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The present work focuses on the behavior of the stopping power of a polymer gel dosimetry system, known as PAGAT, infused with high atomic number nanoparticles formed by gold, with a 1 % mass concentration. The study is carried out for different energies of electron and proton beams within ranges of therapeutic applications, first by theoretical assessment, and then by simulation with Monte Carlo codes: PENELOPE in the case of electrons, and FLUKA in the case of protons. The results obtained analytically show promising behavior for gold nanoparticle infused tissue-equivalent systems, while the simulation results show better correspondence with models that consider the net path traveled, instead of models based on the thickness of the samples as typically done in experimental determinations.

In this article, I clarify the phenomenological concept of lifeworld by drawing on the geographical themes of place, place experience, and place meaning. Most simply, lifeworld refers to a person or group's day-to-day, taken-for-granted experience that typically goes unnoticed. One aim of phenomenological research is to examine the lifeworld as a means to identify and clarify the tacit, unnoticed aspects of human life so that they can be accounted for theoretically and practically. Here, I discuss some key phenomenological principles and then draw on phenomenological renditions of place as one means to clarify some of the lifeworld's social, environmental, spatial, and geographical aspects. To concretize my discussion, I draw descriptive evidence from British writer Penelope Lively's Spiderweb, a 1990s novel describing one outsider's efforts to come to inhabit a place--a fictitious present-day village in the southwestern British county of Somerset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the fat body of Iros, παχύς bodies in Homeric poetry are powerful, attractive, and consistent with a non-gender- specific conception of the erotic. In Odyssey 18, Iros' bulk belies his lack of strength, but Odysseus' large frame, elsewhere described as παχύς, both promises and delivers effective action. A threat of castration distances Iros from the erotic; Odysseus enjoys sexual intimacy with several characters. Penelope exercises seductive charms over the suitors in book 18, shortly after being described as παχύς; the description of her "παχύς hand" at 21.6 suggests both bulk and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this academic paper is to analyze the conflict of identity regarding heroic figures (particularly heroines) that derives from literature being suited to different periods of time. Margaret Atwood's novella The Penelopiad (2005) and James Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) are explored as modern reinterpretations of Homer's The Odyssey that differ greatly. Atwood's retelling offers a feminist view, emphasizing Penelope's experiences and questioning traditional portrayals of heroines. Meanwhile, Joyce's Leopold and Molly Bloom reflect concerns of early 20th-century Dublin, navigating a parodic approach to the original story so as to delve into the topic of human experience. Both authors challenge conventional stereotypes by giving voice and agency to marginalized characters like Penelope, although in very different ways and to very different extents. By examining them through the theoretical frameworks of gender studies, classical reception and reception theory (reader-response criticism) intertwined, these reinterpretations reflect contemporary social issues accordingly, and can, thus, shape readers' perceptions and opinions. This results in Atwood's Penelope and Joyce's Molly Bloom being two different and unique characters despite sharing the same origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis between Homer's Odysseyand Margaret Atwood's Penelopiadregarding the importance of mimesis and verisimilitude through Penelope. The paper analyzes an in-between place, suspended by the unsaid which, under the author's gaze, reveals aspects of the Homeric text, focusing now on Penelope, no longer Ulysses. The discussion is supported by the theories of Carvalhal (1991), Carreira (2008), Renaux (2009), and Castro and Oliveira (2017). Thus, it is noted that Penelope, in the modern work, gains voice in the plot and, therefore, her actions are elevated to the foreground, which was once denied her in Homer's Odyssey. Moreover, this study makes it possible to think about literature from its context represented in the works and the social function they exercised/exercise for society.

Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, has held a prominent position in literature since the time of Homer. Throughout the ages, numerous authors have engaged with Penelope and incorporated her into various contexts, contributing to her enduring recognition in the modern world. She serves as a muse for authors who delve into contemporary issues and address the pertinent challenges of their time. This article explores the development of the reception of Penelope’s character in the beginning of 20th century, tracing its origins from the texts of Homer and Ovid. It specifically examines the utilisation of Penelope in the poetry of modernist poets, particularly those associated with the category of Female Modernism (as proposed by Jane Dowson in her work “Women, Modernism and British Poetry, 1910–1939: Resisting Femininity” (2002)), with a particular focus on the works of the Latvian author Aspazija.

Copyright of Momento: Revista de Física is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Literature / Literatura is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Monte Carlo method is compared with deterministic methods based on solving the transport equation and the molecular dynamics method. The capabilities of commonly used general-purpose programs (SRIM, PENELOPE, MCNP, FLUKA, and GEANT4) for Monte Carlo simulation of the processes of particle passage through matter are analyzed. Possible ways to develop the Monte Carlo method are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on Penelope, usually presented as an exemplary weaver of Western literature. This figure is erected by epic as a display of femininity, a femininity reinforced in Greek tragedy. We are interested in the modeling of Penelope destined to weave and engaged in weaving tasks to notice the fictional unfolding that guarantees the reproduction of an imaginary of femininity, but, above all, to recognize in the recent narrative of the Americas the alterations and re-creations that allow us to narrate the link between bodies and writing in another way. For this purpose, we propose the displacement of a metaphorical conception of the text by a material conception of knitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his second appearance to Aeneas in Aeneid 4 Mercury drives the hero to flee Carthage with a false allegation that Dido is planning an attack, capping his warning with an infamous sententia about the mutability of female emotion. Building on a previous suggestion that Mercury's first speech to Aeneas is modelled on Athena's admonishment of Telemachus at the opening of Odyssey 15, this article proposes that Mercury's second speech as well is modelled on Athena's warning, in which the goddess uses misdirection about Penelope's intentions and a misogynistic gnōmē about the changeability of women's affections to spur Telemachus' departure from Sparta. After setting out how Virgil divides his imitation of Athena's speech verbally and thematically between Mercury's two speeches, the discussion turns to why both Athena and Mercury adopt these deceptive tactics. The speeches are shown to be culminations of the poets' similar approaches to creating doubt and foreboding around the queens' famed capacities for using δόλος. Common features in the ensuing hasty departures of Telemachus and Aeneas further confirm Virgil's use of Odyssey 15 in devising Aeneas' escape from Carthage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a bilingual (Latin with a Polish translation) edition of two Neo-Latin imitations of Ovid's Heroides, preceded by an introduction and provided with a philological and historical commentary. Both poems were written in the first twenty years of the 16th century. The author of the first one is Andrzej Krzycki (Cricius, 1482--1537), who at the time of composing the poem was the secretary of the first wife of Sigismund the Old, Barbara Zapolya. As the queen's secretary, Krzycki was responsible for the stylistic aspect of her letters, which made it all the easier for him to create a fictional epistolary elegy on her behalf. The elegy commemorates the victorious battle for the Polish-Lithuanian army with the Grand Duchy of Moscow at Orsha (1514). For the poet it was also an opportunity to praise the invincible king and his army. The author of the second elegy is Baldassare Castiglione (1478--1529), known as the author of Il libro del Cortegiano. He wrote a poetic letter on behalf of his wife, Ippolita Torelli, who was waiting for her husband's return from Rome. Both authors not only refer to the situation of Penelope in Ovid's first heroide, but also use Ovid's other letters of heroines and their neo-Latin imitations. Castiglione also evokes one of Propertius' elegies (IV 3), which seems to be a "proto-heroide". Krzycki's "Penelope" seems to be psychologically less complex, while its Italian counterpart consciously employs allusions, rhetorical games and omissions. Both display a wide range of feelings from despair and sadness to hope, and express deep affection for their husbands. The introduction places the poems in their historical and literary contexts, underlining especially Ovid's Heroides influence on European Renaissance literature. The commentary indicates some similia and explains many details related to the circumstances of creating these works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the influence of the novel Ulysses, by the Irish writer James Joyce, on the genesis, structure and development of the novel La vida perra de Juanita Narboni, by the Tangier-born writer Ángel Vázquez. Through a comparative analysis of the two novels, focusing primarily on their main characters and the importance of the city of Tangier, we trace the influence of Joyce and his Ulysses on the more recent work, as a literary renewal of the twentieth century. Thus, "Penelope" the last chapter of the Irish writer's book, comprised exclusively of a monologue by Molly Bloom, is transformed in the hands of Vázquez into the confused and unstructured narrative of Juanita Narboni, who gives the dying city of Tangier the form of a woman, during the period in which the city is no longer governed by the International Statute and this enclave of the Straits is part of the Kingdom of Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: To evaluate the effectiveness of an ant colony algorithm in implementing variance reduction techniques in the Monte Carlo computation of the photon beam quality correction factor k Q,Q 0 for ionization chambers characterized with very small active volumes. The Monte Carlo code PENELOPE has been utilized to compute the photon beam quality correction factor k Q,Q 0 for the Semiflex 3D 31021 ionization chamber, which has an active volume of 0. 071 cm 3 . Various clinical photon beams generated with nominal potentials from 4 to 25 MV have been considered, with a 60Co beam serving as the reference. The calculation involved determining the absorbed dose to both water and the sensitive volume of the ionization chamber. This information was used to derive the f c,Q factors for the photon beams and the f c,Q 0 factor for the 60Co beam, whose ratio provides the k Q,Q 0 factors. The algorithm has been initially validated by comparing with analog simulations where no variance reduction techniques are applied. The results have demonstrated an efficiency improvement ranging from a factor of 7 to 44. By incorporating the ant colony algorithm along with the variance reduction techniques, the determination of TPR 10 20 values for various studied photon beams has been achieved. The calculated k Q,Q 0 factors agree with previously published values. Two distinct protocols outlined in the TRS-398 have been taken into account and the results obtained for these protocols were compared to explore any differences between them. The ant colony algorithm facilitates the automatic application of variance reduction techniques, such as splitting and Russian roulette, without the need to delve into the geometric intricacies of the simulation. This automated approach results in increased efficiency, enabling simulations to be conducted within reasonable times while maintaining uncertainties at levels that ensure reliability. • An ant colony algorithm is implemented in Monte Carlo simulations of ionization chambers. • Splitting and Russian roulette are driven by means of the algorithm. • A gain in efficiency of a factor up to 44 is obtained by using the algorithm. • Very small volume ionization chambers can be simulated in reasonable times. • The algorithm proven in PENELOPE can be adapted to any other code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we report a comprehensive theoretical study dealing with γ -ray, fast and thermal neutrons shielding features of compositionally graded Pb-free lithium borate glasses doped barite: (B2O3)(0.6)(BaSO4)(x)(Li2O)(0.4-x). The study has been conducted for six particular values of the LiO2 fraction x namely x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 in mol%. This choice finds its origin with the circumstance of getting nontoxic glasses characterized by a strong X/β -ray absorption. WinXCOM program was used to determine mass attenuation coefficients μ/ρ by means of a photon energy ranging from 0.015 to 15 MeV. The obtained results are compared with those evaluated with Geant4, and Penelope codes. To illustrate the key physical parameters of all glasses, namely the effective electron density (Neff), γ -ray attenuation parameters like effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL), as well as the mean free path (MFP) and their corresponding potential functionality, we utilize the μ/ρ values of WinXCOM assessed within a range of photon energy varying from 0.015 to 15 MeV. We also investigate the impact of the exposure buildup factors (EBFs) as well as the energy absorption buildup factors (EABFs) by performing a geometric progression (G–P) fitting method as a function of varied penetration depths ranging from 1 to 40 mfp by step of 5 mfp. Additionally, the mass stopping power (MSP) and projected range (PR) have been estimated for alpha particles and triton particles using SRIM code within 0.01–1 MeV energy range. The results obtained herein reveal that the glass G20 is demonstrating its endorsement of a prime γ -ray shielding effectiveness among the rest of glasses. We also proven through our numerical simulations that the glass G00 possess the relatively larger macroscopic removal cross-section for fast neutrons attenuation as well as the significant thermal neutrons absorption cross-section, in addition to the fact it holds the highest mass stopping power (MSP) and lowest projected range (PR), suggesting thereby its superior neutronic, tritonic and alpha shielding abilities.

Este trabalho analisa a poesia épica antiga utilizada pela (e na) literatura contemporânea para a constituição de um tradição histórico-ficcional da feminilidade. Tal análise pretende desvendar um caso de recepção e a forma como ele funciona, uma vez que a recepção é um procedimento que cobre vastas possibilidades. Aqui, ela se dá dentro da literatura feminista com foco em Penélope - uma personagem que poderia ser vista enquanto uma alegoria da teoria da recepção como sugerido por Vanda Zajko (2011: 195) –, na releitura da Odisseia, The Penelopiad de Margaret Atwood (2005). Atwood usa uma conhecida história para examinar a avaliação que Penélope faz do próprio comportamento em relação à fama. Desejosa de uma boa reputação, a mulher que espera pacientemente por seu marido parece ainda ter medo de sua voz e de seu kléos.

Este artigo analisa a reelaboração polêmica das figuras de Penélope e Ulisses no conto “Las entretelas de Penélope” do escritor argentino Federico Peltzer (1924-2009), a fim de demonstrar a sua incipiente tentativa desconstrutiva que se apropria da versão Homérica e a discute apesar de manter uma estrutura composicional binária.

Ovid’s Heroides, both the single and double letters, have been intensively explored in terms of the role and character of the female voice throughout the last few decades. The single letters, in particular, supposedly written by well-known legendary heroines abandoned by, or separated from, their “heroic” husbands or lovers, have been extensively treated as regards Ovid’s, i.e. a male poet’s, ability to successfully assume the female voice and write from the perspective of women, a challenging feat in all respects. On this point Ovidian critics have not reached a unanimous verdict. What about the male voice, though? Is it fully lost under the veil of feminine writing? This paper seeks to bring the male voice to the forefront by examining certain passages from the single Heroides, in which the male voice is heard, either in indirect speech or through direct quoting of the words of the male lovers. It also attempts to trace each female letter-writer’s motivation for quoting these words, the criteria governing the choice of these quotations, and their purpose within each letter.

A new species popularly known as pitanga-amarela, Eugenia paranapanemensis, from Seasonal Forest vegetation in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state is described. Our analysis, based on morphological data, shows that this species belongs to Eugenia sect. Eugenia. Among the species in the Eugenia sect. Eugenia clade, E. paranapanemensis can be recognized by its height of about 25 m, flowers with a smooth and pubescent hypanthium, brownish to ochraceous trichomes, and fruits that are yellow when ripe, with up to six seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roughly two-thirds of the way through Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londoners (1956), there is a section highly redolent of the 'Penelope' episode of James Joyce's Ulysses (1922). Commonly referred to as 'Summer', the section's similarity to 'Penelope' has not gone unnoticed among either Joyce or Selvon scholars; to date, however, only J. Dillon Brown (2013) has offered a substantive reading of the connection. This article seizes on the relative absence of critical discussion of Selvon in Joyce studies to consider what might be the particular responsibilities that Joyce studies bears when reading Joyce's global afterlives. Drawing on critical debates around the concept of global modernism, I discuss the terms of Joyce's canonisation and his use in 'diffusionist' models of literary history. Building on Kandice Chuh's (2019) analysis of the combined effects of liberal representational politics and hypercanonicity in literary studies, I contend that future studies of Joyce's global reception and influence should seek to establish mutually transformative intercultural dialogue, which in turn requires opening the field to unsettling Joyce's position in literary studies – and, to that I end, I propose that Selvon's novel provides an exemplary model of engagement with Joyce through 'creative disaffiliation'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loyalty, especially believed by women, is reflected in many literary stories. In this paper, we are examine the concept of loyalty through two mythical character, Penelope, Hector's spouse in Odyssey by Homer, and Sarah, personage of a myth folklore from Azerbaijan, who possess legendary properties. first, in this paper, we examine female characters in each myth and then mythical notions of the two characters, finally, the concepts which build of them archetype of loyalty. During this study_ as we see the similar beliefs and ideals_ the question is what factors led to the common mind, how two women made their special myth. Therefore, based on mythical criticism of Young that represent the Collective memory, we porpose to exploring the similar mythical symbols correlating these characters.In this paper, considering the importance of the beliefs and values of these myths is the notion of loyalty through two fictional character, "Penelope" and "Sara", the mythical properties are discussed

Purpose: This study aims to model 6MV photon of Clinac®iX linear accelerator using PRIMO Monte Carlo (MC) code and to assess PRIMO as an independent MC-based dose verification and quality assurance tool. Materials and Methods: The modeling of Clinac®iX linear accelerator has been carried out by using PRIMO simulation software (Version 0.3.1.1681). The simulated beam parameters were compared against the measured beam data of the Clinac®iX machine. The PRIMO simulation model of Clinac®iX was also validated against Eclipse® Acuros XB dose calculations in the case of both homogenous and inhomogeneous mediums. The gamma analysis method with the acceptance criteria of 2%, 2 mm was used for the comparison of dose distributions. Results: Gamma analysis shows a minimum pass percentage of 99% for depth dose curves and 95.4% for beam profiles. The beam quality index and output factors and absolute point dose show good agreement with measurements. The validation of PRIMO dose calculations, in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous medium, against Acuros® XB shows a minimum gamma analysis pass rate of 99%. Conclusions: This study shows that the research software PRIMO can be used as a treatment planning system-independent quality assurance and dose verification tool in daily clinical practice. Further validation will be performed with different energies, complex multileaf collimators fields, and with dynamic treatment fields.

En radioterapia, el espectro de energía de electrones es la característica más importante para modelar la fuente de radiación cuando el propósito sea el cálculo exacto de la dosis. Usualmente, tres métodos son explorados la obtención del espectro: (i) simulación de la fuente vía Monte Carlo; (ii) medición directa vía un espectrómetro magnético y (iii) reconstrucción inversa. De entre ellos, reconstrucción inversa, a pesar de no ser el más exacto, es considerado el más apropiado por su simplicidad y rapidez. Reconstrucción inversa tiene por objeto extraer el espectro de energía a partir de la distribución de dosis en profundidad. Ya que reconstrucción inversa es un problema mal definido, el método de regularización de Tikhonov es usado para superar la mala definición del problema y con ello obtener el espectro. La idoneidad de la reconstrucción es evaluada usando el índice gamma. Los resultados muestran que la regularización de Tikhonov es capaz de reconstruir el espectro de energía de un haz de electrones dentro del criterio clínico de aceptación del índice gamma > 95 % para 1 %/1 mm.

Le fil rougedi questo breve saggio è l’arte del “tessere” che lega gli antichi ai “moderni”: dall’èkphrasisdi Catullo intessuta nella coperta nuziale alla spalliera di Girolamo del Pacchia con l’abbandono di Arianna fino alle eroine intrecciate da artisti del Rinascimento, da Penelope che tesse il sudario di Laerte a Minerva maestra nell’arte della tessitura ai commentatori dei testi antichi, umanisti-artigiani che intessono chiose, contaminano fonti e creano nuovi “tessuti narrativi”, come nel caso delle spalliere de Musée du Petit Palais di Avignone raffigurantiStorie di Minosse, Pasifae, Teseo, Arianna e Fedra. Letterati spesso dimenticati, “artigiani del mondo antico”, chiosatori anonimi, ma che hanno influito sull’iconografia dei dipinti del Quattro-Cinquecento sia attraverso le loro postille che servono a intessere il ductusnarrativo sia come ideatori del programma consultati da committenti prestigiosi e attentamente seguiti da artisti in cerca di ispirazione.

Abstract Background Genomes of eukaryotes are inhabited by myriads of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) – transposons and retrotransposons - which play a great role in genome plasticity and evolution. A lot of computational tools were developed to annotate them either in genomic assemblies or raw reads using de novo or homology-based approaches. But there has been no pipeline enabling users to get coding and flanking sequences of MGEs suitable for a downstream analysis from genome assemblies. Results We developed a new pipeline, MGERT (Mobile Genetic Elements Retrieving Tool), that automates all the steps necessary to obtain protein-coding sequences of mobile genetic elements from genomic assemblies even if no previous knowledge on MGE content of a particular genome is available. Conclusions Using MGERT, researchers can easily find MGEs, their coding and flanking sequences in the genome of interest. Thus, this pipeline helps researchers to focus on the biological analysis of MGEs rather than excessive scripting and pipelining.

Abstract Background The availability of photon and electron spectra in digital form from current accelerators and Monte Carlo (MC) systems is scarce, and one of the packages widely used refers to linacs with a reduced clinical use nowadays. Such spectra are mainly intended for the MC calculation of detector-related quantities in conventional broad beams, where the use of detailed phase-space files (PSFs) is less critical than for MC-based treatment planning applications, but unlike PSFs, spectra can easily be transferred to other computer systems and users. Methods A set of spectra for a range of Varian linacs has been calculated using the PENELOPE/PRIMO MC system. They have been extracted from PSFs tallied for field sizes of 10 cm × 10 cm and 15 cm × 15 cm for photon and electron beams, respectively. The influence of the spectral bin width and of the beam central axis region used to extract the spectra have been analyzed. Results Spectra have been compared to those by other authors showing good agreement with those obtained using the, now superseded, EGS4/BEAM MC code, but significant differences with the most widely used photon data set. Other spectra, particularly for electron beams, have not been published previously for the machines simulated in this work. The influence of the bin width on the spectrum mean energy for 6 and 10 MV beams has been found to be negligible. The size of the region used to extract the spectra yields differences of up to 40% for the mean energies in 10 MV beams, but the maximum difference for TPR 20,10 values derived from depth-dose distributions does not exceed 2% relative to those obtained using the PSFs. This corresponds to k Q differences below 0.2% for a typical Farmer-type chamber, considered to be negligible for reference dosimetry. Different configurations for using electron spectra have been compared for 6 MeV beams, concluding that the geometry used for tallying the PSFs used to extract the spectra must be accounted for in subsequent calculations using the spectra as a source. Conclusions An up-to-date set of consistent spectra for Varian accelerators suitable for the calculation of detector-related quantities in conventional broad beams has been developed and made available in digital form.

Background and purpose: Monte Carlo simulations as well as analytical computations of proton transport in material media require accurate values of multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) angles. High‐quality experimental data on MCS angles in the energy range for proton therapy are, however, sparse. In this work, MCS modeling in proton transport was evaluated employing an experimental method to measure these angles on a medical proton beamline in clinically relevant materials. Results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and analytical models. Materials and methods: Aluminum, brass, and lucite (PMMA) scatterers of clinically relevant thicknesses were irradiated with protons at 100, 160, and 220 MeV. Resulting spatial distributions of individual pencil beams were measured with a scintillating screen. The MCS angles were determined by deconvolution and a virtual point source approach. Results were compared to those obtained with the Monte Carlo codes PENH, TOPAS, and RayStation Monte Carlo, as well as the analytical models RayStation Pencil Beam Algorithm and the Molière/Fano/Hanson variant of the Molière theory. Results: Experimental data obtained with the presented methodology agree with previously published results within 6%, with an average deviation of 3%. The combined average uncertainty of the experimental data yielded 1.8%, while the combined maximum uncertainty was below 4%. The obtained Monte Carlo results for PENH, TOPAS, and RayStation deviate on average for all considered energies, materials and thicknesses, by 2.5%, 3.4%, and 2.8% from the experimental data, respectively. For the analytical models, the average deviations amount to 4.5% and 2.9% for the RayStation Pencil Beam Algorithm and the Molière/Fano/Hanson model, respectively. Conclusion: The experimental method developed for the present work allowed to measure MCS angles in clinical proton facilities with good accuracy. The presented method permits to extend the database on experimental MCS angles which is rather limited. This work further provides benchmark data for lucite in thicknesses relevant for clinical applications. The data may serve to validate dose engines of treatment planning systems and secondary dose check software. The Monte Carlo and analytical algorithms studied are capable of reproducing MCS data within the required accuracy for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Conical collimators, or cones, are tertiary collimators that attach to a radiotherapy linac and are suited for the stereotactic radiosurgery treatment of small brain lesions. The small diameter of the most used cones makes difficult the acquisition of the dosimetry data needed for the commissioning of treatment planning systems. Although many publications report dosimetric data of conical collimators for stereotactic radiosurgery, most of the works use different setups, which complicates comparisons. In other cases, the cone output factors reported do not take into account the effect of the small cone diameter on the detector response. Finally, few data exist on the dosimetry of cones with flattening‐filter‐free (FFF) beams from modern linac models. This work aims at obtaining a dosimetric characterization of the conical collimators manufactured by Brainlab AG (Munich, Germany) in a 6 MV FFF beam from a TrueBeam STx linac (Varian Medical Systems). Methods: Percentage depth dose curves, lateral dose profiles and cone output factors were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations for the cones with diameters of 4, 5, 6, 7.5, 8, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, and 30 mm. The simulation of the linac head was carried out with the PRIMO Monte Carlo software, and the simulations of the cones and the water phantom were run with the general‐purpose Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. The Monte Carlo model was validated by comparing the simulation results with measurements performed for the cones of 4, 5, and 7.5 mm of diameter using a stereotactic field diode, a microDiamond detector and EBT3 radiochromic film. In addition, for those cones, simulations and measurements were done for comparison purposes, by reproducing the experimental setups from the available publications. Results: The experimental data acquired for the cones of 4, 5, and 7.5 mm validated the developed Monte Carlo model. The simulations accurately reproduced the experimental depths of maximum dose and the dose ratio at 20‐ and 10‐cm depth (PDD20/10). A good agreement was obtained between simulated and experimental lateral dose profiles: The differences in the full‐width at half‐maximum were smaller than 0.2 mm, and the differences in the penumbra 80%‐20% were smaller than 0.25 mm. The difference between the simulated and the average of the experimental output factors for the cones of 4, 5, and 7.5 mm of diameter was 0.0%, 0.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, well within the statistical uncertainty of the simulations (4.4% with coverage factor k = 2). It was also found that the simulated cone output factors agreed within 2% with the average of output factors reported in the literature for a variety of setup conditions, detectors, beam qualities, and cone manufacturers. Conclusion: A Monte Carlo model of cones for stereotactic radiosurgery has been developed and validated. The cone dosimetry dataset obtained in this work, consisting of percentage depth doses, lateral dose profiles and output factors, is useful to benchmark data acquired for the commissioning of cone‐based radiosurgery treatment planning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: PENH is a recently coded module for simulation of proton transport in conjunction with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. PENELOPE applies class II simulation to all type of interactions, in particular, to elastic collisions. PENH uses calculated differential cross sections for proton elastic collisions that include electron screening effects as well as nuclear structure effects. Proton‐induced nuclear reactions are simulated from information in the ENDF‐6 database or from alternative nuclear databases in ENDF format. The purpose of this work is to benchmark this module by simulating absorbed dose distributions from a single finite spot size proton pencil beam in water. Materials and methods: Monte Carlo simulations with PENH are compared with simulation results from TOPAS Monte Carlo (v3.1p2) and RayStation Monte Carlo (v6). Different beam models are examined in terms of mean energy and energy spread to match the measured profiles. The phase‐space file is derived from experimental measurements. Simulated absorbed dose distributions are compared to experimental data obtained with the ionization chamber array MatriXX 2D detector (IBA Dosimetry) in a water tank. The experiments were conducted with a clinical IBA pencil beam scanning dedicated nozzle. In all simulations a Fermi‐Eyges phase‐space representation of a single finite spot size proton pencil beam is used. Results: In general, there is a good agreement between simulated results and experimental data up to a distance of 3 cm from the central axis. In the core region (region where the dose is more than 10% of the maximum dose) PENH shows, overall, the smallest deviations from experimental data, with the largest radial rms (root mean square) smaller than 0.2. The results achieved by TOPAS and RayStation in that region are very close to those of PENH. For the halo region, that is the area of the dose distribution outside the core region reaching down to 0.01% of the maximum intensity, the largest rms achieved by TOPAS is always smaller than 0.5, yielding better results than the rest of the codes. Conclusion: The physics modeling of the PENELOPE/PENH code yields results consistent with measurements in the dose range relevant for proton therapy. The discrepancies between PENH appearing at distances larger than 3 cm from the central‐beam axis are accountable to the lack of neutron simulation in this code. In contradistinction, TOPAS has a better agreement with experimental data at large distances from the central‐beam axis because of the simulation of neutrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the image of Penelope in Nikos Kazantzakis' Odyssey, paying special attention to the way her figure contrasts with Odysseus, as can be seen in the first two rhapsodies of the work. Bearing in mind the radical game of identity and difference that the Cretan writer has made on the legacy of Homer, we will finally observe how in this fragile, blurred and even ruined Penelope it hides, despite everything, a key question of the Kazantzakian text, namely: the strangeness, place of disagreement that moves the modern hero to throw himself on the journey again, this time without return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ARTICLE WORKS TO CLARIFY THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF LIFEWORLD BY DRAWING ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL THEMES OF PLACE, PLACE EXPERIENCE, AND PLACE MEANING. MOST SIMPLY, LIFEWORLD REFERS TO A PERSON OR GROUP'S DAY-TO-DAY, TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED EXPERIENCE THAT TYPICALLY GOES UNNOTICED. ONE AIM OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH IS TO EXAMINE THE LIFEWORLD DIRECTLY AND THEREBY IDENTIFY AND CLARIFY TACIT, UNNOTICED ASPECTS OF HUMAN LIFE SO THAT THEY CAN BE ACCOUNTED FOR THEORETICALLY AND PRACTICALLY. THIS CHAPTER DISCUSS SOME KEY PHENOMENOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND THEN DRAWS ON PHENOMENOLOGICAL RENDITIONS OF PLACE TO CLARIFY SOME OF THE LIFEWORLD'S SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS. TO CONCRETIZE DISCUSSION, THE ARTICLE DRAWS ON DESCRIPTIVE EVIDENCE FROM BRITISH WRITER PENELOPE LIVELY'S SPIDERWEB, A 1990S NOVEL DESCRIBING ONE OUTSIDER'S EFFORTS TO COME TO INHABIT A PLACE--A FICTITIOUS PRESENT-DAY VILLAGE IN THE SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COUNTY OF SOMERSET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Archaic Greek epic exhibits a pervasive eristic intertextuality, repeatedly positioning its heroes and itself against pre-existing traditions. In this article, I focus on a specific case study from the Odyssey : Homer's agonistic relationship with the Catalogue of Women tradition. Hesiodic-style catalogue poetry has long been recognized as an important intertext for the Nekyia of Odyssey 11, but here I explore a more sustained dialogue across the whole poem. Through an ongoing agōn that sets Odysseus's wife against catalogic women, Homer establishes the pre-eminence of his heroine and—by extension—the supremacy of his own poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seguindo a tradição mítica das mulheres tecedeiras com toda a sua simbologia, a escritora brasileira Marina Colasanti insiste, nos seus contos, no mesmo motivo. Sob o aspeto de uma narrativa infantil, o que está em causa – segundo a própria autora – é a revelação do inconsciente e dos mais profundos impulsos e emoções humanos. Como é próprio de Colasanti, o ritmo usado é aparentemente simples e linear, e o estilo extremamente plástico e cromático.

The Homeric Penelope, long hailed as a feminist icon just as much as an example of submissive wife, has been the focus of numerous revisions and interpretations ranging from the reactionary to the most subversive. This article analyzes Joanne Kyger’s revision of the mythic discourse in The Tapestry and the Web (1965) by studying two of the main strategies used by the poet: subtle shifts of focus and the use of alternative sources. Building from Joseph Campbell’s concept of the monomyth, which gave the poet the aesthetic freedom to move within Homer’s text, the article examines Kyger’s use of the mythic discourse to undermine the prevalence of patriarchal narratives and question their position as established categories. Operating inside and outside the Homeric construct, Kyger’s collection perpetuates and subverts the classical myth in a move that anticipates contemporary – feminist – revisions and adaptations.

The paper deals with the deconstruction of classical mythology in Polish contemporary poetry by women. The author focuses on how Arachne’s and Penelope’s myths are used by poets belonging to different generations, taking into account the theoretical approach of gender studies and in particular Nancy Miller’s arachnology and its reception in Poland both by scholars and writers. Poems by Wisława Szymborska, Bogusława Latawiec, Anna Piwkowska and Izabela Filipiak are analysed from this point of view as well.

«I do not like the role that History gave me», says Penelope, the protagonist of Patrizia Monaco’s Penelopeide. For that reason, she decides to break with the secular silence: she does neither accept to be presented as a model of conjugal fidelity, nor as a libertine. Her story is much more complex. The questions that lie in the background, and which this work intends to respond, are: What is true and what is fiction in the story of the myth that has been transmitted to us? What are the boundaries, so faded and vague, between vital experience and mythological world? In order to tell us the story of Penelope, the Italian playwright Patrizia Monaco blends different readings that we intend here to analyze: Homer’s version, different post-classical versions, the perspective followed by Margaret Atwood in Penelopiad, and poems by Cavafy and Sappho. In this way, Monaco introduces us to a different Penelope, deeply human—a woman who has much to say even in the twenty-first century.

The article deals with the сharacter and specific features in playing up the ancient myth in “Ulysses” by James Joyce and “Murphy” by Samuel Beckett. The schemes and techniques of playing up the mythological structures of “Ulysses” J. Joyce in “Murphy” S. Beckett are distinguished, the reminiscences in “Murphy”, related to the mythological characters of “Ulysses” are defined, the way and principles of parody the neomythological schemes of “Ulysses” in “Murphy” are explored. Ancient heroes are presented in “Murphy” through the prism of “Ulysses”. S. Beckett borrows the Odysseus`s myth and interpritates it in his way. Besides, the characters of Penelope, Circe, Polyphemus, Siren, other mythological characters, and also scenes and motifs, played up in the parodic way in both novels, are studied. And parody in “Murphy” is increased: Penelope-Molly Bloom is cheating her husband Odysseus-Leopold Bloom in “Ulysses”, in “Murphy” Penelope-Celia is working as a prostitute; Circe-Bella Cohen is the brothel-mistress in “Ulysses”, in “Murphy” Circe-Rosa is an old spinster. A scene with Sirens is inversed: Sirens in “Ulysses” are barmaids, in “Murphy” the main character, Murphy is a Siren and a waitress Vera is an object of his influence. The principles of Joyce world view, presented in “Ulysses”, aspiration for universalities, world`s epiphanity, idea of eternal returning are denied by S. Beckett according to his position about life as a vain, absurd and exhausting. The ways of playing up the neomythological structures of “Ulysses” in “Murphy” are: inversions, parodical reduction, reduction to absurd.

In the 1970s Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray ve Julia Kristeva, the leading names of the Second Wave French Feminism, deconstructed the phallus-centered western thought with the methods of language analysis, feminine language and feminine writing. These philosophers, developed the practice of feminine writing and feminine critique to criticize the negligence of female voices in philosophical and literary texts. In this study, the Penelope myth, rewritten by Margaret Atwood from Odysseia, will be read by using the ideas of Jacques Derrida. Derrida opposes the phallus and language dominance by the concepts of différance and deconstruction. With these strategies, he attempted to shake the ideas of “logocentrism” and “phallocentrism” that are the sources of binary oppositions, pushing the former over the latter to create its own “other”. In this respect, Derrida, aiming to create a new language that will not allow the exclusion of the “other”, raised also feminist theory and methodology with his ideas about woman’s position as a subject. Post-structuralist feminists place the emphasis on a similar problem with Derrida. Hélène Cixous developed a feminine writing practice that would deconstruct western philosophy surrounded by masculine language. This writing practice aims to question how male and female oppositions are produced by language and how woman become a negative or complementary term. Cixous desires that women should struggle to write themselves so that they can go out of the hegomonic world of men. In order to go beyond masculine discourse, a woman must write her own body and sexuality. The aim of the study is to analyze The Penelopiad novel by deconstructing dichotomies such as male/female, self/other, gender issues and feminine writing. It will be answered how Atwood used perfectly the deconstruction of myth in feminine writing that emerged from Derrida’s thoughts and changed and transformed with feminist thinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γ-ray, fast and thermal neutrons shielding features for five Pb-free {[(TeO 2) 0.70 (B 2 O 3) 0.30 0.7 (ZnO) 0.30 } (1- x) (La 2 O 3) x (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mol%) glasses have been inspected in this work. For all samples, within the photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, linear attenuation coefficients (μ) and mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were estimated using WinXCOM program (theoretical approach), and obtained μ/ρ values are in fine agreement with computed μ/ρ results of respective MCNP5, Geant4, and Penelope codes. By utilizing μ/ρ values of WinXCOM, γ -ray attenuation parameters like effective atomic number (Z eff), effective electron density (N eff), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) were assessed within 0.015–15 MeV photon energy range, for all samples. Additionally, exposure buildup factors (EBFs) and energy absorption buildup factors (EABFs) were calculated for all samples by applying a five parameter geometric progression (G‒P) fitting method as a function of various penetration depths (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mfp) within 0.015–15 MeV photon energy range. The derived radiation protection efficiency (RPE) results indicate all samples' effective attenuation competence for lower energy γ -rays. Among all glasses, 46.55TeO 2 -19.95B 2 O 3 -28.5ZnO–5La 2 O 3 (mol%) sample, by having relatively bigger μ/ρ and Z eff , minimal HVL and MFP, and lowest EBF and EABF, endorse its' excellent γ -ray shielding effectiveness. Further, neutron shielding parameters such as macroscopic removal cross-section for fast neutrons (Σ R), coherent and incoherent scattering cross-sections (σ cs & σ ics), absorption cross-section (σ A), and total cross-section (σ T) for thermal neutrons were explored. By using the Geant4 code, ' σ T ' values have been deduced within 10−4‒10−8 MeV neutron energy range. The 46.55TeO 2 -19.95B 2 O 3 -28.5ZnO–5La 2 O 3 (mol%) glass owns relatively larger Σ R (0.1474 cm−1) for fast neutrons attenuation and ' σ T ' (10.1444 cm−1 at 0.0253 eV neutron energy, 15.9824 cm−1 → 0.551 cm−1 from 1 × 10−8 MeV →1 × 10−4 MeV neutron energy) for thermal neutrons absorption, respectively, revealing its' superior neutrons shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 25 Li2O–(75 − x) B2O3–x Bi2O3 (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mol%) glasses, gamma-ray and neutrons attenuation features were explored by theoretical approach using ParShield/WinXCOM program, Geant4, and Penelope codes. At 133Ba (276, 303, 356, and 384 keV), 22Na (511 and 1280 keV), 137Cs (662 keV), 54Mn (835 keV), and 60Co (1170 and 1330 keV) photon peaks, for all samples, mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) parameters have been evaluated using ParShield/WinXCOM program. The μ/ρ values computed by WinXCOM, Geant4, and Penelope codes were compared to check the accuracy, and satisfactory agreement among the values was identified. Moreover, using G–P fitting method as a function of penetration depth (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mfp) within the photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) were derived. For all selected glasses, the effectiveness of the neutrons attenuation has been discussed in terms of macroscopic effective removal cross-section (ΣR), coherent scattering cross-section (σcs), incoherent scattering cross-section (σics), absorption cross-section (σA), and total neutron cross-section (σT). The 'σT' values have been calculated within 10−4–10−8 MeV neutron energy range using the Geant4 code. The μ/ρ possessed larger values at the lowest energy and lower values at higher energy regions for all studied glasses. The μ/ρ, Zeff, HVL, and MFP values showed enhanced γ-ray shielding capability with Bi2O3 content increment in the samples. The 25 Li2O–35 B2O3–40 Bi2O3 (mol%) sample by having larger Zeq and/or Zeff value, faired lower EBF and EABF values. Largest μ/ρ and Zeff, and minimal HVL, MFP, EBF, and EABF values of 25 Li2O–35 B2O3–40 Bi2O3 (mol%) glass demonstrated its superior γ-ray attenuation ability among all examined glasses. Further, among all glasses, 25 Li2O–75 B2O3 (mol%) sample exhibits relatively higher ΣR (0.11326 cm−1) and 'σT' (46.109 cm−1 → 0.84607 cm−1 from 1 × 10−8 MeV → 1×10−4 MeV neutron energy) values for fast and thermal neutrons attenuation, respectively, indicating its better neutrons absorption competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]