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Freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juice， freshly ground coffee， new tea and other freshly made beverages are very popular among consumers. However， due to the loose quality control of raw materials and non-standard processing operation， the risk of microbial contamination exists in the freshly made beverages. This paper summarizes the status of microbiological pollution in the present system beverage and the current situation of industry supervision， analyzes the causes of microbiological pollution in the process of the present system beverage， finds out the key control points and proposes the intervention measures， in order to promote the healthy development of the present system beverage industry.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the mold and mycotoxin contamination status of cooked nuts and seeds in China in 2021 and to understand the correlation and risk of mold and mycotoxin contamination in such foods.MethodsSamples of commercially available cooked nuts and seeds were tested for mold contamination. Internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequencing was used to identify the genus of the contaminating mold in the samples.ResultsOut of the cooked nut and seed samples analyzed， 19.32% （560/2 912） had mold counts > 25 colony-forming units （CFU）/g. The proportion of mold counts > 25 CFU/g was lower in single nuts and seeds （14.74%， 321/2 178） than in mixed nuts and seeds （32.56%， 239/734， P < 0.05）. Among the single nut and seed samples， walnuts （24.10%， 47/195） had the highest proportion of mold counts > 25 CFU/g， followed by almonds， spartan wood， and peanuts at 17.44% （15/86）， 16.81% （20/119）， and 16.22% （73/450）， respectively. All other nuts and seeds had proportions below 15%. Mycotoxin analysis was performed on 26 samples with mold counts > 25 CFU/g， and beauvericin was detected at 16.37 μg/kg in one peanut sample collected from Yunnan Province. ITS amplicon sequencing revealed that the main contaminating genera in cooked nuts and seeds were Aspergillus， Alternaria， and Candida. The detected molds had a certain correlation with mycotoxins.ConclusionHigh levels of mold contamination were detected in cooked nuts and seeds， resulting in a risk of mycotoxin production in the detected foods. Thus， it is necessary to strengthen the genus and species identification and mycotoxin analysis in these types of food to understand the contamination route and the regularity of toxin production and to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment and effective prevention and control measures.

ObjectiveTo provide a basis for formulating applicable prevention and control strategies for toadstool poisoning， the epidemiological characteristics of toadstool poisoning events in Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture（Enshi）， Hubei Province from 2015 to 2021 was analyzed.MethodsThe descriptive analysis was conducted on poisoning incidents reported by Hubei Food Safety Standards， Monitoring and Evaluation Platform.ResultsFrom 2015 to 2021， a total of 558 cases and 804 patients of toadstool poisoning were reported in Enshi. The main cause of toadstool poisoning was accidental taking and eating. There were 45 foodborne outbreaks caused by toadstool poisoning， with 152 cases and 7 deaths， and the fatality rate was 4.61%. From the second quarter to the fourth quarter， toadstool poisoning occurred frequently in rural households. The prevention and control strategies mainly included monitoring， publicity， risk analysis and assessment， timely treatment and other common measures.ConclusionAccording to the retrospective analysis results of poisoning poisoning events in Enshi from 2015 to 2021， it is needed to establish effective risk warning system and strengthen the publicity and education to prevent or reduce the occurrence of poisoning according to the key seasons， regions， places and population.

ObjectiveTo investigate the microbial contamination of prepared beverage in China.MethodsAccording to the principle of random sampling， 3 583 samples of prepared beverage and edible ice were collected from representative restaurants， beverage shops， fast food restaurants and collective school canteenagers in municipalities and autonomous regions of China. The total number of bacteria， coliform bacteria， Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were detected by the national standard method.ResultsTotal colonies of 8.42% of the product were greater than 105 CFU/mL， coliforms of 19.32% of the products were greater than 102 MPN/mL. The detection rates of S. aureus and Salmonella were 2.56% and 0.09%， respectively， which were lower than 102 MPN/mL. The contamination in protein drinks was the most serious， the ratios of total colonies over 105 CFU/mL and coliforms over 102 MPN/mL were 21.35% and 32.97%， respectively. From March to May， the sanitary condition of prepared beverages was the worst， and the ratio of total number of colonies greater than 105 CFU/mL was 14.80%. The highest detection rate of S. aureus was 5.24% in restaurants and hotels.ConclusionThe food safety status of current prepared beverage is generally good， but related departments should also strengthen the supervision and inspection of the processing place.

ObjectiveTo provide the scientific basis for prevention of such incidents， a foodborne disease outbreak in school caused by Salmonella enteritidis was investigated and the risk factors was traced.MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of the incident. Case-control studies were used to investigate the suspected food. Environmental hygiene investigations were used to trace the process of food contamination， and pathogen isolation， serotyping analysis， and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） were used to detect and analyze the Salmonella enteritidis isolated from the patients， food and environmental samples.ResultsA total of 71 patients were reported in this outbreak， and the epidemic curves were consistent with a sustained homologous outbreak pattern. The case-control study， environmental health survey and etiology study suggested that sandwiches sold in the school supermarket were the etiological food for this incident （OR=302.09， 95%CI=75.18~1 213.97）. Salmonella isolates from 8 samples （12.70%， 8/63） collected from patients， food and environmental were detected， and their PFGE profile were identical， confirming that the salad dressing used in the cause-food sandwich was contaminated with Salmonella during the preparation process， which led to this foodborne illness outbreak.ConclusionThis outbreak was caused by sandwiches contaminated by Salmonella enteritidis， and the sandwiches were contaminated by homemade salad dressing. It is suggested that all foods containing raw egg ingredients that have not been adequately heat-treated should be banned from schools， and that the relevant administrative departments should strengthen sanitary supervision of such foods.

ObjectiveTo investigate the microbial contamination of liquid milk in some municipalities in Hubei Province in 2021.MethodsA total of 101 raw milk， pasteurized milk and sterilized milk from production， wholesale and retail were collected. The total number of bacterial colonies， aerobic Bacillus and thermophilic aerobic Bacillus， alkaline phosphatase of the samples were detected.ResultsThe overall exceeding rates of raw milk， pasteurized milk and sterilized milk （any one of the four indicators exceeded the standard） were 52.94%， 8.70% and 1.64%， respectively. The detection rates of aerobic Bacillus were 52.94%， 4.35% and 1.64%， respectively. The value of alkaline phosphatase in one retail whole fat pasteurized milk sample was 409 mU/L. The shelf days of pasteurized milk had no correlation with the value of alkaline phosphatase （r=0.10， P=0.65）. The detection rates of samples exceeding the standard in production and processing sector and circulation were 52.94% and 3.57%， respectively， with statistically significant differences （χ2=32.92， P0.05）.ConclusionThe pollution of aerobic Bacillus in raw milk was common in Hubei Province. Pasteurized milk and sterilized milk had the problem of microbial contamination which violated the standard. It is recommended to further investigate the causes， analyze the sources of contamination， provide the basis for targeted measures， and strengthen the monitoring of the total number of aerobic Bacillus， alkaline phosphatase and other indicators in liquid milk， which can provid baseline data for establishing appropriate limit standards.

ObjectiveIn order to explore the contamination and drug resistance of foodborne pathogens in fresh cut fruits and vegetables, samples were collected from retail markets in five district in Beijing.MethodsThe national standard method of food microbiological examination was used to detect Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli respectively. The drug resistance of the isolates was determined, and the Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was screened by fluorescent PCR.ResultsAmong 326 fresh cut fruits and vegetables sold in Beijing, the contamination rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were 15.34%, 1.84%, 0%, 9.51% and 1.23% respectively. 50 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in this study were mainly resistant to penicillin (90.00%) and oxacillin (48.00%), 31 strains of Escherichia coli were mainly resistant to compound sulfamethoxazole (67.74%) and ampicillin (64.50%), and 4 strains of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli showed multiple drug resistance. All 6 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were sensitive to 10 kinds of antibiotics.ConclusionThis research provided a scientific experimental basis for formulating the prevention and control strategy of foodborne diseases.

ObjectiveTo understand the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli recovered from breeding and slaughtering of broiler chickens, and to explore the impact of disinfectant use on resistance during COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA total of 722 strains of Echerichia coli, isolated from broiler farms and slaughterhouses in Henan, Shandong and Liaoning provinces, were tested for resistance of 27 kinds of antimicrobial compouds belonging to 12 categories using broth dilution method, and the changes of antimicrobial resistance of strains from Shandong province before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 were analyzed.ResultsAn overall high level antimicrobial resistance was found among 722 Escherichia coli isolates, 96% of which were drug resistant strains. The resistance rate of 9 drugs in 6 categories, including AMP, was higher than 75% with the highest one of 88.1%, eight drugs got the intermediary rate of over 10%, and multiple drug resistant strains accounted for 94.7% of all resistant strains; a total of 517 drug resistance profiles were found. The strains resistant to 10 and 9 drugs ranked the top, and 118 strains were resistant to 11 kinds of antimicrobial compounds at the same time, with 2 of which were resistant to 24 drugs. Resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in Shandong province to DOX, PB and AMS/AMC increased significantly after COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionThe overall antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from broiler farms and slaughterhouses in China is at a very high level, and the multi-drug resistance is serious, which may be related to the long-term widespread use of related drugs in the upstream of the food chain. During the COVID-19 outbreaks, the disinfection measures in broiler breeding and slaughter processing might be related to the enhancement of the Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance to some drugs. Continuous active surveillance from a preventive perspective should be carried out to fully assess the upside risk to antimicrobial resistance of the pathogens recovered from the food chain by the use of disinfectants.

Supercapacitors have become attractive energy storage devices due to their high power density, good cycling stability, and fast charging and discharging speeds. Porous carbon has great specific surface area, high energy density and good conversion performance, so porous carbon as supercapacitor electrode material has been widely concerned. Carbon materials with different dimensions and sizes, such as porous carbon spheres, porous carbon nanotubes, porous carbon nanofibers porous graphene and activated carbon can provide different performance advantages. At the same time, the composite of porous carbon with metal compounds, conductive polymers and particles containing N/P/O/S can further optimize electrode materials, as well as the significant effects on the increase of specific surface area and energy density are obtained. This article introduces the porous carbon materials used as electrode materials in recent years, as well as their multi-level structural materials and related composite materials. We first introduced porous carbon electrode materials with different dimensions and compared their electrochemical performance. Then, based on various research results, the factors affecting its electrochemical performance were discussed in detail. As well as, the preparation methods of porous carbon electrode materials were introduced, and the specific requirements, advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods were briefly analyzed. The application of porous carbon electrode materials combined with other materials in supercapacitors is listed. Finally, a summary and outlook of the current research status were supplied, providing reference for the rational design of porous carbon supercapacitors in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]