra-thin amorphous Ta seed layer.

CoB/Pd multilayers have been fabricated on ultrathin (2 nm) indium tin oxide seed layers with NiFe soft underlayer for perpendicular magnetic recording. In situ heating to 230 °C was applied to increase the mobility of the boron atoms so that they can presumably migrate to the grain boundaries to promote grain segregation and inhibit grain growth. It gave a coercivity of 5 kOe and a D50 about 330 kfci for differentiated output signals. Magnetic force microscopy analysis shows that the magnetic domain size has been decreased due to the addition of B in Co layer, which may lead to better recording performances. An areal density of 11 Gb/in² was achieved at a bit-error-rate of 10[sup -6]. As the recording was limited by the wide track width of the head, high flying height, and noisy soft underlayer, it is expected that the media has the potential of more than 30 Gb/in² in areal density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of study, the factors that controlled the formation and evolution of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, including uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Pliocene-Pleistocene climate change, and autogenetic processes are still poorly constrained. The stratigraphic record of such paleogeographic evolution is recorded in the sequence of nine terraces formed during progressive incision of the Yellow River in the last 1.7 Ma. This article investigates in detail for sediment provenance in terraces of the Lanzhou area, based on heavy-mineral and geochemical (REE) signatures. Two main provenance changes are identified, pointing each to a major paleogeographic reorganization coupled with expansion of the upper Yellow River catchment and enhanced sediment fluxes. The first change took place between the deposition of terrace T9 (formed around 1.7 Ma) and terrace T8 (formed around 1.5 Ma), when rapid fluvial incision point to tectonic control and active uplift of northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The second change took place between deposition of terrace T4 (formed around 0.86 Ma) and terrace T3 (formed around 0.14 Ma), during a period of low incision rates and notably enhanced sediment fluxes as a response to enhanced East Asian Summer Monsoon and consequently increased precipitations, pointing instead chiefly to climatic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]