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The goal of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is to solve problems in a way that humans can understand how it does it. For data association there is growing demand for XAI, in which the measurement uncertainty and target (dynamic or/and measurement) model uncertainty are two fundamental problems in maneuvering target tracking in clutter. It commonly suffers of false alarms and missed detections. These situations focus on enhancing explainability, mitigating bias and creating better outcomes for all. Most the probabilistic data association (PDA) methods are weakly able, or even unable, to explain data association. To overcome these situations, the XAI components employed of two modules of Fuzzy-joint probability data association (FJDA) and Fuzzy maneuver compensator (FMC) are first established. Next, these two modules are further employed to construct maneuver tracking scheme, FJDA is then utilized to evaluate the association degree of measurements belonging to different targets and FMC plays compensation role in accordance with maneuver need. The performances of the proposed maneuver tracking scheme were compared with the PDA method and the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) method using simulated radar surveillance data under a high cluttered environment. The numerical simulation proposed maneuver tracking scheme embedded XAI components FJDA/FCM having a remarkable improvement, due to fully utilize the useful knowledge information in the data association and reduces the impact of measurement uncertainties of the maneuvering target tracking with changing dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, bone microarchitecture disruption, and collagen loss, leading to increased fracture risk. In the current study, collagen peptides were extracted from milkfish scales (MS) to develop potential therapeutic candidates for osteoporosis. MS was used to synthesize a crude extract of fish scales (FS), collagen liquid (COL), and hydroxyapatite powder (HA). COL samples were further categorized according to the peptide size of total COL (0.1 mg/mL), COL < 1 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), COL: 1–10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL), and COL > 10 kDa (0.1 mg/mL) to determine it. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence labeling were used to assess the expression levels of specific mRNA and proteins in vitro. For in vivo studies, mice ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced postmenopausal osteoporosis were developed, while the sham surgery (Sham) group was treated as a control. Collagen peptides (CP) from MS inhibited osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells following an insult with nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL). CP also enhanced osteoblast proliferation in MG‐63 cells, possibly through downregulating NFATc1 and TRAP mRNA expression and upregulating ALP and OPG mRNA levels. Furthermore, COL1 kDa also inhibited bone density loss in osteoporotic mice. Taken together, CP may reduce RANKL‐induced osteoclast activity while promoting osteoblast synthesis, and therefore may act as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and control of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical morphological features of follicular lymphoma (FL) are well-recognized. However, identifying some morphological variants, such as FL with hyaline-vascular Castleman disease (HVCD) like features (FL-HVCD), is challenging. Hence, we report a 57-year-old male with FL-HVCD who presented with nontender swelling of the bilateral lower limbs, caused by enlarged intra-abdominal lymph nodes with venous compression. The excised lymph nodes showed onionskin-like mantle zones and hyalinized blood vessels, which was consisted with HVCD. Oral medications were prescribed; however, the patient was lost to follow-up after 6 months and was readmitted with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis 3 years later. A bone marrow biopsy was done, and the patient was diagnosed as having overt FL with bone marrow involvement. Physicians should be careful if HCVD patients present with systemic symptoms or generalized lymphadenopathy. Excluding the possibility of lymphoma is necessary because the different treatment strategy and prognosis from HVCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CIC-DUX4 sarcoma is highly aggressive and rapidly develops lethal metastatic disease and chemoresistance. Its histology is similar to that of Ewing sarcoma and other small round cell sarcomas. Correlation with clinical data, radiological findings, pathological results (including immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization), and/or molecular techniques is necessary. We present the case of a 44-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed as having high-grade undifferentiated round cell sarcoma confirmed to be a CIC-DUX sarcoma by next-generation sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) binds to hepatic low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and induces its internalization and degradation. Pcsk9 inhibition increases LDLR expression by hepatocytes, which causes increased uptake of circulating LDL, thereby reducing plasma LDL‐cholesterol. However, by increasing the uptake of LDL by the liver, Pcsk9 inhibition increases the exposure of the liver to cholesterol, which may result in higher risk of steatohepatitis and ever carcinogenesis. We compared Pcsk9‐/‐ knockout (KO) mice and appropriate wild‐type (WT) controls of the same strain assigned to a high‐fat (15%, wt/wt) diet for 9 months supplemented with 0.25%, 0.5%, or 0.75% dietary cholesterol. Pcsk9 KO mice on a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet exhibited higher levels of hepatic free cholesterol loading and hepatic cholesterol crystallization than their WT counterparts. Pcsk9 KO mice developed crown‐like structures of macrophages surrounding cholesterol crystal‐containing lipid droplets and hepatocytes, exhibited higher levels of apoptosis, and developed significantly more hepatic inflammation and fibrosis consistent with fibrosing steatohepatitis, including 5‐fold and 11‐fold more fibrosis at 0.5% and 0.75% dietary cholesterol, respectively. When injected with diethylnitrosamine, a hepatic carcinogen, early‐in‐life Pcsk9 KO mice were more likely to develop liver cancer than WT mice. Conclusion: Pcsk9 KO mice on high‐cholesterol diets developed increased hepatic free cholesterol and cholesterol crystals and fibrosing steatohepatitis with a higher predisposition to liver cancer compared with WT mice. Future studies should evaluate whether patients on long‐term treatment with anti‐PSCK9 monoclonal antibodies are at increased risk of hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis or liver cancer, while accounting for concurrent use of statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]