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A integração de mapeamento geológico com estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos permitiram caracterizar a evolução petrológica do Granito Encruzilhada do Sul. Este maciço ocorre na parte norte do Batólito Pelotas, porção leste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano. O Granito Encruzilhada do Sul apresenta relações de mistura química com a formação dos granitóides híbridos e física com rochas máficas representadas por dioritos e enclaves máficos. Os dados geoquímicos mostram a afinidade toleítica do magmatismo máfico e classifica as rochas graníticas como do tipo-A. A zonação petrográfica e composicional foi gerada a partir do resfriamento de uma única câmara magmática, caracterizada por monzogranitos porfiríticos ricos em enclaves máficos nos bordos leste e oeste, gradando para sieno a monzogranitos ricos em quartzo e com baixo teor de minerais máficos na porção central. Uma fácies de sienogranitos tardios ocorre na porção centro-norte e representa a cúpula parcialmente preservada do maciço. O posicionamento do granito foi controlado por uma fase cinemática extensional da Zona de Cisalhamento Dorsal de Canguçu, que permitiu a ascenção dos magmas até sua colocação em níveis superiores da crosta. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a geração da suíte ocorreu no período pós-colisional da orogênese Dom Feliciano, associada à fusão parcial de uma crosta granulítica desidratada, promovida pelo aumento do gradiente geotérmico associado aos magmas máficos. As condições de alta temperatura dos magmas permitiram em estágio precoce da cristalização, a mistura química entre pólos félsico e máfico. A evolução da cristalização, entretanto, modifica a viscosidade e densidade dos magmas e favorece o desenvolvimento de estruturas geradas pela mistura física. The integration of geological mapping, petrographic and geochemical studies allowed the characterization of the petrological evolution of the Encruzilhada do Sul Granite. This massif occurs in the northern part of the Pelotas Batholith, eastern portion of the Dom Feliciano Belt. The Encruzilhada do Sul Granite present chemical mixing relations with the formation of hybrid granitoids and physical mixing with mafic rocks represented by diorites and mafic microgranulares enclaves. Geochemical data indicate the tholeiitic composition of mafic magmatism and that granitic rocks are A-type. The petrographic and compositional pattern zonation generated from a single cooling magma chamber and defined by porphyritic monzo to granodiorite, rich in mafic enclaves, on the eastern and western border, transitioning to heterogranular syeno and monzogranites, rich in quartz and poor in mafic minerals in the central portion. An equigranular facies composed by syenogranites occurs in the northern central portion, representing the partially preserved top of the magma chamber. The emplacement of the granite was controlled by an extensional kinematic phase of the regional Dorsal do Canguçu Shear Zone, which allowed the rise of magmas up to superior levels of a crust. The data suggest that the generation of the suite took place in the post-collisional period of Dom Feliciano orogeny and was associated with partial melting of a granulite crust promoted by increased of the geothermal gradient by the mafic magmas from the mantle. The high temperature conditions of the magmas allowed the chemical mixing between felsic and mafic poles at an early stage of crystallization. The evolution of crystallization modified the viscosity and density of the magmas and favors the development of mingling structures.

Six days field traverse of the Southern Sector of the Proterozoic Mantiquiera Province including the Dom Feliciano Belt of southeastern Brazil was conducted in August 2000. This area is composed of the western Vila Nova Belt which is the Neoproterozoic juvenile accretionary complexes, the central Tijucas Belt which is a Neoproterozoic reworked schist belt of volcano-sedimentary rocks possibly representing a continental magmatic arc, and the eastern Dom Feliciano Belt (sensu stricto) which is a Neoproterozoic reworked migmatite-granite terrain with remnants of Paleoproterozoic gneissic blocks....

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marcio_Ramos_Botelho.pdf: 7363575 bytes, checksum: 7093095943e8e185a759d62d75529be8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-02 Dark subsurface horizons with morphological characteristics similar to sombric horizonts have been found in southern Brazil, particularly in the higher areas of the Pelotas Batholith, located in the eastern portion of the Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. The sombric horizon, initially identified by soil scientists who worked in the Belgian Congo, constitutes a diagnostic horizon in soil classification systems of FAO and Soil Taxonomy, but not in the Brazilian system. The conception of sombric horizon in these classification systems is of a free draining subsurface horizon, containing iluvial humus not associated with aluminum or dispersible by sodium, with value and/or lower chroma than the overlying horizon. In the field it can be differentiated from the buried A horizon by monitoring lateral variations and in the laboratory by analyzing thin sections. The mechanisms responsible for the genesis of the sombric horizon are still poorly understood, although most authors agree on the illuvial humus origin and that it constitutes a diagnostic horizon. Considering the need to characterize the occurrence of such horizons in the region and the possible reasons for its genesis this work aimed to describe the occurrence of soil profiles exhibiting dark subsurface horizons with similar morphology to the sombric horizon in the region of Pelotas Batholith and to investigate the organic matter involved in the process. To achieve this goal physical, chemical, morphological, mineralogical and isotopic studies were performed in ten soil profiles with dark subsurface horizons, two of them without the sombric morphological characteristics and another one with morphological evidence of buried A horizon, and two degraded areas. The results showed that: a) the position of the dark subsurface horizons coincide with the A2, AB, BA horizons, top of B horizon or AC/CR; b) the horizons with morphology similar to sombric are not buried horizons, as indicated by particle size analysis, mineralogy, morphology and lateral variations of these horizons in the field, c) the fractionation of humic substances indicated a process of illuviation of organic matter, especially humic acids, for all soil samples, showing that the illuviation of organic material occurs not only in profiles with sombric horizons; d) the absence of the E horizon, associated with the Al + ½ Feo criteria, optical density of oxalate extract, chemical fractionation and significant presence of illuvial subsurface cutans indicate that the podzolization process is only incipient in the soil profiles; d) the C isotopic composition indicate that a part of the dark subsurface horizons have organic matter from C4-type plants (grasslands), differing from to the present. In other profiles, there is a mixture of C3 plants (forests) and C4 plants with little or no variation from the current vegetation, suggesting that the genesis of these horizons is not related only to changes in vegetation; f) a significant part of the soils located on the Pelotas Batholith present are not adequately classified in the Brazilian soil classification system, g) the adoption of the horizon or sombric character and changes in the Argissolos Bruno-Acinzentados suborder in future editions of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification would fit better a significant part of the soil profiles of the study area. Horizontes subsuperficiais escuros com características morfológicas similares ao sômbrico têm sido encontrados na região Sul do Brasil, particularmente nas áreas mais elevadas do Batólito Pelotas, situado na porção leste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. O sômbrico, inicialmente identificado por pedólogos belgas que trabalharam no Congo, constitui um horizonte diagnóstico nos sistemas de classificação de solos da FAO e da Soil Taxonomy, mas não no sistema brasileiro. A concepção de horizonte sômbrico nestes sistemas de classificação é a de um horizonte subsuperficial de drenagem livre, contendo húmus iluvial não associado ao alumínio, nem dispersável pelo sódio, com valor e/ou croma menores do que o horizonte sobrejacente. No campo pode ser diferenciado do horizonte A enterrado pelo acompanhamento das variações laterais ou no laboratório por análise em secções delgadas. Os mecanismos responsáveis pela gênese do horizonte sômbrico são ainda pouco compreendidos, apesar da maioria dos autores concordarem com a origem do húmus iluvial e de constituir horizonte diagnóstico. Diante da necessidade de caracterizar a ocorrência desse tipo de horizonte na região e do entendimento da gênese destes objetivou-se neste trabalho descrever a ocorrência de solos com horizontes de morfologia similar à do sômbrico na região do Batólito Pelotas e investigar o tipo de matéria orgânica envolvido no processo. Para atingir este objetivo foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas, morfológicas, mineralógicas e isotópicas em dez perfis de solos da região com horizontes subsuperficiais escuros, sendo dois deles sem as características morfológicas de sômbrico e outro com indícios morfológicos de horizonte A enterrado, além de duas áreas degradadas. A análise dos resultados permitiu verificar que: a) a posição destes horizontes coincide com os horizontes A2, AB, BA, topo do horizonte B ou ainda AC/CR; (b) os horizontes com morfologia similar a do sômbrico não constituem horizontes enterrados, conforme indicado pela análise granulométrica, mineralogia, morfologia e variações laterais destes horizontes no campo; c) o fracionamento das substâncias húmicas indicou haver um processo de iluviação de matéria orgânica, principalmente de ácidos húmicos, para todos os perfis estudados, mostrando que a iluviação de material orgânico não ocorre somente nos perfis com horizontes ―sômbricos‖; d) a ausência do horizonte E, associado aos critérios de Al + ½ Feo, densidade ótica do extrato de oxalato, fracionamento químico e presença significativa de cutans de iluviação em subsuperfície indicam que o processo de podzolização é apenas incipiente nos perfis; e) a composição isotópica do carbono indica que uma parte dos horizontes subsuperficiais escuros possui matéria orgânica oriunda de plantas do tipo C4 (gramíneas), com variação isotópica em relação à vegetação atual. Em outros, há mistura de plantas C3 (florestas) e C4 com pouca ou nenhuma variação em relação à vegetação atual, sugerindo que a gênese destes horizontes não esteja relacionada somente a mudanças na vegetação; f) parte significativa dos solos do Batólito Pelotas apresenta problemas de enquadramento na atual classificação brasileira de solos; g) a adoção do horizonte ou caráter sômbrico e mudanças na subordem dos Argissolos Bruno-Acinzentados em edições futuras do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos enquadraria melhor uma significativa parte dos perfis da área de estudo.

Cerro do Sandi and Bela Vista granites occur in the Piratini region and belong to Dom Feliciano Suite. This suite is the most recent magmatic episode of the Pelotas batholith construction. The granitic massifs have elongate forms along NE-SW direction and constitute a positive relief of aligned crysts. Mapping of geological, structural and superficial deposits indicated the presence of outcrops and areas dominated by boulders with potential for exploration of blocks for dimensional stones. Petrography and technological essays confirmed favorable results to this utilization. Bela Vista Granite presents high mechanical resistance and low abrasion, qualities that recommended its utilization as external and internal covering. Cerro do Sandi Granite showed physical indexes and ultrasonic propagation velocity characteristic of rocks without weathering alteration. However, in the alterability essay this granite showed incipient modification of color and minimal loss of material. These characteristics limit the utilization of this granite as external and internal floor.

Cerro do Sandi and Bela Vista granites occur in the Piratini region and belong to Dom Feliciano Suite. This suite is the most recent magmatic episode of the Pelotas batholith construction. The granitic massifs have elongate forms along NE-SW direction and constitute a positive relief of aligned crysts. Mapping of geological, structural and superficial deposits indicated the presence of outcrops and areas dominated by boulders with potential for exploration of blocks for dimensional stones. Petrography and technological essays confirmed favorable results to this utilization. Bela Vista Granite presents high mechanical resistance and low abrasion, qualities that recommended its utilization as external and internal covering. Cerro do Sandi Granite showed physical indexes and ultrasonic propagation velocity characteristic of rocks without weathering alteration. However, in the alterability essay this granite showed incipient modification of color and minimal loss of material. These characteristics limit the utilization of this granite as external and internal floor.

The Pelotas Batholith situated in the eastern part of Sul-rio-grandense Shield is NE oriented and has dimensions of about 400 x 120 km. It is a granitic belt with six main suites: Pinheiro Machado Suite, Erval Suite, Viamão Suite, Encruzilhada do Sul Suite, Cordilheira Suite and Dom Feliciano Suite. The development of a continental collision whose evolution started by the end of Neoproterozoic, 635-610Ma, and reached 550Ma, is registered in the granitic suites. Most granitoids are syn to late-collisional, which have their emplacement controlled initially by low- to mid-angle shear zones and lately by sub-vertical transcurrent shear zones. The last magmatic events produced alkaline and peralkaline granites and composite (acid and basic) dike swarms represent a postcollisional magmatism.During their ascension and emplacement these granitic units captured basement xenoliths sometimes with dimensions of several kilometers. Based upon petrographic, geochemical and structural data these xenoliths were compared with the metamorphic units that occur outside the batholith. Their similarity suggest that the batholith, in spite of being limited by shear zones, is very close to its original setting. The interaction of xenoliths with the granitic magma produced primary structures that reflect the conditions during the ascent and emplacement of granitic bodies and contribute to the understanding of the geotectonic evolution in the eastern part of Sul-rio-grandense Shield.

The Pelotas Batholith situated in the eastern part of Sul-rio-grandense Shield is NE oriented and has dimensions of about 400 x 120 km. It is a granitic belt with six main suites: Pinheiro Machado Suite, Erval Suite, Viamao Suite, Encruzilhada do Sul Suite, Cordilheira Suite and Dom Feliciano Suite. The development of a continental collision whose evolution started by the end of Neoproterozoic, 635-610Ma, and reached 550Ma, is registered in the granitic suites. Most granitoids are syn to late-collisional, which have their emplacement controlled initially by low- to mid-angle shear zones and lately by sub-vertical transcurrent shear zones. The last magmatic events produced alkaline and peralkaline granites and composite (acid and basic) dike swarms represent a post- collisional magmatism.During their ascension and emplacement these granitic units captured basement xenoliths sometimes with dimensions of several kilometers. Based upon petrographic, geochemical and structural data these xenoliths were compared with the metamorphic units that occur outside the batholith. Their similarity suggest that the batholith, in spite of being limited by shear zones, is very close to its original setting. The interaction of xenoliths with the granitic magma produced primary structures that reflect the conditions during the ascent and emplacement of granitic bodies and contribute to the understanding of the geotectonic evolution in the eastern part of Sul-rio-grandense Shield. Keywords - syn-collisional granites; basement xenoliths; Pelotas Batholith.