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Background: Digital contact tracing (DCT) apps have been recently implemented as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Research has focused on understanding the acceptance and adoption of these apps, but more work is needed to understand which factors may contribute to their sustained use. This is key in public health due to DCT apps needing a high uptake rate to decrease transmission of the virus within the general population.Objective: To understand changes in use of the NHS Test & Trace (T&T) Covid-19 DCT app and to explore how public trust in the app evolved over a one-year period.Methods: A longitudinal mixed-methods approach was conducted consisting of a digital survey in December 2020 followed by another digital survey and interview in November 2021 in which survey responses from nine participants were explored in detail. Thematic analysis was used to analyse interview transcripts. This paper focuses on the thematic analysis of the qualitative data to unpack the reasoning behind participants' answers to the surveys.Results: In this paper, five themes generated through thematic analysis are discussed: flaws of the T&T app; usefulness and functionality affecting trust in the app; low trust in UK government; varying degrees of trust in other stakeholders; and public consciousness and compliance dropping over time. Mistrust evolved from participants experiencing sociotechnical flaws of the app and led to concerns over the app's usefulness. Likewise, mistrust in the government was linked to perceived poor pandemic handling and creation and procurement of the app. However, more variability in trust in other stakeholders was highlighted, dependent on perceived competence and intentions. For example, Big Tech companies (i.e. Apple, Google), large hospitality venues, and private contractors were seen as more capable, but participants mistrust their intentions, and small hospitality venues, local councils and NHS (i.e. public health system) were seen as well-intentioned but there is mistrust in their ability to handle pandemic matters. Participants reported complying -or not- with T&T and pandemic guidance to different degrees, but overall observed a drop in compliance over time, both at individual and external levels.Conclusions: The findings of this research contribute to the wider implications of changes in DCT app use over time for public health. Findings suggest that trust in the wider T&T app ecosystem could link to changes in the use of the app, however further empirical and theoretical work needs to be done to generalise the results due to the small, homogenous sample. Initial novelty effects occurred with the app, which lessened over time as public concern and media representation of the pandemic decreased and normalisation occurred. Trust in the sociotechnical capabilities of the app, stakeholders involved, and maintaining salience of the T&T app in conjunction with other measures are needed for sustained use.Clinicaltrial: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L.) is a cash crop with a highly significant economic importance in West Africa, particularly in Guinea-Bissau (Monteiro et al. 2015, 2017). In October 2018, dieback-like symptoms such as wilt and necrosis of apical shoots were observed in 10 % of the cashew trees grown in a 100 plant-orchard in Bolama Island at Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. Six symptomatic apical shoots from individual plants were collected for fungal isolation and identification. Tissue pieces (3 × 2 mm) from healthy to diseased margins were surface sterilized with 1 % sodium hypochlorite, washed twice with sterilized water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA, Difco® Laboratories) supplemented with potassium thiocyanate (50 µg/ml), and incubated at 24 ± 1 °C in the dark for 7 days. Four fungal colonies were isolated (67 %) and purified through hyphal tips removal, displaying rapid growth rate, and aerial mycelia that initially was white, turning later to dark greenish on PDA. Pycnidia produced on 1.5 % water agar and sterilized pine needles (± 25ºC; near-UV light) were solitary, covered by mycelium, obpyriform to ampulliform (152.5 ± 41.6 × 135.2 ± 30.8 μm, n = 30). Conidia were unicellular, hyaline, smooth, fusoid to ovoid, thin-walled, measuring 16.21 ± 1.52 × 5.84 ± 0.66 μm (n = 50, L/W 2.8). Such morphological features are characteristic of Neofusicoccum spp. (Phillips et al. 2013). For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted from a representative isolate GB160 and partial regions of ribosomal internal transcriber spacer (ITS) (ITS1/ITS4; White et al. 1990), translation elongation factor 1-α ( EF1-α ) (EF1-688F/EF1-1251R; Alves et al. 2008) and β-tubulin ( β-tub ) (Bt2a/Bt2b; Glass and Donaldson 1995) genes were amplified as previously described, respectively, with BSA (50 mg/ml). Amplicons were sequenced and deposited in GenBank (ITS, MN952993; EF1-α , MN952204; β-tub , MN952208). BLAST analysis of ITS, EF1-α and β-tub gene sequences showed 100 % identity with Neofusicoccum batangarum reference strain CBS124923 (FJ900608, FJ900654, FJ900635, respectively). Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses from the concatenated dataset placed GB160 isolate within the N. batangarum cluster (BS = 72 %; PP = 0.95). For pathogenicity assessment, 3-month-old cashew " Caju di Terra " plants (n = 8) grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions were inoculated following a randomized block design as described by Lima et al. (2013). Briefly, 3 mm diam. stem tissue bark was removed and replaced with a 3 mm diameter PDA plug retrieved from the colony margin. Inoculation wound was covered with sterilized wet cotton and sealed with parafilm. Eight control plants were only treated with PDA plugs and the wound covered and sealed as described. After 15 days, all inoculated plants displayed similar symptoms to those observed in the field, and vascular lesions (10.8 ± 4.0 cm), whereas control plants remained symptomless. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by successful re-isolation of the pathogen from all inoculated stems and identification by morphology and gene sequencing. N. batangarum was identified associated with Anacardium spp. in Brazil (Netto et al. 2017) and recently reported as causing grapevine dieback in Brazil (Rêgo et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. batangarum causing cashew dieback in Guinea-Bissau and West Africa. Occurrence of this disease may represent a significant impact for cashew production since this crop is the major agricultural commodity in Guinea-Bissau.