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The effect of Shenfu injection on brain injury after cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) along with the underlying mechanism of axonal regeneration was explored. CA/CPR model in rats was established for subsequent experiments. A total of 160 rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, conventional western medicine (CWM) group, Shenfu group, and antagonist group (n=32 per group). After 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days of drug administration, the modified Neurological Severity Score tests were performed. The ultrastructure of the brain and hippocampus was observed by electron microscopy. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect Nogo receptor (NgR) expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and Nogo–NgR expression in CA/CPR model. Neurological deficits in the model group were severe at 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after the recovery of natural circulation, whereas the neurological deficits in CWM, antagonist, and Shenfu group were relatively mild. The ultrastructure of neuronal cells in Shenfu group had relatively complete cell membranes and more vesicles than those in the model group. The results of PCR and western blotting showed lower messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression of NgR in Shenfu group than the model group and CWM group. Immunohistochemical examination indicated a reduction of Nogo–NgR expression in Shenfu group and antagonist group. Our results suggested that Shenfu injection reduced brain injury by attenuating Nogo–NgR signaling pathway and promoting axonal regeneration.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signal pathway family are important signal transduction pathways, which widely exit in cells. They are able to make particular physiological responses induced by multiple extracellular signals or stimulus, such as changes of osmotic pressures, ischemic/reperfusion, inflammation and so on, that means they can mediate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The physiological responses mediated by MAPK signal pathway make great scene to the progression and healing of eye wounds, therefore researchers may highlight the pathway in research.

To defeat botnets and ensure cyberspace security,a novel social network-based botnet with strong destroy-resistance (DR-SNbot),as well as its corresponding countermeasure,was proposed.DR-SNbot constructed command and control servers (C＆C-Servers) based on social network.Each C＆C-Server corresponded to a unique pseudo-random nickname.The botmaster issues commanded by hiding them in diaries using information hiding techniques,and then a novel C＆C channel was established.When different proportions of C＆C-Servers were invalid,DR-SNbot would send out different levels of alarms to inform attackers to construct new C＆C-Servers.Then,DR-SNbot could automatically repair C＆C communication to ensure its strong destroy-resistance.Under the experimental settings,DR-SNbot could resume the C＆C communication in a short period of time to keep 100% of the control rate even if all the current C＆C-Servers were invalid.Finally,a botnet nickname detecting method was proposed based on the difference of lexical features of legal nicknames and pseudo-random nicknames.Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively (precision:96.88%,recall:93%) detect pseudo-random nicknames generated by social network-based botnets with customized algorithms.

A novel method for fast and accurately tracing reused code was proposed. Based on simhash and inverted in-dex, the method can fast trace similar functions in massive code. First of all, a code database with three-level inverted in-dex structures was constructed. For the function to be traced, similar code blocks could be found quickly according to simhash value of the code block in the function code. Then the potential similar functions could be fast traced using in-verted index. Finally, really similar functions could be identified by comparing jump relationships of similar code blocks. Further, malware samples containing similar functions could be traced. The experimental results show that the method can quickly identify the functions inserted by compilers and the reused functions based on the code database under the premise of high accuracy and recall rate.

Graphene has been widely used in many applications, such as sensors, field‐effect transistors, and integrated circuits due to its high strength and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. Its lack of a band gap, however, means that applications in some fields are limited. In this paper, using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory method, the electronic properties of graphene/WS2 heterostructures under electric field and in‐plane biaxial strain are investigated. It is found that the two materials are subject to weak van der Waals forces after stacking. The band gap of WS2 in the graphene/WS2 heterostructure is reduced by 0.57 eV compared to the intrinsic WS2 band gap. An n‐type Schottky contact with a barrier height of 0.22 eV is formed. In addition, an n‐type to p‐type Schottky contact transition can be achieved by increasing the applied vertical electric field on the graphene/WS2 heterostructure. The variation of the barrier heights ϕBn and ϕBp of the graphene/WS2 heterojunction with strain is sensitive. However, plane strain can only change the height of the Schottky barrier; the Schottky contact cannot change from n‐type to p‐type with in‐plane biaxial strain. The results suggest that there is a potential application of graphene/WS2 heterostructures in Schottky devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) may be involved in driving pain in patients with advanced cancer. However, a few studies focus on the role of ET-1 in breakthrough pain (BP). The aim of this pivotal study was to explore the correlation between the plasma (ET-1) level and BP intensity. A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the study, and they were divided into two groups: BP group and non-BP group. Moreover, 20 healthy adults were used as the normal control group. Pain intensity was measured using visual analog scale (VAS) scores of 1-10. Plasma ET-1 levels were detected by an ET radioimmunoassay kit. Subsequently, the correlation of ET-1 level with the VAS score and cancer types was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The plasma ET-1 level in the BP group (35.31±8.02 pg/mL) was higher than that in the non-BP group (29.51±6.78 pg/mL) and the normal control group (24.77±10.10 pg/mL, P<0.05). In addition, the VAS score in the BP group (7.45±0.82) was higher than that in the non-BP group (2.80±1.23, P<0.05). The plasma ET-1 level was positively correlated with the VAS score of the BP group (Pearson's r=0.42). There was no significant correlation between the plasma ET-1 level and VAS score of the non-BP group (Pearson's r=-0.22) or/and cancer types (P>0.05). The elevated plasma ET-1 levels were positively related to BP, and targeting ET-1 may provide a novel pain-reducing therapeutic treatment in BP.