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In zeolite frameworks, double four‐ring (d4r) configurations are among the most frequent composite building units. The composition variations in d4r units greatly influence the energy and structural modifiability of the zeolitic framework. The introduction of germanium, with a larger ionic radius than silicon or aluminum, not only reduces the energy constraints of d4r in the nucleation and crystal growth of zeolites, but also opens a new window for constructing novel crystalline structures, especially with large or extra‐large pores and channels. Ge‐enriched d4r units endow germanosilicates with structure diversity readily for post treatments. Promising catalytic materials have been gradually developed and increasingly studied by direct synthesis or post‐synthetic isomorphous substitution for Ge. This review focuses on the recent progress in the synthesis, modification, and catalytic application of d4r‐containing zeolites, including germanosilicates, aluminosilicates, and silicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐silica zeolite ECNU‐13 (Si/Al=23) with a new three‐dimensional (3D) pore system and a nanosized morphology has been developed, consisting of multitudes of 10‐membered ring (10‐R) medium pores and one set of 8‐R small pores. A phase‐discrimination strategy was proposed to synthesize ECNU‐13 by regulating the gel compositions and nucleation processes that were used for preparing 12‐R large‐pore germanosilicate IM‐20 with the known UWY topology. The crystallization was directed towards forming one set of single four‐ring (s4r) composite building units together with one set of double four‐ring (d4r) rather than two different types of d4r units in IM‐20. The electron crystallographic investigations elucidated that the ECNU‐13 structure was composed of two kinds of polymorphs as a result of distinct atomic positionings in s4r units. In catalytic cracking of 1‐butene, ECNU‐13 exhibited high propene selectivity (55.6 %) and propene to ethylene molar ratio (>4.7) superior to well‐studied conventional ZSM‐5 zeolite catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐silica zeolite ECNU‐13 (Si/Al=23) with a new three‐dimensional (3D) pore system and a nanosized morphology has been developed, consisting of multitudes of 10‐membered ring (10‐R) medium pores and one set of 8‐R small pores. A phase‐discrimination strategy was proposed to synthesize ECNU‐13 by regulating the gel compositions and nucleation processes that were used for preparing 12‐R large‐pore germanosilicate IM‐20 with the known UWY topology. The crystallization was directed towards forming one set of single four‐ring (s4r) composite building units together with one set of double four‐ring (d4r) rather than two different types of d4r units in IM‐20. The electron crystallographic investigations elucidated that the ECNU‐13 structure was composed of two kinds of polymorphs as a result of distinct atomic positionings in s4r units. In catalytic cracking of 1‐butene, ECNU‐13 exhibited high propene selectivity (55.6 %) and propene to ethylene molar ratio (>4.7) superior to well‐studied conventional ZSM‐5 zeolite catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant species of vanadium (V) are V(IV) and V(V) which exhibit different toxicity and biological effects. Thus, speciation of V(IV) and V(V) is highly essential. Efficient sample preparation is the core step in the quantification of V(IV) and V(V). In the present study, a new task specific microextraction column based on monolith mingled with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (MBMC) was in situ synthesized in capillary and utilized as the extraction phase of magnetic field-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction (MA-IT-SPME) of V(IV) and V(V) species which were coordinated with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The prepared MBMC presented porous and superparamagnetic properties, and possessed abundant functional groups. Results revealed that the exertion of magnetic field during adsorption and eluting steps boosted the extraction efficiency of V(IV)-EDTA and V(V)-EDTA chelates from 65.1 % to 55.7 %–90.0 % and 80.1 %, respectively. Under the beneficial extraction parameters, the established MA-IT-SPME was online hyphenated with HPLC/DAD to perform speciation of trace vanadium in water and vegetable samples, the achieved limits of detection were 0.054–0.060 μg/L and 1.4–1.5 μg/kg in water and vegetable samples, respectively, and the spiked recoveries varied from 82.5 to 118 %. In addition, relevant extraction mechanism under magnetic field was explored. In comparison with existing methods, the developed MA-IT-SPME technique displays some attractive merits such as automation, good anti-interference ability, high extraction efficiency, low cost and less use of organic solvent, in the capture of V species. The established online MBMC@MA-IT-SPME-HPLC/DAD system can become a competitive approach for sensitive speciation of V(IV) and V(V) at trace levels in complex samples. [Display omitted] • A novel microextraction column for MA-IT-SPME was synthesized. • Application of magnetic field during extraction procedure improved the extraction efficiency. • Extraction conditions were optimized and extraction mechanism was deduced. • Online MBMC@MA-IT-SPME-HPLC/DAD was established for simultaneous analysis of V(IV) and V(V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Co-solvent changed the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) and enhanced lignin solvation. • Co-solvent systems efficiently inhibited the repolymerization of lignin fragments. • The liquid product yield increased from 12.3 % in an aqueous solution to 19.8 % in an H 2 O-THF (v/v: 1/1) system. Efficient low-boiling-point co-solvent systems were developed for the oxidative depolymerization of lignin to high-value platform chemicals, mainly vanillin and lactic acid, using molybdenum (Mo)-based solid oxide catalysts and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) oxidant. The co-solvent, designed with the matching Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) values to lignin, facilitated efficient solvation of lignin. Various factors, including co-solvents, catalyst supports, H 2 O 2 concentrations, and active metals, were detailly investigated. Optimal yields of total liquid products (EA oils: 19.8 %) were obtained in water-tetrahydrofuran (H 2 O-THF) co-solvent systems, increased by 61.0 % compared to that of the sole aqueous solution, employing a MoO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Additionally, the oxidized lignin (O-lignin) or EA oils was analyzed using UV–vis, CHN, GPC, and FT-IR techniques. Results indicated that the co-solvent system remarkably inhibited the repolymerization of lignin fragments, and enhanced the oxidative cleavage of lignin side chains. Lastly, a hypothetical mechanism explained the reaction pathway of lignin depolymerization in co-solvent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony contamination of tailings from the mining process remain attracted a great amount of concern. In this study, defective UiO-66-X crystal materials are rationally constructed using trifluoroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid as modulators for the removal of Sb(V) from actual tailing sand leachates. XRD and TG characterizations reveal that the number and kind of defects in UiO-66 are influenced by the type of modulators and the addition of trifluoroacetic acid makes UiO-66-TFA contain both cluster and ligand defects. Adsorption experiments show that UiO-66 and UiO-66-HCl achieve 100% removal of Sb(V) at pH 7.5 of the tailing sand leachate, and up to 90% removal of Sb(V) by the three materials at pH 2.5. It is noteworthy that the removal rate of Sb(V) by UiO-66-HCl is still satisfactory even under strongly acidic conditions at pH 0.5, with good potential for practical applications. Four kinetic models are used to fit the adsorption data and the analysis shows that the mechanism of Sb(V) adsorption by three adsorbent is all pseudo-second order and chemisorption acts as an important role in the adsorption process. In addition, the fixed bed adsorption experiments show that the material exhibit good prospects for practical applications. With the help of defect engineering strategy, UiO-66-Xs with structural defects were designed, and the differences in the removal performance of antimony in actual wastewater under different pH conditions were explored, providing new ideas for the removal of antimony in actual wastewater. [Display omitted] • The defective UiO-66 was designed with the help of defect engineering strategy. • The removal performance of Sb(V) by materials under different pH was explored. • The removal performance of Sb (V) varies among the three materials at different pH. • Fixed bed experiments showed that the material exhibited practical application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A continuously catalytic system was developed for lignin oxidative depolymerization in a near-neutral aqueous solution. • Heterogeneous Mo-based catalysts combined with H 2 O 2 increased the selectivity and yield of main platform products. • The acid properties of solid catalysts influenced vanillin and lactic acid yields. • A hypothetical mechanism was proposed to elucidate the formation pathways of vanillin and lactic acid based on the results of lignin model compounds. A heterogeneous molybdenum (Mo)-based oxide catalyst system in combination with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was developed for oxidative depolymerization of lignin to yield high-value platform chemicals in a nearly neutral aqueous solution. The impact of various reaction conditions, including the ratios of H 2 O 2 and/or MoO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst to lignin, reaction temperature and duration, and lignin concentration, were investigated in a batch system or a continuous flow fixed-bed system. The structural changes between dealkaline lignin and the recovered lignin (O-lignin and M−lignin) were analyzed using UV–vis, FT-IR, and GPC techniques. The combination of MoO 3 and H 2 O 2 resulted in a superior peroxo complex, promoting the formation of vanillin and lactic acid. The medium and weak acid feature of MoO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst induced the highest vanillin yield (5.6%) and the selectivity (86.9%) of main platform products. However, the highest yield of lactic acid (3.4%) was observed on MoO 3 /SiO 2 with more weak acid sites. Hypothetical formation mechanisms for vanillin and lactic acid were proposed based on the depolymerization of lignin model compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Zeolites, a class of crystalline microporous materials, have a wide range of practical applications, in particular serving as key catalysts in petrochemical and fine‐chemical processes. Millions of zeolite topologies are theoretically possible. However, to date, only 235 frameworks with various tetrahedral element compositions have been discovered in nature or artificially synthesized, among which approximately 50 topologies are available in pure‐silica forms. Germanosilicates are becoming an important zeolite family, with a rapidly increasing number of topological structures having unusual double four‐membered ring (D4R) building units and large‐pore or extra‐large‐pore systems. The synthesis of their high‐silica analogues with higher (hydro)thermal stability remains a great challenge, because the formation of siliceous D4R units is kinetically and thermodynamically unfavorable in hydrothermal systems. Herein, it is demonstrated that such D4R‐containing high‐silica zeolites with unexpected crystalline topologies (ECNU‐24‐RC and IM‐20‐RC) are readily constructed by a versatile route. This strategy provides new opportunities for the synthesis of high‐silica zeolite catalysts that are hardly obtainable by conventional hydrothermal synthesis and may also facilitate a breakthrough in increasing the number and types of zeolite materials with practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Base catalyzed depolymerization of lignin was studied in a continuous reactor system at low temperature (≤180 ℃). • Low concentration (<5 %) of alkaline ionic liquid N -allylpyridinium hydroxide ([APy]OH) as a co-solvent in ethylene glycol solution decreased feedstock viscosity and reduced the cost. • [APy]OH as a catalyst also presented a synergistic effect with alkali metal salt (NaCl) and exhibited high aromatics yield. • A hypothetical mechanism was proposed to explain the depolymerization pathway of lignin. A novel alkaline ionic liquids N -allylpyridinium hydroxide ([APy]OH) was successfully designed and developed as a catalyst and co-solvent with ethylene glycol in the continuous depolymerization of lignin. Various reaction conditions, like lignin concentration, water content, and reaction temperature, were investigated under atmospheric pressure. Ethylene glycol was used as main solvent and repolymerization inhibitor of the aldehydes produced. The combination of [APy]OH and alkali metal salts exhibited a good synergistic effect for lignin depolymerization. Then, the depolymerization of three different lignins, including dealkaline lignin (DA-lignin), alkaline lignin (A-lignin), and sodium lignosulfonate (S-lignin), were also studied. S-lignin exhibited the highest yields of total liquid products (21.3 %) and aromatics (10.7 %). The change in lignin structure after depolymerization was observed by means of FT-IR and DTG-DTA techniques. Lastly, a hypothetical pathway for lignin depolymerization was proposed based on the catalytic results of lignin model compounds (LMCs) with different linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The inter-relation between UiO-66 defects and Sb(V) removal performance was revealed. • Different modulators induced UiO-66-Xs with various defect concentrations. • The performance of UiO-66-TFA with the most defects was 2.98 times of that of UiO-66. • The enhanced Sb(V) adsorption was demonstrated by experiments and DFT calculations. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with ability to create rich defects in the structures for exposed binding sites are beneficial for wastewater treatment. However, the inter-relation between the defect concentration and heavy metal removal performance still deserves the exploration. Herein, UiO-66-X crystal materials are successfully synthesized in the presence of monocarboxylic acid of acetic, benzoic, and trifluoroacetic acid, and the effect of defect concentration on Sb(V) removal performance is systematically studied. XRD, TG, EPR and XPS characterizations reveal that the addition of modulators increases the content of defects in the UiO-66-X, which is beneficial to improve the sites utilization. As expected, the Sb(V) adsorption properties of UiO-66-AA, UiO-66-BA and UiO-66-TFA are boosted by 54.1%, 140.0% and 197.7% compared to that of pristine UiO-66. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that UiO-66-TFA with the most defects exhibits lower adsorption energy and higher charge transfer, significantly improving the uptake performance of Sb(V). Additionally, the UiO-66-TFA successfully removes antimony in actual water from the Tianyi Lake and Ganjiang River with residual concentrations below 5 μg L−1, meeting the drinking water standard. This work provides guidance for the rational selection of modulators for efficient heavy metal removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erzhi Pill (EZP) is a traditional Chinese prescription that has marked effects in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to apply an integrative pharmacological strategy to systematically evaluate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of EZP, and provide a solid theoretical basis for the clinical application of EZP in the treatment of DCM. In this study, the potential targets and key pathways of EZP were predicted and validated using network pharmacology and molecular docking, respectively. Changes in cardiac metabolites and major metabolic pathways in rat heart samples were examined using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Finally, biochemical analysis was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of key pathways. We found that EZP decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the serum, and alleviated the morphological abnormalities of the heart tissue in diabetic rats. Furthermore, EZP effectively restored superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity levels, as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the heart tissue. Network pharmacology prediction results indicated that the mechanism of EZP in treating DCM was closely related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and FoxO signaling pathways. In addition, 1H-NMR metabolomics confirmed that EZP primarily regulated both energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ketone bodies metabolism, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, glycine metabolism, and purine metabolism. Finally, immunohistochemistry results indicated that EZP reduced the expression levels of p-AMPK, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-FoxO3a proteins, in the heart tissue of DCM rats. The results confirmed that the overall therapeutic effect of EZP in the DCM rat model is exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, alongside the regulation of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as the AMPK and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathways. This study provides an experimental basis for the use of EZP in DCM treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Bu-Shen-Tong-Du prescription (BSP) has traditionally been used in to treat RA but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we explored the potential mechanisms of BSP in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats, a classic animal model of RA. We employed an integrated pharmacology approach in combination with network pharmacology, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, and biochemical analyses to determine the mechanisms of BSP for treating RA. We found that BSP can regulate immunity and inflammation by decreasing the spleen index; inhibiting hyperplasia of the white pulp; reducing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and IFN-γ; and increasing the levels of IL-10 in the serum. Network pharmacology was utilized to predict related signal transduction pathways of BSP in RA treatment. 1H NMR metabolomics of the serum confirmed that BSP regulated energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Finally, we validated the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway using immunohistochemical methods, which demonstrated that BSP controlled RA-induced inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results confirm the therapeutic effect of BSP in a CIA rat model, which is exerted via the inhibition of the inflammation and the improvement of the immune function, balancing energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides an experimental basis for using BSP as a combinatorial drug to inhibit inflammation and regulate immunity in the treatment of RA. [Display omitted] • Bu-Shen-Tong-Du prescription (BSP) is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). • BSP ameliorated metabolic disorders of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. • BSP inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. • BSP may be used as a mixed drug to regulate immune and inflammatory responses in RA. • Integrated pharmacology is an effective approach for exploring TCM prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multidimensional extra‐large pore zeolite with highly hydrothermal stability, denoted as −IRT−HS, has been developed successfully, starting from Ge‐rich germanosilicate precursor hydrothermally directed by a small and commercially available piperidinium‐type organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA). −IRT−HS, with the supermicropores, is structurally analogues to 28‐membered ring −IRT topology as confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques. And it is the high‐silica (Si/Ge=58) zeolite with the largest pore size as well. Notably, using acid‐washed as‐made Ge‐rich −IRT precursor as the silicon source is crucial to restore partially collapsed structure into a stable framework by OSDA‐assisted recrystallization. The calcined −IRT−HS maintains a high crystallinity, even when stored in a humid environment for extended periods or directly exposed to water. Additionally, high silica Al‐containing analogue is also readily synthesized, serving as an active solid‐acid catalyst in 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene cracking reaction, yielding an impressive initial conversion up to 76.1 % much higher than conventional large‐pore Beta zeolite (30.4 %). This work will pave the way for the designed synthesis of targeted high‐silica zeolites with stable and extra‐large pore frameworks, mimicking the structures of existing Ge‐rich counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multidimensional extra‐large pore zeolite with highly hydrothermal stability, denoted as −IRT−HS, has been developed successfully, starting from Ge‐rich germanosilicate precursor hydrothermally directed by a small and commercially available piperidinium‐type organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA). −IRT−HS, with the supermicropores, is structurally analogues to 28‐membered ring −IRT topology as confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques. And it is the high‐silica (Si/Ge=58) zeolite with the largest pore size as well. Notably, using acid‐washed as‐made Ge‐rich −IRT precursor as the silicon source is crucial to restore partially collapsed structure into a stable framework by OSDA‐assisted recrystallization. The calcined −IRT−HS maintains a high crystallinity, even when stored in a humid environment for extended periods or directly exposed to water. Additionally, high silica Al‐containing analogue is also readily synthesized, serving as an active solid‐acid catalyst in 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene cracking reaction, yielding an impressive initial conversion up to 76.1 % much higher than conventional large‐pore Beta zeolite (30.4 %). This work will pave the way for the designed synthesis of targeted high‐silica zeolites with stable and extra‐large pore frameworks, mimicking the structures of existing Ge‐rich counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of spent lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) mainly focuses on the recycling of the valuable metals of the cathode, and little attention is paid to the graphite anode despite its high consumption and unbalanced supply and demand. Herein, we report the recovery of highly damaged spent graphite into a micro-expanded graphite (MEG) adsorbent by high-temperature oxidation using perchloric acid. The as-formed MEG not only possessed an improved layered structure and expanded specific surface area and pore volume, but also exhibited efficient electrostatic effects. Additionally, the MEG adsorbent exhibited good adsorbability to remove methylene blue (MB) with the removal rate reaching up to 100% at low concentrations, which benefited from the synergistic effect of van der Waals adsorption and electrostatic adsorption. This study provides an economical and environmentally friendly method for traditional spent graphite recycling, which is crucial for addressing the graphite supply and demand imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatments. Monochasma savatieri Franch. (LRC) is commonly used clinically to treat wind-heat cold, bronchitis, acute pneumonia and acute gastroenteritis. However, its role in the treatment of ALI and its mechanism of action are still unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of LRC extract, and provide important therapeutic strategies and theoretical basis for ALI. In this study, a research paradigm of integrated pharmacology combining histopathological analysis, network pharmacology, metabolomics, and biochemical assays was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlaying the effects of LRC extract on LPS-induced ALI in BALB/c mice. The research findings demonstrated that LRC extract significantly alleviated pathological damage in lung tissues and inhibited apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, and the main active components were luteolin, isoacteoside, and aucubin. Lung tissue metabolomic and immunohistochemical methods confirmed that LRC extract could restore metabolic disorders in ALI mice by correcting energy metabolism imbalance, activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and inhibiting TLR4/NF- κ B signaling pathway. This study showed that LRC extract inhibited the occurrence and development of ALI inflammation by promoting the synthesis of antioxidant metabolites, balancing energy metabolism, activating CAP and suppressing the α7nAChR-TLR4/NF- κ B p65 signaling pathway. In addition, our study provided an innovative research model for exploring the effective ingredients and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the protective effects of LRC extract in LPS-induced ALI mice. [Display omitted] • Monochasma savatieri Franch. (LRC) exerted protective effects against LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via various mechanisms. • Luteolin, isolactoside, and aucubin were effective components of LRC. • LRC protected against ALI by balancing energy metabolism and activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. • LRC inhibited α7nAChR-TLR4/NF- κ B p65 pathway to reduce the Inflammation in ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at enhancing the coke resistance of Ni-based catalysts, the Nd-doped Ni@A 2 O 3 core-shell catalysts were prepared and their catalytic performance was evaluated in the steam reforming of acetic acid (SRAA). The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, XRF, HRTEM, H 2 -TPR, NH 3 -TPD, and DTG. The catalytic performance was greatly enhanced by the incorporation of Nd, with decreased yields of CO, CH 4 , and acetone, increased yield of CO 2 , and remarkable carbon resistance. The decoking behavior of the spent catalyst was elucidated by H 2 O18-TSD. A low reaction temperature facilitates the formation of amorphous carbon, leading to catalyst deactivation. The decoking ability of the catalyst is greatly improved by the Nd incorporation but is also catalyzed by the exposed Ni surface. The Ni0.01Nd@Al catalyst greatly balanced the exposed Ni surface and the mobile lattice oxygen, showing the highest catalytic activity, lowest coke deposition, and superb decoking ability. • OSC was introduced to Ni@Al 2 O 3 core-shell catalyst by doping Nd. • Hydrogen yield was enhanced by Nd incorporation with remarkable coke resistance. • Low temperatures induced the formation of amorphous carbon. • Lattice-oxygen-involved surface reactions promoted coke removal and water dissociation. • Both the Ni and lattice oxygen affected the water decoking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of the alkali‐treated intergrowth germanosilicate CIT‐13 into the single‐crystalline high‐silica ECNU‐21 (named after East China Normal University) zeolite, with a novel topology and a highly crystalline zeolite framework, has been realized through a creative top‐down strategy involving a mild alkaline‐induced multistep process consisting of structural degradation and reconstruction. Instead of acid treatment, hydrolysis in aqueous ammonia solution not only readily cleaved the chemically weak Ge(Si)−O−Ge bonds located within the interlayer double four ring (D4R) units of CIT‐13, but also cleaved the metastable Si−O−Si bonds therein. This led to extensive removal of the D4R units, and also generated silanol groups on adjacent silica‐rich layers, which then condensed to form a novel daughter structure upon calcination. Individual oxygen bridges in the reassembled ECNU‐21 replaced the germanium‐rich D4R units in CIT‐13, thereby eliminating the original intergrowth phenomenon along the b axis. With an ordered crystalline structure of 10‐ring (R) channels as well as suitable germanium‐related Lewis acid sites, ECNU‐21 serves as a stable solid Lewis acid catalyst for the shape‐selective hydration of ethylene oxide (EO) to ethylene glycol (EG) at greatly reduced H2O/EO ratios and reaction temperature in comparison with the noncatalytic industrial process. Zeolite transformations: The structural conversion from polymorph germanosilicate CIT‐13 to the novel ECNU‐21 zeolite has been achieved for the first time by an alkali treatment strategy (see figure). With a moderate Lewis acidity, ECNU‐21 serves as a promising shape‐selective catalyst for the hydration of ethylene oxide, with a conversion of more than 97 % and selectivity towards ethylene glycol of around 96 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective solid–gas reduction of the framework Ge ions has been carried out for the first time to induce a structural evolution in germanosilicates. Serving as a promising top-down post-synthesis strategy for constructing new zeolite structures, the controlled reduction of UTL germanosilicate with hydrogen successfully led to a series of novel structural analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, and recurring inflammatory skin disease. Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast) Makino (PAF), a traditional Chinese medicine, is primarily used for the clinical treatment of AD. In this study, a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD BALB/c mouse model was established, and a comprehensive pharmacological method was used to determine the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of PAF in the treatment of AD. The results indicated that both PAF gel (PAFG) and PAFG+MF (mometasone furoate) attenuated the severity of AD and reduced the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the skin. Serum metabolomics showed that PAFG combined with MF administration exerted a synergistic effect by remodeling metabolic disorders in mice. In addition, PAFG also alleviated the side effects of thymic atrophy and growth inhibition induced by MF. Network pharmacology predicted that the active ingredients of PAF were flavonoids and exerted therapeutic effects through anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that PAFG inhibited the inflammatory response through the ERβ/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Our results revealed that PAF can be used as a natural-source drug with good development prospects for the clinical treatment of AD. [Display omitted] • PAF combined with MF plays a synergistic therapeutic effect and alleviates the side effects caused by MF alone. • PAF suppresses AD-induced inflammatory response by suppressing Th2 immune response. • The active components of PAF in improving skin inflammation are flavonoids. • PAF treats AD by activating the ERβ/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death globally and thus imposes heavy economic burden on patients, their families, and society. Furthermore, COPD seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The concept of "overall regulation" of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of COPD. Aim of the study: The objective of this review is to summarize the TCM theories, experimental methods, TCM extracts, active TCM ingredients, and TCM formulas for the treatment of COPD and reveal the effects and mechanisms of TCM treatments on COPD. This article reviewed literature on TCM-based treatments for COPD reported from 2016 to 2021. Relevant scientific studies were obtained from databases that included PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, Google Scholar, The Plant List, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder. This review summarized TCM-based theory, experimental methods, active ingredients, and potential toxicities, the effects of TCM extracts and formulations, and their mechanisms for the treatment of COPD. Most investigators have used in vivo models of cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide induction in rats and in vitro models of cigarette smoke extract induction. The active ingredients of TCM used for the treatment of COPD in relevant studies were triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, quinones, glycosides, and alkaloids. TCMs commonly used in the treatment of COPD include antipyretic drugs, tonic medicines, anticough medications, and asthma medications. TCM can treat COPD by suppressing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and improving airway remodeling. This review enriches the theory of COPD treatments based on TCM, established the clinical significance and development prospects of TCM-based COPD treatments, and provided the necessary theoretical support for the further development of TCM resources for the treatment of COPD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanosilicates with large porosities are highly desirable for the selective liquid-phase epoxidation of alkenes in particular requiring open reaction spaces. Structural collapse and healing took place readily in one-pot when calcined and as-synthesized UTL-type germanosilicates both were subject to severe acid treatment, benefiting from the structural instability and modifiability of Ge-rich double four ring (D4R) units. Several structural derivatives with continuously tunable pore sizes were obtained by precisely controlling the acid treatment process. Isomorphous incorporation of Ti active centers and structural reorganization were then simultaneously realized via solid-liquid phase treatment using aqueous hexafluorotitanic acid (H 2 TiF 6 ) solution, giving rise to three titanosilicates of Ti-ECNU-14 (OKO), Ti-ECNU-15 and Ti-UTL with different pore sizes varying form medium pores (10-ring) to extra-large pores (14-ring). The obtained titanosilicates with high content of tertrahedrally coordinated Ti ions in framework performed unique catalytic performance in the epoxidation of cyclic alkenes using hydrogen peroxide or anhydrous tert -butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-the-art polymeric membranes are faced with significant challenges of overcoming the permeability-rejection trade-off. Herein, the conjugated polymer PEDOT:PSS based multilayered polymer membranes are rationally constructed for silver-containing wastewater treatment. It is noteworthy that Ag(I) ions with hydrated diameters approximately two-fold smaller than the pore size can still be completely rejected while maintaining preferable permeability, and the interception performance of PEDOT:PSS/PDA@PVDF composite membranes remains at 95% after three cycles. Encouragingly, the formation of metallic silver on the membrane is observed during ultrafiltration, where the S binding sites in the thiophene ring and the covalent O in the dioxane ring of PEDOT come into being a synergistic effect on the adsorption and reduction of Ag(I), benefiting for the enhanced rejection performance as well as desirable anti-fouling properties. The integrated adsorptive/reductive polymeric membrane exhibits exceptional potential as a suitable candidate for the next generation wastewater treatment and resource recovery. [Display omitted] • Integrated adsorptive/reductive PEDOT:PSS-based membranes are firstly designed. • Permeability-rejection balance is achieved during membrane separation of Ag(I). • The S sites and the covalent O of PEDOT synergistically promoted Ag(I) rejection. • The membranes exhibited desirable recyclability and anti-fouling properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that natural polysaccharides are potential anti-inflammatory agents, in this study, an arabinan (RGP70–2) was isolated and purified from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (R. glutinosa) and its structure was characterized. RGP70–2 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 6.7 kDa, with the main backbone comprising →5)- α -L-Ara f -(1→, →3)- α -L-Ara f -(1→, →2,3,5)- α -L-Ara f -(1→, and →2,5)- α -L-Ara f -(1 → linkages and the side chain comprising an α -L-Ara f -(1 → linkage. In vivo experiments showed that RGP70–2 inhibited ROS production and downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL-1 β , and IL-6). In vitro experiments showed that RGP70–2 decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibited ROS production, and attenuated NF- κ B-p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our results showed that RGP70–2 may delay inflammation by regulating the ROS-NF- κ B pathway. Thus, RGP70–2 has potential applications as an anti-inflammatory agent in the biopharmaceutical industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The o -FCMP was introduced as a redox-reactor for recycling PMs from wastewater. • Reduction of Au(III)/Pd(II) was beneficial for in situ regeneration of –C C– sites. • Selective recovery of Au(III) was achieved by the strongest πδ+–πδ− interactions. • A novel idea of in situ regenerativity to design efficient adsorbents was proposed. The finitude availability of binding sites of adsorbents presents considerable challenges for precious metals (PMs) recovery. Immobilizing precious metal ions to metal clusters via redox reaction offers a prospect strategy for managing the pathway of adsorbents construction. Herein, o -fluorination conjugated microporous polymer (o -FCMP) with –C C– binding sites is introduced as a redox-reactor for recycling PMs, achieving maximum capacities of 793.5 mg g−1 for Au(III) and 447.7 mg g−1 for Pd(II), which are 10.0 and 5.6 times higher than that of Ag(I). Characterizations indicate o -FCMP in mediating the reduction of Pd(II) and Au(III), and standard Gibbs Energy calculations reveal preferred reduction of Au(III) owing to the lowest energy requirement for the rate-limiting step. In addition to the stronger πδ+–πδ− interactions between the electron-deficient π bond of –C C– in o -FCMP and electron-rich π 4 8 δ - of AuCl 3 than π 5 8 δ - of PdCl 4 2−, it seems more conducive to mediate the formation of Au(0) for achieving the in situ regeneration of –C C– active centers. Competition experiments demonstrate that o- FCMP is capable of targeting capture of Au(III) in bimetallic system containing Au(III) and Pd(II). These findings shed light on an innovative idea of in situ regenerativity for designing efficient adsorbents for selective recovery of Au(III) in one step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza virus-induced pneumonia (IVP) is a high morbidity and contagiousness pulmonary infectious disease caused by invasion of the influenza virus into the lower respiratory tract. Currently, the treatment of IVP is mainly based on an anti-influenza virus infection strategy, which includes the use of anti-influenza vaccines and drugs. However, the clinical use of these treatment options is limited as the influenza virus has a high level of variability and drug resistance may occur. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for the treatment of IVP have unique advantages, a variety of precise curative effects and have been widely used in clinical practice in China both historically and in the present day. However, there are only few literature reviews on the prevention and treatment of IVP using TCMs. Therefore, we conducted a review of relevant literature from the past 10 years and a comprehensive analysis of various databases containing reports on TCMs used for IVP prevention and treatment to provide basic data for future research and development of drugs against IVP. Herein, we summarize research progress on the pathogenesis of IVP, the TCMs effective in prevention or treatment of IVP, their underlying molecular mechanisms and active components. Overall, we provide a theoretical basis for the clinical use of TCM in the prevention and treatment of IVP. Furthermore, we provide a reference for the development of new multi-component, multi-target, low-toxicity drugs, which is of great academic and clinical significance. [Display omitted] • It provides guidance for the study of experimental methods of TCMs used in the prevention and treatment of IVP. • It expounds the molecular mechanism of TCMs anti-IVP from various aspects. • It summarizes and provides empirical evidence on the efficacy and safety of TCMs in the treatment of IVP. • It establishes the clinical significance and development prospect of TCMs in the treatment of IVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum targeted capture silver from contaminated water is urgently necessary for sustainable development. Herein, the perfluorination conjugated microporous polymer adsorbent (F-CMP) has been fabricated by Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction and employed to remove Ag(I) ions. Characterizations of NMR, XPS and FT-IR indicate the successful synthesis of F-CMP adsorbent. The influence factors of F-CMP on Ag(I) adsorption behavior are studied, and the adsorption capacity of Ag(I) reaches 251.3 mg/g. The experimental results of isothermal adsorption and kinetic adsorption are consistent with the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order isothermal adsorption model, which follows a multilayer adsorption behavior on the uniform surface of the adsorbent, and the chemical adsorption becomes the main rate-limiting step. Combined with DFT calculation, the adsorption mechanism of Ag(I) by F-CMP is elucidated. The peaks shift of sp before and after adsorption is larger than that of F1s, suggesting that the –C C– on the F-CMP becomes the dominant chelation site of Ag(I). Furthermore, F-CMP exhibits specific adsorption for Ag(I) in polymetallic complex water, with the maximum selectivity coefficient of 31.5. Our study may provide a new possibility of perfluorinated CMPs for effective capture of Ag(I) ions to address environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Dalbergia tsoi Merr.et Chun (JZX) has been used for the treatment of wounds since ancient times. However, the active compounds and molecular mechanisms of JZX in the acceleration of wound healing are still unknown. Herein, we explored the main active compounds and key molecular mechanisms by which JZX accelerates wound healing. The ethanol extract of JZX was subjected to UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis to identify the main compounds. The pharmacological effect of JZX on wound healing was evaluated using a mouse excision wound model. Network pharmacology was utilized to predict the effective compounds and related signal transduction pathways of JZX that were involved in accelerating wound healing. The predicted key signaling pathways were then validated by immunohistochemical analysis. Interactions between the active compounds and therapeutic targets were confirmed by molecular docking analysis. JZX accelerated wound healing, improved tissue quality, and inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, our results suggested that the active components of JZX, such as butin, eriodyctiol, and formononetin, are the key compounds that facilitate wound treatment. Our studies also indicated that JZX accelerated wound healing by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inducing the expression of TGF-β1, FGF2, VEGFA, ECM1, and α-SMA at different stages of skin wound healing. The JZX extract accelerates wound healing by reducing inflammation and inhibiting oxidative stress, regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and promoting the expression of growth factors, suggesting that JZX has potential clinical applicability in wound treatment. [Display omitted] • Dalbergia tsoi Merr. et Chun (JZX) has been traditionally used in wound treatment. • UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis was used to identify main components of JZX. • JZX accelerates wound healing by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. • JZX regulates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. • JZX promotes the expression of TGF-β1, FGF2, VEGFA, ECM1, and α-SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific πδ+–πδ- interaction between –C≡C– with vertical π bond in conjugated microporous polymers and electron-rich Pd center with π 5 8 δ - in PdCl 4 2- is constructed, resulting in highly selective capture of PdCl 4 2- in coexistence systems of heavy metals. It provides a novel design principle for efficient and targeted heavy metal adsorbents in acid wastewater. [Display omitted] • Three kinds of CMPs adsorbents were prepared by S-H coupling reactions. • The –C≡C– groups of CMPs were identifified as the adsorption sites of PdCl 4 2-. • Strong πδ+–πδ- interaction was formed between the –C≡C– and PdCl 4 2-. • CMPs exhibited an excellent PdCl 4 2- selectivity in acid water. The targeted capture of heavy metals from wastewater is urgently necessary in response to strategic demands of sustainable resource utilization, but it is severely hampered by the formation of specific adsorbent-adsorbate interactions. Herein, the conjugated microporous polymer CMP-1 with –C≡C– binding sites is introduced for the adsorption of PdCl 4 2- in acid wastewater. The matched interaction between –C≡C– with vertical π bond and electron-rich Pd center with π 5 8 δ - exhibits exceptional PdCl 4 2- selectivity in competitive systems with coexisting heavy metals. To regulate the electron density of π bond in –C≡C– to further reinforce the πδ+–πδ- interaction, p -FCMP and o -FCMP adsorbents are rationally designed through the substitution of electro-withdrawing F group at different positions. A joint experimental-simulation exploration reveals that the F-induced electron oriented migration in –C≡C– results in the decreased π-electron density, therefore enhancing the binding of PdCl 4 2-. Notably, o -FCMP possesses the maximum positive charge density at –C≡C– binding sites, which greatly promotes the charge transfer between –C≡C– and PdCl 4 2- for stronger bonding interaction, achieving an optimal adsorption capacity of 447.7 mg g−1 as well as enhanced selectivity. This work provides unique insights into the efficiently targeted removal of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalin B (PB) is an active constituent of Physalis alkekengi L. var. Franchetii , which is a traditional medicine for clearing heat and detoxification, resolving phlegm, and diuresis. It has been commonly applied to treat sore throat, phlegm-heat, cough, dysuria, pemphigus, and eczema. Physalin B has shown efficacy as an anti-acute lung injury (ALI) agent previously; however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. In the present study, we established a lipopolysaccharide-induced septic ALI model using BALB/c mice to further confirm the therapeutic potential of PB and to assess the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used 75% ethanol and macroporous resin for extraction, separation, and enrichment of PB. The LPS-induced ALI mouse model was used to determine anti-inflammatory effects of PB. The severity of acute lung injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, wet/dry lung ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue. An automatic analyzer was used to measure the arterial blood gas index. Protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue was measured using an ELISA. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure changes in RNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs. A fluorometric assay kit was used for determination of apoptosis-related factors to assess anti-apoptotic effects of PB. Western blotting was used to assess levels of key pathway proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. Connections between the pathways were tested through inhibitor experiments. Pretreatment with PB (15 mg kg-1 d-1, i.g.) significantly reduced lung wet/dry weight ratios and MPO activity in blood and BALF of ALI mice, and it alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and their mRNA levels in blood, BALF, and lung tissue were reduced following PB pretreatment. PB pretreatment also downregulated the apoptotic factors caspase-3, caspase-9, and apoptotic protein Bax, and it upregulated apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways were inhibited through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway due to PB pretreatment, whereas administration of PI3K inhibitors increased activation of these pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that the anti-ALI properties of PB are closely associated with the inactivation of NF-κB and NLRP3 by altering the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, our findings provide a novel strategy for application of PB as a potential agent for treating patients with ALI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action of PB against ALI. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]