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ABSTRACT: Avian coccidiosis causes huge economic losses to the global poultry industry. Vaccine is an important means to prevent and control coccidiosis. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was selected as the expression host strain to express anti Eimeria tenella surface protein SAG22. The synthesized surface protein SAG22 gene fragment of E. tenella was ligated with Escherichia coli-bacillus shuttle vector GJ148 to construct the recombinant vector SAG22-GJ148. And then the recombinant Bacillus strain SAG22-DH61 was obtained by electrotransfer. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western Blot showed that the recombinant protein SAG22 was successfully expressed intracellularly. The immunoprotective effect of recombinant Bacillus strain SAG22-DH61 on broiler chickens was evaluated in 3 identically designed animal experiments. The birds were infected with E. tenella on d 14, 21, and 28, respectively. Each batch of experiments was divided into 4 groups: blank control group (NC), blank control group + infected E. tenella (CON), addition of recombinant SAG22-DH61 strain + infected with E. tenella (SAG22-DH61), addition of recombinant empty vector GJ148-DH61 strain + infected with E. tenella (GJ148-DH61). The animal experiments results showed that the average weight gain of the SAG22-DH61 group was higher than that of the infected control group, and the difference was significant in the d 14 and 28 attack tests (P < 0.05); the oocyst reduction rate of the SAG22-DH61 group was much higher than that of the GJ148-DH61 group (P < 0.05); the intestinal lesion count score of the SAG22-DH61 group was much lower than that of the GJ148-DH61 group (P < 0.05). In addition, the SAG22-DH61 group achieved highly effective coccidia resistance in the d 14 attack test and moderately effective coccidia resistance in both the d 21 and 28 attack tests. In summary, recombinant SAG22 B. subtilis has the potential to become one of the technological reserves in the prevention and control of coccidiosis in chickens in production.

As a promising cell tracking technology, 19F MRI suffers from low sensitivity. Here, fluorinated nanoemulsions with a unified 19F signal and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement were developed as 19F MRI cellular tracers with high stability, size controllability, biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and dual-modality for sensitive in vivo RAW264.7 cell tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full reconstitution of CD4+ T cells in both peripheral blood and mucosal tissues is a desirable goal of treating AIDS patients. To date, few studies have investigated the potential role of gut-homing CD4+ T-cell subsets as biomarkers in assisting Asian populations infected with HIV-1.A large cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese patients with focus on the frequency, absolute number, and ratio of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg subsets in 3 groups of age- and gender-matched study subjects: healthy donors, untreated AIDS patients, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients with sustained undetectable viral load.HIV-1 chronic infection resulted in positively correlated loss of total and gut-homing CD4+ T cells (P < 0.001) among patients compared with healthy controls. Profiles of T-cell subsets, however, were different between total and gut-homing CD4+ T cells in terms of frequency and absolute number. ART partially restored the frequencies of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg cells but the lost number of gut-homing Th17 cells was found not easily reversible. These changes together with an increased frequency of gut-homing CD4+ Treg cells led to dual imbalances of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios, which were negatively correlated with viral load (P = 0.014 and P < 0.001) and hardly restored even by prolonged ART.Our findings provide new insights into the investigation of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg imbalances in AIDS patients, which may have potential implications on the reconstitution of mucosal CD4+ T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, gold nanoparticles on highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays (Au/TNTA) were prepared via electrochemical anodic oxidation method followed by photodeposition. The prepared samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB) under simulated sunlight irradiation were carried out. The experiment results showed that the photocatalytic activity of TNTA was greatly enhanced after loading of gold. Both hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and holes are involved in the degradation of RhB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: T lymphocyte turnover has been studied extensively in HIV infection. The dynamic characteristics of various subsets of T cells in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected individuals, however, have not been well defined. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study using peripheral blood T cells from 39 antiretroviral-naive, chronically HIV-infected patients, as well as 16 healthy, HIV-negative controls. T-cell subset turnover rates were measured by Ki-67 antigen staining; levels of spontaneous apoptosis and activation in T-cell subsets were also determined by flow cytometry. Surprisingly, with disease progression, the level of T-cell spontaneous apoptosis did not increase significantly, despite a heightened rate of T-cell subset turnover and increased expression of the CD38 activation marker. These data refute the idea that increased T cell turnover is merely a homeostatic process in response to CD4 T cell loss during HIV disease progression, and suggest that future mechanistic studies may be needed for a comprehensive understanding of T-cell dynamics during HIV infection. Such understanding may help to develop new strategies for the immune modulation of clinical disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: We aimed to examine the evolution of blood lipids and compare the risk of dyslipidemia between antiretroviral-naive people living with HIV who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), lamivudine (3TC), and efavirenz (EFV) (TDF + 3TC + EFV) and those who received coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (E/C/F/TAF)., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 2343 antiretroviral-naive people living with HIV who initiated TDF + 3TC + EFV or E/C/F/TAF. A propensity score matching method was used to compare longitudinal changes of blood lipids between the 2 groups., Results: By using 1:3 matching ratio, we included 253 and 91 matched patients in TDF + 3TC + EFV group and E/C/F/TAF group, respectively. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in E/C/F/TAF group than those in TDF + 3TC + EFV group at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (Wilcoxon test, all Ps < 0.05), except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at 9 and 12 months. The cumulative rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high LDL-C in PLWH with normal lipid levels in E/C/F/TAF group were higher than those in TDF + 3TC + EFV group (hypercholesterolemia, 59.7% vs 21.5%, P < 0.001; hypertriglyceridemia, 69.5% vs 46.3%, P < 00.001; and high LDL-C, 41.5% vs 14.2%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed treatment with E/C/F/TAF was associated with a significantly higher risk of hypercholesterolemia [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 4.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.65 to 6.41], hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted HR, 1.69; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.43), and high LDL-C (adjusted HR, 4.60; 95% CI: 2.66 to 7.97)., Conclusions: We concluded that treatment with E/C/F/TAF resulted in higher risks of dyslipidemia compared with TDF + 3TC + EFV., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

As a promising cell tracking technology, 19F MRI suffers from low sensitivity. Here, fluorinated nanoemulsions with a unified 19F signal and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement were developed as 19F MRI cellular tracers with high stability, size controllability, biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and dual-modality for sensitive in vivo RAW264.7 cell tracking.

For detecting metal ions with 19 F chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging ( 19 F CEST MRI), a class of novel fluorinated chelators with diverse fluorine contents and chelation properties were conveniently synthesized on gram scales. Among them, a DTPA-derived chelator with high sensitivity and selectivity was identified as a novel 19 F CEST imaging probe for simultaneously detecting multiple metal ions.

Background: Full reconstitution of CD4 T cells in both peripheral blood and mucosal tissues is a desirable goal of treating AIDS patients. To date, few studies have investigated the potential role of gut-homing CD4 T-cell subsets as biomarkers in assisting Asian populations infected with HIV-1., Methods: A large cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese patients with focus on the frequency, absolute number, and ratio of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg subsets in 3 groups of age- and gender-matched study subjects: healthy donors, untreated AIDS patients, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients with sustained undetectable viral load., Results: HIV-1 chronic infection resulted in positively correlated loss of total and gut-homing CD4 T cells (P < 0.001) among patients compared with healthy controls. Profiles of T-cell subsets, however, were different between total and gut-homing CD4 T cells in terms of frequency and absolute number. ART partially restored the frequencies of gut-homing Th1, Th17, and Treg cells but the lost number of gut-homing Th17 cells was found not easily reversible. These changes together with an increased frequency of gut-homing CD4 Treg cells led to dual imbalances of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios, which were negatively correlated with viral load (P = 0.014 and P < 0.001) and hardly restored even by prolonged ART., Conclusions: Our findings provide new insights into the investigation of gut-homing Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg imbalances in AIDS patients, which may have potential implications on the reconstitution of mucosal CD4 T cells.