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Conopleura aliena Smriglio, Mariottini & Calascibetta, 1999 [HERE fIRST cONSIdEREd juNIOR SubjEcTIVE SyNONym Of Tritia lima (DILLwyN, 1817): SEE bELOw] Type locality: Temperate northern Atlantic. CENTRAL TyRRHENIAN SEA (ITALy, MEdITERRANEAN SEA) (FIg. 1D1). Material examined: Temperate northern Atlantic. CENTRAL TyRRHENIAN SEA (ITALy), 06/1987, 350 m��� HOLOTyPE���1 SH���6.8��4 (MZB 12694) (FIg. 1D1, 4A���H, 4W; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1C). Off ISOLA dELLE FEmmINE (PALERmO, ITALy), 105 m���PARATyPE���1 SH���5��3.5 (SC PRIVATE cOLLEcTION, ONLy PHOTOS ObSERVEd AS IT wAS NOT POSSIbLE TO ExAmINE THE SHELL de visu: AuTHORS��� dATA) (FIg. 1D 2). Known distribution and bathymetric range: ONLy kNOwN fROm THE cENTRAL MEdITERRANEAN SEA, wHERE TwO SHELLS wERE REPORTEd fROm 105 ANd 350 m dEPTH. Temperate northern Atlantic. ITALy (SmRIgLIO et al. 1999: CENTRAL TyRRHENIAN SEA ANd Off ISOLA dELLE FEmmINE) (FIg. 1D1���2). Description: SPEcIES wITH A SmALL SHELL, LIgHT, gLObOSE, SLIgHTLy ELONgATE, ANd wITH A TRuNcATE SPIRE, Of ~ 7 mm mAxImum HEIgHT ANd 4.5 wHORLS IN THE HOLOTyPE (FIg. 4A���C). SHELL cOLOuR ALmOST wHITISH-yELLOwISH (FIg. 4A���C). PROTOcONcH Of ~1 wHORL, SmOOTH buT PARTIALLy EROdEd (FIg. 4G���H, 4W). APEx dEPRESSEd (FIg. 4H). TELEOcONcH Of 4.5 cONVEx wHORLS IN bIggEST SPEcImEN kNOwN, INcREASINg IN dIAmETER uP TO LAST wHORL, cONSTITuTINg LITTLE LESS Of TOTAL SHELL HEIgHT ANd SIgNIfIcANTLy ExPANdEd AT SHOuLdER ANd SubSEquENTLy NARROwINg (FIg. 4A���C). SuTuRE dISTINcT, SLIgHTLy INcISEd wITH A SuLcuS, SHOuLdER NOT cORONATE (FIg. 4A���D, 4F). SHOuLdER SuLcuS mAdE Of A SERIES Of VERy SmALL SEPTA SEPARATEd by RAdIATINg LAmELLAE ORIgINATINg fROm ANAL SINuS (FIg. 4D). AxIAL ScuLPTuRE fINE, POSSIbLy cONSTITuTEd by SEVERAL SubSEquENT gROwTH LINES, AxIAL RIbS PRESumAbLy PRESENT (FIg. 4A���C, 4E). SPIRAL ScuLPTuRE IN THE cONVEx PART Of THE wHORL cONSISTINg Of 7���9 fAINT PRImARy cORdS, OfTEN fLExuOuS wHEN cROSSINg gROwTH LINES (FIg. 4A���C). APERTuRE wIdE, OVAL, uNIfORmLy wHITISH-yELLOwISH (FIg. 4A���C). UmbILIcuS OR fALSE umbILIcuS AbSENT (FIg. 4A���C). COLumELLAR EdgE wITH SLIgHTLy ExPANdEd cALLuS ANd EVIdENT cOLumELLAR RIb (FIg. 4A). OuTER LIP THIN wITH AbSENcE Of STROmbOId NOTcH (FIg. 4B). ANAL SINuS dEEP, LARgE, U-SHAPEd, cLOSE TO SuTuRE (FIg. 4A���B). SIPHONAL cANAL THIck, SHORT ANd bROAd (FIg. 4A). ANATOmy, RAduLA, ANImAL cOLOuR ANd OPERcuLum uNkNOwN. Remarks: THE dIffERENcES IN SHELL mORPHOmETRy Of C. aliena ANd THOSE Of SPEcIES REPORTEd AS cONgENERIc IN THE cuRRENT LITERATuRE ARE SHOwN IN TAbLE 1. REmARkAbLy, SEVERAL C. aliena SHELL fEATuRES dO NOT mATcH THE TwO OTHER TAxA AScRIbEd TO Conopleura HINdS, 1844. THESE INcLudE: I) PROTOcONcH wHORLS (~1 vs ~2.25���2.5 IN OTHER Conopleura TAxA) (FIg. 3K���L, 3V ���Z, 4G���H); II) TELEOcONcH gENERAL ASPEcT (ObTuSE, SLIgHTLy ELONgATE wITH A TRuNcATE SPIRE vs SLENdER ANd bIcONIcAL wITH AN AcumINATE SPIRE) (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G, 3M���Q, 4A���C) ANd ScuLPTuRE (fAINT vs STRONg PRImARy cORdS) (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G, 3I, 3M���Q, 3T, 4A���C); III) fALSE umbILIcuS (AbSENT vs PRESENT) (FIg. 3J, 3U, 4A); IV) APERTuRE gENERAL ASPEcT (wIdE ANd OVAL vs NARROw, SINuOuS, ANd AxIALLy ELONgATEd) (FIg. 3A, 3F, 3M, 3P, 4A); V) mORPHOLOgIcAL fEATuRES Of THE cOLumELLAR EdgE (cOLumELLAR RIb PRESENT vs AbSENT) (FIg. 3J, 3U, 4A) ANd Of THE OuTER LIP (STROmbOId NOTcH PRESENT vs AbSENT) (FIg. 3G, 3Q, 4B). HOwEVER, ON THE OTHER HANd, OTHER fEATuRES fIT THE gENuS Conopleura, THE mOST ImPORTANT ONES bEINg THE PRESENcE Of A SHOuLdER SuLcuS wITH SEPTA SEPARATEd by RAdIATINg LAmELLAE ANd AN ANAL SINuS (FIg. 3H, 3R, 3D), wHIcH HAVE SuggESTEd ITS ORIgINAL ATTRIbuTION TO THE AbOVE-mENTIONEd gENuS. THE mAjOR dIScREPANcIES bETwEEN C. aliena ANd cONgENERIc SPEcIES ImmEdIATELy RAISEd quESTIONS AbOuT THE SPEcIfIc, gENERIc, ANd fAmILIAR ATTRIbuTION Of THIS SPEcIES. SmRIgLIO et al. (1999) TENTATIVELy AScRIbEd THIS TAxON TO Conopleura IN AbSENcE Of SOfT PARTS, buT ITS gENERIc ATTRIbuTION wAS SubSEquENTLy uTILIzEd IN dATAbASES ANd cHEckLISTS (E.g. GOfAS 2009; TEmPLAdO & VILLANuEVA IN COLL et al. 2010). HOwEVER, THE PRESENcE Of A cOLumELLAR RIb dOES NOT fIT THE SuPERfAmILy CONOIdEA sensu BOucHET et al. (2011) AS A wHOLE. SmRIgLIO et al. (1999) ALSO ORIgINALLy HIgHLIgHTEd SImILARITIES Of C. aliena wITH SOmE mEmbERS Of THE fAmILy NASSARIIDAE IREdALE, 1916 (1835), ANd IN PARTIcuLAR cOmPAREd THE NEwLy dEScRIbEd TAxON wITH Tritia lima (DILLwyN, 1817) (fORmERLy Nassarius lima: SEE GALINdO et al. 2016), A MEdITERRANEAN ENdEmIc INcORREcTLy dEScRIbEd AS A REcENT SPEcIES fROm THE EAST INdIES (CHEmNITz 1795; DILLwyN 1817; CERNOHORSky 1984), wHOSE TyPE mATERIAL wAS fIRST TRAcEd ANd fIguREd HERE (FIg. 4I ��� J; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1D). HOwEVER, dIffERENcES wITH RESPEcT TO T. lima LISTEd by SmRIgLIO et al. (1999) INcLudE PROTOcONcH ANd TELEOcONcH fEATuRES, AS wELL AS THE PRESENcE Of THE ANAL SINuS (SEE bELOw fOR ExPLANATION). IN AddITION, T. lima IS cONcEIVEd AS POSSESSINg A SERIES Of dENTIcLES ON THE INTERNAL PART Of THE OuTER LIP. SmRIgLIO et al. (1999) ORIgINALLy SuggESTEd THAT dIffERENcES IN THE PROTOcONcHS Of C. aliena ANd C. striata wERE duE TO THE fAcT THAT PROTOcONcHS Of C. aliena wERE LOST, ANd THAT A dOmEd INTERNAL cALLOuS PLug wAS ONLy VISIbLE���A cHARAcTER THAT THEy HAd NOT ObSERVEd IN T. lima. OuR SEM ObSERVATIONS Of THE C. aliena HOLOTyPE SuggEST THAT THE PROTOcONcH, ALTHOugH bLuNT, IS AcTuALLy PRESENT ANd cOmPRISEd Of ~1 wHORL (FIg. 4G, 4W). THE INfERREd PROTOcONcH Of C. aliena IS SImILAR TO THAT Of T. lima IN TERmS Of THE NumbER Of wHORLS (~1 vs 1.25, RESPEcTIVELy) ANd THEIR SHAREd fAINT PROTOcONcH/TELEOcONcH bOuNdARy ANd TELEOcONcH ScuLPTuRE (FIg. 4V ���W) (SEE ALSO NEgRI & CORSELLI 2016). ON THE OTHER HANd, THE PROTOcONcH Of C. aliena IS INdEEd LARgER, AT LEAST IN THE HOLOTyPE (IT wAS NOT POSSIbILE TO ExAmINE THE PARATyPE), wITH RESPEcT TO THAT Of T. lima (FIg. 4V ���W), buT THE SAmE HOLdS EVEN mORE wHEN cOmPARINg IT TO THE OTHER TwO Conopleura TAxA. THIS mAy bE ExPLAINEd by THE PRESENcE IN C. aliena Of AN AbNORmALITy THAT wILL SubSEquENTLy RESuLT IN A HyPERmORPHIc SHOuLdER (SEE bELOw fOR dIScuSSIONS, ANd FIg. 6Q���W fOR A SImILAR SITuATION IN THE wHORLS Of Buccinum labyrinthus GmELIN, 1791 vs Buccinum undatum LINNAEuS, 1758). SmRIgLIO et al. (1999) ALSO HIgHLIgHTEd THE PRESENcE Of STRONg AxIAL RIbS IN T. lima TELEOcONcHS, wHIcH ARE AbSENT IN C. aliena. THIS mORPHOLOgIcAL fEATuRE, HOwEVER, HAS NO OVERALL TAxONOmIc VALuE, AS T. lima mAy OR mAy NOT HAVE AxIAL ScuLPTuRE, wITH INTERmEdIATE fORmS bETwEEN THE TwO ExTREmE cHARAcTER STATES (VARIAbILITy IN T. lima TELEOcONcH fROm C. aliena TyPE LOcALITy: FIg. 4P���T). WHEN SEEN fROm bELOw, THE HOLOTyPE Of C. aliena ALSO SHOwS A POSSIbLE AxIAL ScuLPTuRE Of fAINT RIbS (FIg. 4E). FINALLy, THE PRESENcE/AbSENcE Of dENTIcLES ON THE OuTER LIP dEPENdS ON gROwTH STAgE (PRESENT IN fuLLy gROwN LIPS vs AbSENT IN PARTIALLy gROwN LIPS ANd ���juVENILES���), SuggESTINg THAT THIS dIAgNOSTIc cHARAcTER ALSO cANNOT bE cONSIdEREd (FIg. 4I ���T). HOwEVER, IN AgREEmENT wITH SmRIgLIO et al. (1999), AN ANAL SINuS ANd SHOuLdER SuLcuS wITH SmALL SEPTA ARE uSuALLy LAckINg IN T. lima. CAREfuL ObSERVATIONS Of C. aliena SHELLS HIgHLIgHTEd A dIScONTINuOuS LAmELLAR ScuLPTuRE IN THE SHOuLdER SuLcuS (FIg. 4D, 4F���H), EVEN wITH SOmE dIffERENcES bETwEEN HOLOTyPE ANd PARATyPE (THE LAmELLAR ScuLPTuRE IN THE HOLOTyPE STARTS AT 2.5 wHORLS, wHILST IN THE PARATyPE IT STARTS AT 2.25 wHORLS). IN AddITION, SEPTA IN THE SPEcIES Of Conopleura HINdS, 1844 START SOON AfTER THE PROTOcONcH ANd ARE REguLARLy ARRANgEd (FIg. 3H, 3R), THEREfORE SuggESTINg THAT SucH A PEcuLIAR ScuLPTuRE Of THE SHOuLdER SuLcuS REPRESENTS A dEfININg cHARAcTER Of THE gENuS. THOSE IN C. aliena START ONLy AfTER AN AbRuPT bREAk ON THE SHELL SHOuLdER (FIg. 4F���H), THEREfORE SuggESTINg THAT THIS IS NOT A dIAgNOSTIc cHARAcTER, buT A mEcHANIcAL AbNORmALITy. TO EVALuATE THE HyPOTHESIS THAT THE LAmELLAR ScuLPTuRE Of C. aliena REPRESENTS AN AbNORmAL gROwTH, wE cONducTEd A LITERATuRE ANd mATERIAL SEARcH ON AbERRATIONS IN gASTROPOd SHELLS. ON THE ONE HANd, AN ANAL SINuS ANd SHOuLdER SuLcuS wITH SEPTA ARE dIAgNOSTIc cHARAcTERS Of SOmE gENERA (E.g. Conopleura). ON THE OTHER, THESE fEATuRES REPRESENT mORPHOLOgIcAL AbNORmALITIES, OfTEN ASSOcIATEd wITH A HyPERmORPHIc SHOuLdER, IN A wIdE RANgE Of gASTROPOd fAmILIES ANd SPEcIES, INcLudINg CASSIDAE LATREILLE, 1825 (FIg. 5A���D), MURICIDAE RAfINESquE, 1815 (FIg. 5E���I), MITRIDAE SwAINSON, 1831 (FIg. 5K���Q, 6A���L), CONIDAE FLEmINg, 1822 (Kenyonia pulcherrima: SEE TIPPETT & TuckER 1995; FIg. 6M���P; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1E), ANd BUCCINIDAE RAfINESquE, 1815 (Buccinum labyrinthus: SEE PASTORINO & KANTOR 1998; FIg. 6Q���W; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1F) AmONg OTHERS (SEE ALSO dIScuSSIONS bELOw). ON THE cONTRARy, THE cOLumELLAR RIb Of C. aliena dOES NOT SEEm TO bE AbNORmAL ANd HAS A REguLAR SHAPE, SuggESTINg THAT IT mAy bE A RELIAbLE dIAgNOSTIc cHARAcTER fOR ASSESSINg ITS cORREcT TAxONOmIc IdENTITy. IN PARTIcuLAR, THE cOLumELLAR RIb dELImITINg AdAPIcALLy THE SIPHONAL cANAL IN Conopleura aliena IS STRIkINgLy SImILAR TO THAT APPEARINg IN THE fAmILy NASSARIDAE (FIg. 4). CONVERSELy, IN OTHER SPEcIES Of Conopleura, THE cOLumELLAR EdgE IS bORdEREd by A SORT Of RIm THAT RuNS PARALLEL TO THE mAIN AxIS Of THE SHELL (FIg. 3). WE wERE NOT AbLE TO fINd AbNORmALITIES REPORTEd IN THE cOLumELLAR RIb AS APPEARINg IN C. aliena. THEREfORE, bASEd ON THE mORPHOLOgIcAL ObSERVATIONS HEREby dIScuSSEd (PROTOcONcH fEATuRES, TELEOcONcH ScuLPTuRE, ANd gENERAL mORPHOLOgIcAL cHARAcTERS), ��� Conopleura ��� aliena IS HERE ExcLudEd fROm Conopleura ANd mOVEd TO Tritia RISSO, 1826, ANd fuRTHERmORE cONcEIVEd AS dEScRIbEd ON THE bASIS Of TwO AbNORmAL SHELLS Of THE dEEP wATER fORm Of T. lima. AccORdINg TO THE INTERNATIONAL COmmISSION ON ZOOLOgIcAL NOmENcLATuRE, excluded from the provisions of the Code are names proposed for teratological specimens as such (ICZN 2012: ART 1.3.2). BEcAuSE ��� Conopleura ��� aliena wAS dEScRIbEd AS A PROPER REcENT SPEcIES, IT HAS TO bE cONSIdEREd A juNIOR SubjEcTIVE SyNONym (ICZN 2012: gLOSSARy) Of T. lima. HOwEVER, ONLy dATINg TEcHNIquES (E.g. RAdIOcARbON) mAy TELL uS If ITS dEScRIPTION wAS bASEd uPON fOSSIL REmAINS OR REcENT SHELLS., Published as part of Nappo, Andrea, Rey, Xabier, Pellegrini, Daniel, Bonomolo, Giuseppe & Crocetta, Fabio, 2018, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Drilliidae), pp. 567-587 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 577-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1196251

Conopleura latiaxisa Chino, 2011 Type locality: Central Indo-Pacific. Off PuNTA ENgA��O (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES, PAcIfIc OcEAN), bETwEEN 180��� 250 m dEPTH (FIg. 1C1). Material examined: Central Indo-Pacific. Off PuNTA ENgA��O (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 220���240 m��� HOLOTyPE���1 SH���10.6��4.8 (NSMT-MO. 77385) (FIg. 1C1, 3M���O; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1B); 180���250 m���PARATyPE 1���1 SH���10.8��5.1 (MNHN-IM-2000-24228) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 2���1 SH���9.6��4.5 (NMP- 041235) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 3���1 SH���10.4��4.8 (KBIN. RBINS COLLEcTION, I.G. 32067, MT. 2600) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 4���1 SH��� 11.4��5.2 (MC PRIVATE cOLLEcTION) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 5���1 SH���10.5��4.9 (NSMT-MO. 77386) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 6���1 SH���10.1��5.0 (ANSP 455651) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 7���1 SH���9.7��4.8 (CI # 622802) (FIg. 1C1); PARATyPE 8���1 SH���11.9��5.7 (CI # 619117) (FIg. 1C1). Temperate northern Pacific. TOkASHIkI ISLANd (OkINAwA, JAPAN), 1991, 110 m���1 SH���3.4��2 (MC) (FIg. 1C 2). Central Indo-Pacific. Off PuNTA ENgA��O (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 2011, TRAwLEd 150���250 m���1 SH���10.7��5* (AN) (FIg. 1C1); 180���250 m���1 SH���9��4.6* (AN) (FIg. 1C1); 10/06/2013, 220 m���2 SH���11.1��5.1*, 10��5* (AN) (FIg. 1C1); 11/2015, 100 m���2 SH���9.8��4.8*, 9.9��4.9* (AN) (FIg. 1C1); 12/2015, TRAwLEd 200 m���1 SH���10.4��5.2* (AN) (FIg. 1C1, 2B). Off CORAL POINT (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 2001, 100���200 m���1 SH���10.8��4.9* (AN) (FIg. 1C1, 3P���U). MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES, 2009, 220 m���1 SH���11.0��4.9* (AN) (FIg. 1C1). Off MALINgIN ISLANd (PHILIPPINES), 2012, 180���250 m���1 SH���10.1��4.4* (AN) (FIg. 1C 3, 3V ���Z). Known distribution and bathymetric range: ONLy kNOwN fROm TyPE LOcALITy ANd NEARby AREAS, wHERE SHELLS wERE REPORTEd fROm 100���250 m dEPTH. Central Indo-Pacific. PHILIPPINES (CHINO 2011: MAcTAN ISLANd; PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1C1, 1C 3). Temperate northern Pacific. JAPAN (PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1C 2). Description: SPEcIES wITH A SmALL SHELL, SOLId, SLENdER ANd bIcONIcAL, wITH AcumINATE-ELONgATE SPIRE, Of ~ 12 mm mAxImum HEIgHT ANd 8���9 wHORLS IN LARgE-SIzEd SPEcImENS (FIg. 3M���Q). SHELL cOLOuR ALmOST wHITISH, SOmETImES wITH A mARgINAL LIgHT bROwNISH TINgE ON dORSAL SIdE Of LAST wHORL (FIg. 3M���Q). PROTOcONcH Of ~2.25 wHORLS, SEmI-TRANSLucENT wHITISH, SmOOTH (FIg. 3V ���Z). APEx dEPRESSEd, SEcONd ANd THIRd wHORLS SLIgHTLy cONVEx (FIg. 3V ���Z). TELEOcONcH Of 5���6 cONVEx wHORLS AT mATuRITy, INcREASINg IN dIAmETER uP TO LAST wHORL, cONSTITuTINg AROuNd HALf Of TOTAL SHELL HEIgHT ANd SIgNIfIcANTLy ExPANdEd AT SHOuLdER ANd SubSEquENTLy NARROwINg (FIg. 3M���Q). SuTuRE dISTINcT, SLIgHTLy INcISEd wITH A SuLcuS, SHOuLdER dEEPLy cORONATE, wITH wELL-dEVELOPEd TRIgONAL LObATE SPINES, Table 1. Comparative table of main morphologic features of taxa currently ascribed to the genus Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (data amended from literature and present paper). Conopleura striata Conopleura latiaxisa ��� Conopleura ��� aliena Figures Fig. 3A ��L Fig. 3M ��Z Fig. 4A ��H, 4W False umbilicus present present absent Aperture ga: narrow, sinuous, and axially ga: narrow, sinuous, and axially ga: general aspect ga: wide and oval elongated elongated cl: slightly expanded callus, no cl: slightly expanded callus, no cl: slightly expanded callus, cl: columellar edge columellar rib columellar rib evident columellar rib ol: outer lip ol: stromboid notch present ol: stromboid notch present ol: stromboid notch absent as: anal sinus as: present as: present as: present Animal general color pattern whitish with dark maculae unknown unknown Distribution Fig. 1B: Indo - Pacific Fig. 1C: Pacific Ocean Fig. 1D: Mediterranean Depth range (in m) based on shells 13��250 100��250 105��350 REcuRVEd TOwARdS APEx, uNdERLyINg TRIgONAL AcumINATE-ELONgATE SPINES fROm PREVIOuS wHORLS ANd gIVINg AN uNduLATINg APPEARANcE TO SHELLS (FIg. 3M���Q, 3S). SHOuLdER SuLcuS mAdE Of A SERIES Of dEEP cuRVEd SEPTA SEPARATEd by RAdIATINg LAmELLAE ORIgINATINg fROm ANAL SINuS (FIg. 3R). AxIAL ScuLPTuRE fINE, POSSIbLy cONSTITuTEd by SEVERAL SubSEquENT gROwTH LINES (FIg. 3M���Q). SPIRAL ScuLPTuRE IN THE cONVEx PART Of wHORL cONSISTINg Of 17���18 STRONg PRImARy cORdS, OfTEN fLExuOuS wHEN cROSSINg gROwTH LINES (FIg. 3M���Q). APERTuRE NARROw, SINuOuS ANd AxIALLy ELONgATEd, uNIfORmLy wHITISH-yELLOwISH (FIg. 3M, 3P). SLIgHT fALSE umbILIcuS PRESENT (FIg. 3U). COLumELLAR EdgE wITH SLIgHTLy ExPANdEd cALLuS (FIg. 3U). OuTER LIP THIN wITH STROmbOId NOTcH (FIg. 3Q). ANAL SINuS dEEP, THIN, U- SHAPEd, cLOSE TO SuTuRE (FIg. 3M���N, 3P���Q). SIPHONAL cANAL THIck, SHORT ANd bROAd (FIg. 3M, 3P). ANATOmy, RAduLA, ANImAL cOLOuR ANd OPERcuLum uNkNOwN. Remarks: THE dIffERENcES IN SHELL mORPHOmETRy Of C. latiaxisa ANd THOSE Of SPEcIES REPORTEd AS cONgENERIc IN THE cuRRENT LITERATuRE ARE SHOwN IN TAbLE 1, wHERE THE ONLy mAjOR AmENdmENT ON THIS TAxON wITH RESPEcT TO THE ORIgINAL dEScRIPTION REgARdS PROTOcONcH wHORLS. CHINO (2011), IN fAcT, ORIgINALLy SuggESTEd THAT C. latiaxisa HAS 1.5 PROTOcONcH wHORLS, wHILE ALL SHELLS THAT wE ExAmINEd, INcLudINg THOSE cONSTITuTINg THE TyPE mATERIAL, HAVE AbOuT 2.25 PROTOcONcH wHORLS. THIS ASSumPTION mAy bE PRESumAbLy bASEd ON A TyPO IN THE ORIgINAL dEScRIPTION (fOR 2.5 wHORLS). IN AddITION, wE HIgHLIgHT THAT THE ELONgATEd SHAPE Of C. latiaxisa SHELLS mAkES THIS SPEcIES SLIgHTLy SImILAR TO TAxA AScRIbEd TO OTHER DRILLIIDAE gENERA. HOwEVER, SPEcIES wITHIN THIS fAmILy ALwAyS PROducE SHELLS wITH A REducEd SPIRAL ScuLPTuRE THAT LAck THE TyPIcAL Conopleura HONEy-cOmb PITTINg. THEREfORE, THIS SuggESTS THAT C. latiaxisa bELONgS TO THE gENuS TO wHIcH IT HAS bEEN ORIgINALLy ASSIgNEd (CHINO 2011; TAbLE 1)., Published as part of Nappo, Andrea, Rey, Xabier, Pellegrini, Daniel, Bonomolo, Giuseppe & Crocetta, Fabio, 2018, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Drilliidae), pp. 567-587 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 573-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1196251

The genus Conopleura Hinds, 1844 BASEd ON OuR REVIEw, ONLy TwO SPEcIES fROm THE INdO-PAcIfIc AREA cAN bE AScRIbEd TO Conopleura HINdS, 1844 [fAmILy DRILLIIDAE OLSSON, 1964], NAmELy Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844 ANd Conopleura latiaxisa CHINO, 2011. BOTH TAxA SHOw wELL-dEfINEd SHELL mORPHOLOgIES (HINdS 1844; REEVE 1846; POwELL 1966; SHuTO 1974; TIPPETT & TuckER 1995; CHINO 2011), ANd THIS IS HERE SuPPORTEd fOR THE fIRST TImE by gEOmETRIc mORPHOmETRy, bASEd ON SIgNIfIcANT dIffERENcES IN SHELL SIzES ANd IN SHAPES (CS ANd RW1; TAbLE 2) ANd THE cROSS-VALIdATION Of THE dIScRImINANT fuNcTION ON THE SAmE mORPHOmETRIc VARIAbLES. IN AddITION, THE TwO SPEcIES mAy bE SymPATRIc, bASEd ON THE fAcT THAT SHELLS Of THE TwO SPEcIES wERE fOuNd AT SImILAR dEPTHS NEAR PuNTA ENgA��O ANd CORAL POINT (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES) ANd IN THE OkINAwA AREA (JAPAN) (SEE MATERIAL ExAmINEd). DIAgNOSTIc dIffERENcES IN SEVERAL mORPHOmETRIc TRAITS bETwEEN PuTATIVE SymPATRIc SPEcIES mAy bE gOOd EVIdENcE Of EffEcTIVE REPROducTIVE ISOLATION (MAyR 1966), ANd THEREfORE wE cONfIRm THEm AS VALId SPEcIES. IN AddITION, THE wIdE dISTRIbuTION Of C. striata IN THE INdO-PAcIfIc IS HERE ExTENdEd TO TAIwAN ANd INdIA, wHILST THAT Of C. latiaxisa TO JAPAN. SucH A RELATIVELy bROAd dISTRIbuTION mIgHT bE fAcILITATEd by PLANkTOTROPHIc dEVELOPmENT, AS SuSPEcTEd by PROTOcONcH mORPHOLOgy (SEE JAbLONSkI & LuTz, 1980; BOucHET, 1990). THE dISjuNcT dISTRIbuTION dEcLAREd SO fAR fOR THE gENuS IS HERE dISPuTEd, AS ��� Conopleura ��� aliena SmRIgLIO, MARIOTTINI & CALAScIbETTA, 1 999 IS cONSIdEREd AS bELONgINg TO Tritia RISSO, 1826 [fAmILy NASSARIIDAE IREdALE, 1916 (1835)] bASEd ON AddITIONAL mORPHOLOgIcAL ObSERVATIONS Of ITS TyPE mATERIAL ANd SHELLS Of Tritia lima (DILLwyN, 1817). TAxONOmIc RESuLTS HIgHLIgHTEd HERE ARE OVERALL cONSISTENT wITH cOmmON wORLdwIdE bIOgEOgRAPHIc PATTERNS. IN fAcT, ALTHOugH gENERA wITH dISjuNcT dISTRIbuTION IN THE INdO-PAcIfIc ANd THE TEmPERATE NORTHERN ATLANTIc ARE kNOwN wORLdwIdE, THEy ARE VERy RARE (E.g. GALINdO et al. 2016, AmONg REcENT mOLEcuLAR wORkS ON MOLLuScA, OR SHORT et al. 2007 fOR THE gENuS Posidonia K��NIg), ANd wE ARE ALSO PRONE TO ExcLudE THAT: I) Conopleura HAS A cIRcumTROPIcAL dISTRIbuTION, wITH OTHER POTENTIAL TAxA OVERLOOkEd IN THE AREA cONNEcTINg THESE dIffERENT bIOgEOgRAPHIc REALmS; II) THE PRESENcE Of Conopleura IN THE TEmPERATE NORTHERN ATLANTIc IS bASEd ON RELATIVELy REcENT INTROducTION fROm THE INdO-PAcIfIc; III) Conopleura IN THE TEmPERATE NORTHERN ATLANTIc IS A TETHyAN RELIcT (SEE TAVIANI 2002; BIANcHI 2007; POR 2009 AmONg REcENT ONES), ExPEcIALLy IN AbSENcE Of Conopleura fOSSIL REmAINS wORLdwIdE., Published as part of Nappo, Andrea, Rey, Xabier, Pellegrini, Daniel, Bonomolo, Giuseppe & Crocetta, Fabio, 2018, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Drilliidae), pp. 567-587 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on page 582, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1196251

Conopleura striata Hinds, 1844 Pleurotoma partita REEVE, 1846 (ObjECTIVE SYNONYM, UNNECESSARY REPLACEMENT NAME) Type locality: Central Indo-Pacific. NEw GuINEA ISLANd (FIg. 1B1). Material examined: Central Indo-Pacific. NEw GuINEA���SyNTyPES 1���2���2 SH���8.1��4.5, 8.8��4.5 (NHMUK 1879.2.26.39) (FIg. 1B1, 3A���C; APPENdIx 1: FIg. 1A); Temperate northern Pacific. Off SENkAku ISLANd (OkINAwA, JAPAN), dEEP wATER���1 SH���15.7��7.9 (AN) (FIg. 1B 2). Off TAIwAN, 70 m���1 SH���15.3��8.3* (AN) (FIg. 1B 3). Central Indo-Pacific. Off PuNTA ENgA��O (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 2011, 100���200 m���2 SH���10.1��5.3, 10.3��5.1 (AN) (FIg. 1B 4); 2011, 180���250 m���2 SH���9.2��5* (AN) (FIg. 1B 4, 2A), 12.3��5.8* (AN) (FIg. 1B 4); 02/ 2011, 180���250 m���1 SH���11.5��5.9* (AN) (FIg. 1B 4); 27/02/2011, 220 m���2 SH���15��7.4*, 11.8��5.7 (AN) (FIg. 1B 4); 2011, 100���250 m���1 SH���9.8��5.2* (AN) (FIg. 1B 4); 03/2016, 150 m���1 SH���10.5��5 (AN) (FIg. 1B 4). Off CORAL POINT (MAcTAN ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 2011, 100���250 m���1 SH���8.3��4.3 (AN) (FIg. 1B 4). Off PANgLAO (BOHOL ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 1982, 150���160 m���1 SP���13.9��7.3, ANd ITS OPERcuLum���3.3��1.6 (USNM 903590, REPORTEd AS USNM 869535 IN TIPPETT & TuckER 1995) (FIg. 1B 4, 3E). Off SuRIgAO (MINdANAO ISLANd, PHILIPPINES), 2011, 50��� 100 m���1 SH���9.8��5.1 (AN) (FIg. 1B 5, 3K���L); 2016, 80 m���1 SH���9.7��4.7 (AN) (FIg. 1B 5). ALIguAy ISLANd (PHILIPPINES)���1 SH���16.7��8.7* (AN) (FIg. 1B 6, 3F���J); 2009, 50���150 m���6 SH���14.8��7.7, 14.8��7.8*, 15.2��7.6*, 15.2��7.9, 16.6��8.4, 17.3��8.4* (AN) (FIg. 1B 6); 2016, 50���150 m���4 SH���16.3��8.1, 16.4��8, 16.7��7.7, 17.2��8.3 (AN) (FIg. 1B 6). Off PORT HEdLANd (AuSTRALIA), 1983���1 SH���11��5.2 (AMS C.428621) (FIg. 1B 7). Western Indo- Pacific. Off PORT BLAIR (ANdAmAN ISLANd, INdIA), 1963���1 SH���8.4��4.6 (ANSP 292114) (FIg. 1B 8). Known distribution and bathymetric range: Temperate northern Pacific. JAPAN (CHINO 2011 ON THE bASIS Of BISHOGAI DATA BASE: Off MINAmI-JImA ISLANd, OkINOERAbu, ANd RAISA ISLANd, OkINAwA; NEVILLE 2016: SENkAku ISLANdS, OkINAwA; PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B 2, 1B 9���10) ANd TAIwAN (PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B 3). Central Indo-Pacific. PHILIPPINES (ANONymOuS 1989: PHILIPPINES; ANONymOuS 1990: PHILIPPINES ANd BOHOL; LAN 1993: PHILIPPINES; TIPPETT & TuckER 1995: PANgLAO, BOHOL ISLANdS; ANONymOuS 2005: PHILIPPINES; POPPE 2008: BALIcASAg ISLANd; CHINO 2011: PHILIPPINES; KANTOR & PuILLANdRE 2012: PANgLAO; PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B 4���6, 1B 11), INdONESIA (ScHEPmAN 1913: TImOR; ANONymOuS 1990: TImOR) (FIg. 1B 12), NEw GuINEA ISLANd (HINdS 1844: NEw GuINEA ISLANd; PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B1), VANuATu (ANONymOuS 1990: NEw HEbRIdES) (FIg. 1B 13), NEw CALEdONIA (BOucHET et al. 2011: NEw CALEdONIA) (FIg. 1B 14), ANd AuSTRALIA (ANONymOuS 1990: AuSTRALIA; PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B 7, 1B15). Western Indo-Pacific. INdIA (PRESENT PAPER) (FIg. 1B 8). SPEcImENS ANd SHELLS wERE REPORTEd fROm 13��� 250 m dEPTH. Description: SPEcIES wITH A SmALL SHELL, SOLId, SLENdER ANd bIcONIcAL, wITH AcumINATE SPIRE, Of ~ 18 mm mAxImum HEIgHT ANd 9���11 wHORLS IN LARgE-SIzEd INdIVIduALS (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G). SHELL cOLOuR ALmOST wHITISH, SOmETImES wITH A mARgINAL LIgHT bROwNISH TINgE ON dORSAL SIdE Of LAST wHORL (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G). PROTOcONcH Of ~2.25���2.5 wHORLS, SEmI-TRANSLucENT wHITISH, SmOOTH (FIg. 3K���L). APEx dEPRESSEd, SEcONd ANd THIRd wHORLS SLIgHTLy cONVEx (FIg. 3K���L). TELEOcONcH Of 7���8 cONVEx wHORLS AT mATuRITy, INcREASINg IN dIAmETER uP TO LAST wHORL, cONSTITuTINg AROuNd HALf Of TOTAL SHELL HEIgHT ANd SIgNIfIcANTLy ExPANdEd AT SHOuLdER ANd SubSEquENTLy NARROwINg (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G). SuTuRE dISTINcT, SLIgHTLy INcISEd wITH A SuLcuS, SHOuLdER SLIgHTLy cORONATE, wITH SmALL TRIgONAL LObATE SPINES (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���H). SHOuLdER SuLcuS mAdE Of A SERIES Of dEEP STRAIgHT SEPTA SEPARATEd by RAdIATINg LAmELLAE ORIgINATINg fROm ANAL SINuS (FIg. 3H). AxIAL ScuLPTuRE fINE, POSSIbLy cONSTITuTEd by SEVERAL SubSEquENT gROwTH LINES (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G). SPIRAL ScuLPTuRE IN cONVEx PART Of THE wHORL cONSISTINg Of 15���22 STRONg PRImARy cORdS, OfTEN fLExuOuS wHEN cROSSINg gROwTH LINES (FIg. 3A���C, 3F���G, 3I). APERTuRE NARROw, SINuOuS, ANd AxIALLy ELONgATEd, uNIfORmLy wHITISH-yELLOwISH (FIg. 3A, 3F). SLIgHT fALSE umbILIcuS PRESENT (FIg. 3J). COLumELLAR EdgE wITH SLIgHTLy ExPANdEd cALLuS (FIg. 3J). OuTER LIP THIN wITH STROmbOId NOTcH (FIg. 3G). ANAL SINuS dEEP, LARgE, U- SHAPEd, cLOSE TO SuTuRE (FIg. 3A���B, 3F���G). SIPHONAL cANAL THIck, SHORT ANd bROAd (FIg. 3A, 3F). RHOmbOIdAL OPERcuLum wITH TERmINAL NucLEuS (FIg. 3E). ANImAL cOLOuR wHITISH wITH dARk mAcuLAE (FIg. 3D). ANATOmy ANd RAduLA uNkNOwN. Remarks: THIS IS THE TyPE SPEcIES Of THE gENuS Conopleura HINdS, 1844 by mONOTyPy (ICZN 2012: ART 68.3). REEVE (1846) INTROducEd Pleurotoma partita REEVE, 1846, NEw REPLAcEmENT NAmE (nomen novum) pro Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844 AS: I) HE PRESumAbLy cONSIdEREd Conopleura A juNIOR SubjEcTIVE SyNONym Of Pleurotoma LAmARck, 1799; ANd II) ��� Pleurotoma striata ��� wAS ALREAdy PREOccuPIEd by Pleurotoma striata KIENER, 1840 (SEE ALSO WEINkAuff 1876; TuckER 2004). THIS IS ALSO INfERREd by THE AbSENcE Of AddITIONAL uNPubLISHEd mATERIAL IN REEVE (1846) [SEE: I) REEVE���S (1846) cITATION Of P. partita mATERIAL fROm ���MuS. BELcHER���, cLEARLy REfERRINg TO THE HINdS (1844) mATERIAL cOLLEcTEd uNdER THE cOmmANd Of THE CAPTAIN SIR EdwARd BELcHER; ANd II) THE fIguRE Of A SINISTRAL SHELL IN APERTuRAL VIEw, ANd dExTRAL IN AbAPERTuRAL VIEw (SEE ALSO dIScuSSIONS IN TIPPETT 1983)]. AccORdINg TO ICZN (2012: ART. 59.3), a junior secondary homonym [= Pleurotoma striata HINdS] replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric, in which case the junior homonym is not to be rejected on grounds of that replacement. THIS IS cLEARLy THE cASE, AS Pleurotoma partita REEVE IS NOT cuRRENTLy uSEd, ANd Pleurotoma striata HINdS IS NOw AgAIN AScRIbEd TO Conopleura, wHILST Pleurotoma striata KIENER wAS cONSIdEREd dIffERENT fROm Conopleura TAxA SINcE AT LEAST WEINkAuff (1876). HOwEVER, THE cuRRENT IdENTITy Of P. striata KIENER IS STILL uNkNOwN, ANd THE TAxON wAS ALwAyS OVERLOOkEd by dATAbASES ANd REcENT ARTIcLES dEALINg wITH CONOIdEA sensu BOucHET et al. (2011). AccORdINg TO KIENER (1840), THE mATERIAL ExAmINEd SHOuLd HAVE bEEN IN THE cOLLEcTION Of PRINcE MASS��NA IN MNHN, buT SHELLS/ SPEcImENS Of THIS gROuP IN MNHN HAVE bEEN cAREfuLLy ExAmINEd IN THE PAST by RIcHARd NEIL KILLbuRN ANd VIRgINIE H��ROS, ANd NO POSSIbLE TyPE mATERIAL Of THIS SPEcIES IS kNOwN TO ExIST (V. HEROS, PERS. cOmm.). ON THE cONTRARy, PRINcE MASS��NA���S mATERIAL IS mOSTLy PRESERVEd IN MHNG uNdER THE DELESSERT cOLLEcTION, wHIcH HOLdS bOTH PRINcE MASS��NA ANd LAmARck���S cOLLEcTIONS AfTER DELESSERT bOugHT THEm IN 1840 (DANcE 1986; E. TARdy, PERS. cOmm.), ANd A SHELL Of P. striata KIENER cAN bE fOuNd THERE wITH A HuNdREd yEAR OLd LAbEL (MHNG-MOLL- 93953: APPENdIx 2). UNfORTuNATELy, mOST Of THE ORIgINAL LAbELS fROm THE DELESSERT cOLLEcTION HAVE bEEN LOST (E. TARdy, PERS. cOmm.) ANd INdEEd SOmE dIffERENcES OccuR bETwEEN THE dRAwINg by KIENER (1840) ANd THE mATERIAL PRESERVEd IN THE muSEum (THE mAIN ONE bEINg THE PRESENcE Of AN AbRuPT bREAk ON THE SHELL, wHIcH IS AbSENT IN THE dRAwINg), ANd THEREfORE wE cANNOT bE cOmPLETELy SuRE THAT wE ARE dEALINg wITH THE ORIgINAL TyPE mATERIAL. HOwEVER, THE SHELL fOuNd IN MHNG IS cLEARLy cONSPEcIfIc wITH THE SPEcImEN fIguREd by KIENER (1840), ANd THE gENERAL SIzE, SHAPE ANd ScuLPTuRE, AS wELL AS THE AbSENcE Of LOcALITy dATA SuggEST THAT wE ARE dEALINg wITH THE SAmE SAmPLE, wHIcH wAS PRESumAbLy ���INTERPRETEd��� RATHER THAN fIguREd by KIENER (1840). THEREfORE, THE SHELL MHNG-MOLL- 93953 IS PROPOSEd HERE AS THE TyPE mATERIAL Of P. striata KIENER, 1840. Pleurotoma striata KIENER ONLy SHOwS SImILARITIES wITH dRILLIId SPEcIES bELONgINg TO Fenimorea BARTScH, 1934 ANd Drillia GRAy, 1838 sensu lato, THEREfORE bEINg VERy dIffERENT fROm Conopleura. AccORdINg TO P.J. FALLON (PERS. cOmm.), P. striata KIENER bELONgS TO Fenimorea, ANd SINcE NO Fenimorea SImILAR TO THE TyPE mATERIAL ANALySEd HERE ExISTS wORLdwIdE, IT SHOuLd bE cONSIdEREd AS A VALId SPEcIES, PENdINg THE fINdINg Of AddITIONAL mATERIAL AImINg TO ESTAbLISH AT LEAST ITS cORREcT dISTRIbuTIONAL RANgE. FOLLOwINg PREVIOuS TAxONOmIc REmARkS ANd ICZN (2012) RuLES, Fenimorea striata (KIENER, 1840) ANd Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844 ARE VALId SPEcIES, C. striata ANd Pleurotoma partita REEVE, 1846 ARE ObjEcTIVE SyNONymS (ICZN 2012: gLOSSARy), P. partita IS AN uNNEcESSARy REPLAcEmENT NAmE, ANd THE NAmE TO bE uSEd fOR THE mAIN INVESTIgATEd TAxON IS Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844. TO PREVIOuS NOmENcLATuRAL REmARkS, wE Add THAT SHELL SIzES Of SyNTyPE 1 (8.1��4.5) (FIg. 3A���C) wERE OfTEN INcORREcTLy REPORTEd AS 19 mm TOTAL HEIgHT (POwELL 1966: PLATE 17; ANONymOuS 1990). POwELL (1966: PLATE 17) ALSO LISTEd ANd fIguREd THE SyNTyPE 1 AS ��� HOLOTyPE ���. THIS dOES NOT cONSTITuTE A VALId LEcTOTyPE dESIgNATION (ICZN 2012: ART 74.5, 74.6), ANd THEREfORE THE TyPE mATERIAL STILL cONSISTS Of TwO SyNTyPES., Published as part of Nappo, Andrea, Rey, Xabier, Pellegrini, Daniel, Bonomolo, Giuseppe & Crocetta, Fabio, 2018, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Drilliidae), pp. 567-587 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on pages 571-573, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1196251

Order NEOGASTROPODA Wens, 1938 Superfamily CONOIDEA Fleming, 1822 Family DRILLIIDAE Olsson, 1964 Genus Conopleura Hinds, 1844 Type species by monotypy: Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844 ���NEw GuINEA ISLANd (cENTRAL INdO-PAcIfIc). Genus redescription: SPEcIES wITH A SmALL SHELL (uP TO ~ 20 mm), SOLId, SLENdER ANd bIcONIcAL wITH AcumINATE- ELONgATE SPIRE, ALmOST wHITISH IN cOLOuR, SOmETImES wITH bROwNISH TINgES OR PATcHES. PROTOcONcH Of ~2.25���2.5 wHORLS, SEmI-TRANSLucENT wHITISH, SmOOTH. APEx dEPRESSEd, SEcONd ANd THIRd wHORLS SLIgHTLy cONVEx. TELEOcONcH INcREASINg IN dIAmETER uP TO LAST wHORL, cONSTITuTINg AROuNd HALf Of TOTAL SHELL HEIgHT ANd SIgNIfIcANTLy ExPANdEd AT SHOuLdER ANd SubSEquENTLy NARROwINg. SuTuRE dISTINcT, SLIgHTLy INcISEd wITH A SuLcuS, SHOuLdER cORONATE. SHOuLdER SuLcuS mAdE Of A SERIES Of dEEP SEPTA SEPARATEd by RAdIATINg LAmELLAE ORIgINATINg fROm ANAL SINuS. AxIAL ScuLPTuRE fINE, POSSIbLy cONSTITuTEd by SEVERAL SubSEquENT gROwTH LINES. SPIRAL ScuLPTuRE IN THE cONVEx PART Of wHORL cONSISTINg Of STRONg PRImARy cORdS, OfTEN fLExuOuS wHEN cROSSINg gROwTH LINES. APERTuRE NARROw, SINuOuS ANd AxIALLy ELONgATEd, uNIfORmLy wHITISH-yELLOwISH. SLIgHT fALSE umbILIcuS PRESENT. COLumELLAR EdgE wITH SLIgHTLy ExPANdEd cALLuS. OuTER LIP THIN wITH STROmbOId NOTcH. ANAL SINuS dEEP, U-SHAPEd, cLOSE TO SuTuRE. SIPHONAL cANAL THIck, SHORT ANd bROAd. RHOmbOIdAL OPERcuLum wITH TERmINAL NucLEuS. ANATOmy ANd RAduLA uNkNOwN. Remarks: SHELLS Of Conopleura SPEcIES ARE kNOwN fROm A wIdE INdO-PAcIfIc AREA (SEE bELOw), ALTHOugH THESE TAxA ARE RARELy fOuNd ALIVE. ONLy THREE LIVINg SPEcImENS bELONgINg TO Conopleura striata HINdS, 1844 ARE kNOwN SO fAR (TIPPETT & TuckER 1995; BOucHET et al. 2011; PuILLANdRE et al. 2011; PRESENT PAPER)., Published as part of Nappo, Andrea, Rey, Xabier, Pellegrini, Daniel, Bonomolo, Giuseppe & Crocetta, Fabio, 2018, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Drilliidae), pp. 567-587 in Zootaxa 4392 (3) on page 571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1196251

Wereldwijd wordt de auditmarkt gedomineerd door 4 internationale auditkantoren, namelijk PwC, Deloitte, KPMG en Ernst & Young. Deze groep van auditkantoren wordt ook wel de Big4 genoemd. Ook in België zijn deze vier auditkantoren dominant aanwezig. 50% van alle ondernemingen gevestigd in België worden gecontroleerd door één van de Big4 auditkantoren. Dit is een aanzienlijk percentage aangezien er in België meer dan 200 verschillende auditkantoren actief zijn. In deze masterproef wordt er dieper ingegaan op de vraag of auditsectorspecialisatie binnen de Big4 auditkantoren een invloed heeft op de kwaliteit van de financiële verslaggeving van de cliënten. Het doel van deze masterproef is na te gaan wat het effect is van auditsectorspecialisatie van de Big4 auditkantoren op de kwaliteit van de financiële verslaggeving binnen een onderneming in de Belgische context.