Search

Introduction. The first description of ureteral appendicoplasty was provided by the Italian surgeon Giannettasio in 1901, followed by two German surgeons, Franke and Rydygier. Their work was later included in a review by Melnikoff in 1912. However, it is Melnikoff who is often erroneously credited with performing the first appendicoplasty in the literature. The first ureteral appendicoplasty operation on a 1.5-year-old child in Russia was performed by Soloviev in 1976.Objective. To report the results of performing operations on replacement of ureteral defects by ureteral appendicoplasty in children.Materials & Methods. Between 2009 and 2023, a total of 11 surgeries were conducted to replace extended ureteral defects using the appendix technique in four clinics in Russia and the Republic of Belarus. The follow-up included six boys and five girls with an average age of 79 months (ranging from 18 months to 16 years). Six operations were performed by laparoscopic access (mean operative time 356 minutes). Five operations were performed by open access (mean operative time 257 minutes).Results. Long-term results were assessed between 18 and 192 months in all patients. Urinary tract patency was evaluated based on the results of micturition cystography (in one case, vesicoureteral reflux was recorded) and intravenous urography (one case of stenosis of the distal anastomosis, which was corrected by endoscopic dissection of the stricture site using a fiberoureteroscope). In patients who underwent renoscintigraphy, no progression of renal function decline was observed. In all patients, long-term follow-up showed satisfactory urine passage.Conclusion. The results of the surgical interventions performed by us are assessed as good. In all 11 cases, the replacement of the extended ureteral stricture using an appendix allowed for the restoration of urinary flow. Furthermore, any complications that arose did not necessitate repeated reconstruction of the urinary tract. Nevertheless, it is important to note that, in our opinion, this technique cannot be considered the method of choice. Rather, it represents a last resort for patients who have undergone multiple previous operations due to severe trauma or oncological diseases. In cases involving ureteral strictures, priority should always be given to an operation involving anastomosis with sufficient ureteral length and minimal tissue tension. We firmly believe that this approach offers the best chance for a successful outcome.

Relevance. Surveillance of new genetic variants and manifestations of the epidemic process in SARS-CoV-2 is relevant for predicting the epidemiological situation and timely introduction of anti-epidemic measures. Aim. To evaluate changes in the intensity of the epidemic process during the long circulation of the «omicron» variant and its daughter genovariants. Materials and methods. The analysis of the computer database of the WHO National Center for morbidity, hospitalization and deaths from COVID-19 of the population as a whole and by age groups of 54 cities of the Russian Federation was carried out. Results. Since the appearance of COVID-19 in Russia in 2020, the maximum intensity was the V (winter–spring) wave of 2022. The intensity of the VI (autumn) and VII (winter–spring) waves was lower. In the VI wave, the incidence and mortality from COVID-19 of the population of the RF as a whole decreased by 2.5 and 6.5 times, St. Petersburg – by 2.6 and 29.7 times, and Moscow by 1.6 and 26.6 times. In the VII wave, compared with the VI wave, the decrease in morbidity was less. By age groups, the incidence decreased more among children aged 7–14 years (4.3 times in the VI wave) and less among children 0 –2 and people over 65 years (2.0 times), there was a tendency to increase the proportion of people over 65 years from 18% to 27%. The incidence rates of COVID-19 in the population as a whole and in age groups were higher in 4 FD (North-West, Far East, Siberia and the Center). In 2022, an interepidemic period was revealed for the first time in Russia, the duration of which was in megacities for 9 and FD – from 11 to 13 weeks. In the interepidemic period, the incidence was less than in the minimum VII (winter-spring) wave in the RF as a whole – by 4.6 times, in St. Petersburg – by 7.1 times and in Moscow – by 15 times. There were no deaths among children in the observed cities, and an increase in the total coefficient of mortality rate is associated with mortality among people over 65 years of age. Conclusion. The decrease in the intensity of the epidemicprocess in the VI and VII waves is caused by the prolonged circulation of omicron and its daughter genovarians.

Relevance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an early determination of the start of the influenza epidemic by the incidence of influenza and SARS in total is impossible, due to the similarity of the clinical picture of SARS and lung cases of COVID-19.Aim. The goal is to calculate and test new criteria for early detection of the start of influenza epidemics and their intensity for each of the cities–reference bases (61) of the 2 WHO National Influenza Centers based on the incidence of clinically diagnosed influenza.Tasks. To evaluate the effectiveness of baseline influenza incidence and epidemic intensity thresholds for the general population and age groups of each city in the epidemic of 2022–2023. To give a retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of influenza baselines for cities, compared with the baselines of the corresponding Federal Districts, for the seasons from 2009 to 2022. To estimate the intensity of epidemics by influenza incidence over the previous epidemies of the pandemic cycle of influenza A/California/H1N1/ virus.Materials and methods. By the 2022–2023 season. baseline lines and thresholds of influenza incidence intensity were calculated using the method of moving epidemics according to clinical diagnostic data not only for federal districts, but also for each of the observed cities (61). The calculation of the baselines was carried out according to the data of the computer database of the Influenza Research Institute on the incidence of influenza by age groups in each city over the previous 5 years in the season from 2016–2017 to 2021–2022.Results. In the 2022-23 season application of new criteria for the start of epidemics (prev.- and post-epidemic baseline influenza incidence) and their intensity revealed: early onset of the influenza epidemic (07–13.11 2022); simultaneous onset in all children's age groups; geographical spread of the epidemic in federal districts; intensity of the epidemic in the general population and age groups. The thresholds for the intensity of influenza morbidity made it possible to clarify the intensity levels of influenza epidemics from 2009 to 2023 and to show that the pandemic cycle of the influenza A(H1N1) virus continues. A comparison of the effectiveness of urban baselines with federal ones in the epidemic of 2022–2023 showed that urban baseline flu incidence lines revealed the start of epidemics 1–3 weeks earlier: among the general population in 12 cities, persons over 15 years old – in 9, children 3–6 years old – in 6 and 7–14 years old – in 5. A retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of city and federal influenza baselines (from 2009 to 2022) showed their effectiveness both in the seasons from 2009 to 2016 (before the baseline calculation period) and after. The effectiveness of urban baselines for early detection of the start of epidemics depended on the etiology of the epidemic – more with influenza A(H3N2) than with influenza A(H1N1), the level of intensity of influenza diseases and the age group of the population (more in children with low intensity and in adults with an average level).Conclusion. The results obtained on the basis of population epidemiological data on the incidence of influenza, namely, new criteria for detecting the start of an epidemic in cities, can be used in health management bodies in cities and subjects of the Russian Federation for early detection of epidemics and management decisions, timely introduction of anti-epidemic measures, creating a stock of medicines. The expected effect of the method of early epidemiological diagnosis of epidemics is a decrease in morbidity, etc.

The relevance of the research is due to the acquisition of new knowledge about the features of the applicability of the support vector machine, related to machine learning tools, for solving problems of mathematical modeling of mining and processing equipment. The purpose of the research is a statistical analysis of the results of semi-industrial tests of the Knelson CVD technology on tin raw materials using the support vector machine method and the development of mathematical models suitable for further optimization of the technological parameters of the equipment. The objects of research were the products obtained as a result of the operation of hydro-cyclones, as well as the technological parameters of the operation of centrifugal concentrators. The work uses classical methods of mathematical statistics, the least squares method for constructing a linear regression model, the support vector machine implemented on the basis of the Scikit-learn library, as well as the method of verifying the resulting models based on the ShuffleSplit library. A general description of the process of testing the Knelson concentrator with continuous controlled unloading in relation to the enrichment of tin ores is presented. The results obtained were processed using the support vector machine. Regression models are obtained in the form of polynomials of the second degree and in the form of radial basis functions. A significant non-linearity is shown in the dependence between the content of the valuable component in the tailings and the values of the technological parameters of the apparatus.

Aim. To assess the intensity of the epidemic process in each of the five waves of COVID-19 in Russia.Materials and methods. The data on morbidity, hospitalization and deaths from COVID-19 of the population as a whole and by age groups from 48 (in the I rise) to 54 cities (in the V wave) and data from the website of the Russian consortium for sequencing coronavirus genomes were analyzed.Results. The nature of the course of the first 5 waves in the incidence of COVID-19 in Russia remains undulating. The waves in morbidity began in megacities, and the direction of spread across the FD differed in different waves of morbidity. The results of gene sequencing showed the participation of the main genovariants of the coronavirus in the etiology of diseases up to 3-4 waves. Some genovariants identified earlier received maximum distribution in the following wave. In Russia, the European descendants of the Wuhan strain (74.4%) were dominant in the I wave in morbidity, in the II wave – its daughter genovariants (68.5%), in the III – AY.122 (80.1%), in the IV – AY.122 (84.7%) and in the V wave – Omicron (76.7%).Conclusions. The features of each wave in the incidence of COVID-19 depended on the properties of the dominant genovariants: their ability to transmit from person to person and virulence. The rate of spread of the epidemic by FD, the susceptibility of all age groups and the intensity of epidemics were maximal during the period of the V wave in morbidity with the Omicron gene variant. Mortality was minimal in the I wave of morbidity, maximal in the IV with AY.122 strains and low in the V wave with Omicron genovariants. The influence of the season of the year was manifested in the summer season by an increase in the incidence of COVID-19 earlier in the Russian Federation as a whole (immediately after megacities) than in most federal districts, but with a lower incidence.

This paper investigates whether the British pattern of an early transition from school to work persists. We apply sequence analysis to data from the British Household Panel Survey and the U.K. Household Longitudinal Study to study how education and employment trajectories of young adults born in 1974–1990 differ by 5‐year birth cohort, gender, and socioeconomic background. The distinctive British early transition from school to work is still prevalent, although trajectories have become more complex and precarious with an increase in part‐time employment and prolonged stays in education among the youngest cohorts. Occupational outcomes of highly educated men and women were similar. However, women who did not continue education were more likely to experience turbulent transitions with longer spells of part‐time work and inactivity. The proportion of university graduates from lower socioeconomic backgrounds has increased, yet their chances of being in professional and managerial occupations remain significantly lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing use of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in modern societies, there is limited evidence on whether conceiving with MAR or remaining involuntarily childless after MAR is associated with partnership stability. While older age, the more advantaged socioeconomic position of women undergoing MAR and their strong fertility intentions could lead to higher partnership stability, the experience of infertility and undergoing MAR may have an opposite effect, especially if couples remain involuntarily childless. Using data on Finnish nulliparous couples from 1995–2017 (N = 149,884) and event‐history models, we compare the risk of separation of couples who remained childless after MAR (N = 3871), who conceived through MAR (N = 14,474), who conceived naturally without MAR (N = 167,962) or with a prior history of MAR (N = 2273). Couples who remained childless after MAR had a higher risk of separation than couples who conceived with MAR or naturally. The higher risk of separation decreased over time since the discontinuation of treatments but persisted over the longer term. There were no differences in the risk of separation between couples who conceived with MAR or naturally. The results suggest that involuntary childlessness after MAR is associated with an increased risk of separation while undergoing MAR/experiencing infertility does not seem to play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis is one of the most aggressive invasive mycoses. The mortality rate of patients with mucormycosis, depending on clinical form and background disease, varies from 30% to 100%. This article provides the first description of mucormycosis in Russia after infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, as well as a review of literature reports on mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19 (as of September 2021).

The paper is devoted to developing a model of baddeleyite recovery from dump products of an apatite-baddeleyite processing plant using centrifugal concentrators. The relevance of the work arises from the acquisition of new knowledge on the optimization of technological parameters of centrifugal concentrators using Knelson CVD (continuous variable discharge) technology – in particular, setting the frequency of valve opening and the duration of valves remaining open. The purpose of the research was to assess the applicability of CVD technology in the treatment of various dump products of the processing plant and to build a model of dependencies between the concentrate and tailings yields and the adjustable parameters, which will allow to perform preliminary calculations of the efficiency of implementing this technology at processing plants. The research objects are middling and main separation tailings of the coarse-grained stream and combined product of main and recleaner separation tailings of the fine-grained stream. The study uses general methods of mathematical statistics: methods of regression analysis, aimed at building statistically significant models, describing dependence of a particular variable on a set of regressors; group method of data handling, the main idea of which is to build a set of models of a given class and choose the optimal one among them. Authors proposed an algorithm for processing experiment results based on classical regression analysis and formulated an original criterion for model selection. Models of dependencies between the concentrate and tailings yields and the adjustable parameters were built, which allowed to establish a relationship between the concentrate yield and the valve opening time, as well as a relationship between the tailings yield and the G-force of the installation.

Objective: to compare the efficacy and tolerability of second‑line chemotherapy with original bevacizumab (Avastin) and biosimilar bevacizumab produced by “Biocad” (Avegra) in patients with metastatic colon cancer.Materials and methods. This retrospective observational study included patients with metastatic colon cancer treated in 9 clinics in the Russian Federation. Inclusion criteria were as follows: metastatic or locally advanced colon cancer and second‑line therapy with bevacizumab (Avastin or Avegra). The primary outcome measure was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcome measures included progression‑free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), and incidence of adverse events associated with antiangiogenic therapy.Results. We identified 209 patients with metastatic colon cancer who received second‑line therapy with biosimilar bevacizumab (n = 37; 17.7 %) or original bevacizumab (n = 90; 43 %) or no targeted therapy (n = 82; 39.3 %) between 2014 and 2018. Patients in these three groups were matched for their main prognostic characteristics. The DCR was 59.5 % in the group of biosimilar bevacizumab, 58.9 % in the group of original bevacizumab, and 50 % in the control group (without targeted therapy). PFS was 6 months in the chemotherapy group and 8 months in the groups of bevacizumab (hazard ratio (HR) 0.77; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.91; p = 0.002); the difference in PFS between patients receiving biosimilar bevacizumab and original bevacizumab was insignificant (HR 1.3; 95 % CI 0.81–2.1; р = 0.3). Median OS was 16 months in the chemotherapy group, 30 months in the biosimilar bevacizumab group, and 20 months in the original bevacizumab group (HR 0.89; 95 % CI 0.72–1.1; р = 0.3). We observed a tendency to longer OS in patients receiving biosimilar bevacizumab (HR 0.44; 95 % CI 0.17–1.1; р = 0.08). Bevacizumab‑ associated toxicity was limited to arterial hypertension and was registered in 4 patients with only one patient who developed grade III hypertension.Conclusions. There was no significant difference in PFS between patients receiving biosimilar and original drug, while OS was higher in the group of biosimilar bevacizumab. Both medicines demonstrated similar toxicity. Therapy with biosimilar bevacizumab ensured lower incidence of hypertension and proteinuria compared to the original drug. An additional prospective observational study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of biosimilar bevacizumab in colon cancer patients is needed.

The number of people who undergo medically assisted reproduction (MAR) to conceive has increased considerably in recent decades. However, existing research into the demographics and the partnership histories of this growing subgroup is limited. Using unique data from Finnish population registers on nulliparous women born in Finland in 1971–77 (n = 21 ,129; ∼10 per cent of all women) who had undergone MAR treatment, we created longitudinal partnership histories from age 16 until first MAR treatment. We identified six typical partnership trajectories and used relative frequency sequence plots to investigate heterogeneity in partnership transitions within and between these groups. The majority of women (60.7 per cent) underwent MAR with their first partner, followed by women who underwent MAR in a second (21.5 per cent) or higher-order partnership (7.1 per cent), while 10.7 per cent underwent MAR without a partner. On average, women undergoing MAR were relatively young (with around half starting treatment before age 30) and were highly educated with high incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research is caused by the acquisition of new knowledge on optimization of the technological parameters of centrifugal concentrator operation using the Knelson CVD technology, namely: setting the frequency of opening the valves and the time during which the valves remain open. The aim of the research is a statistical analysis of the results of semi-industrial studies of the Knelson CVD technology applicability on various products of the factory, using the method of group accounting of arguments, to derive dependencies between the concentrate yield and tunable parameters, which allow preliminary calculations of the effectiveness of implementation of this technology at the processing enterprises. Objects: products obtained as a result of hydrocyclone operation, as well as the technological parameters of the centrifugal concentrators. Methods: general methods of mathematical statistics, in particular, regression analysis methods aimed at constructing statistically significant models describing the dependence of a variable on the set of regressors. Also, along with the classical apparatus of regression analysis, the method of group accounting of arguments was used. The main idea of ​​the method is to build a set of models of a given class, and to select optimal one among them. Results. The authors have developed the effective method for processing the results of tests carried out on the processing equipment, based on the method of group accounting of arguments. Based on the obtained data, statistically significant models were constructed, describing the dependence of the content in tails and the concentrate on valuable components on various adjustable equipment parameters, and their effectiveness was justified, which makes it possible to apply these models in further studies on the application of CVD technology. The paper demonstrates the application of the method of group accounting of arguments using the example of constructing polynomial regression models containing non-linear combinations of regressors.

Relevance. Influenza is characterized by global distribution and the difference in its seasonality in countries with temperate and tropical climates. The importance of studying antigenic variation of influenza viruses due to the fact that changes in the antigenic structure is an evolutionary mechanism of adaptation of the virus to ensure its survival and cause annual epidemics.Aims. The Aim of this study was to identify the peculiarities of the geographical spread of influenza (seasonal), etiology and the rate of antigenic variability of influenza viruses A and B.Materials and methods. Based on data from WHO Reference research centers, information was collected on circulating influenza virus strains from 1975 A(H3N2), 1977 A(H1N1)pdm09 and type B of the Yamagata and Victoria lines from 1987 to 2019, as well as data on the number of all identified influenza viruses and individual strains circulating in the Northern and Southern hemispheres from 2008 to 2018.Results and discussion. Analysis of the global spread of influenza, its etiology and antigenic variability of viruses, according to WHO, showed that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was the main causative agent of epidemics and regional outbreaks in seasons of high influenza activity in all countries except the United States and Canada, where influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses dominated in countries with severe seasonality, the change of season led to a change in the etiology of influenza, and in tropical countries, the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus more often remained dominant in all seasons of the year.Conclusions. The pronounced seasonality of influenza in Northern countries and its absence in tropical countries, where regional outbreaks prevailed in all seasons of the year, were confirmed. Low antigenic variability of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains was confirmed, and the highest – A(H3N2). Among influenza B strains in the Victoria line had less antigenic variability, because the duration of its circulation before the appearance of a new drift variant was longer than that of the Yamagata line. The tendency to increase the total duration of circulation of influenza viruses B/Victoria, A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Yamagata due to increased circulation before the emergence of new drift variants is shown.

(1) Background: The ex vivo porcine ear model is often used for the determination of the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. This study investigated the influence of the post-slaughter storage time of porcine ears on the dermal penetration efficacy of chemical compounds. (2) Methods: Six different formulations (curcumin and different fluorescent dyes in different vehicles and/or nanocarriers) were tested on ears that were (i) freshly obtained, (ii) stored for 24 or 48 h at 4 °C after slaughter before use and (iii) freshly frozen and defrosted 12 h before use. (3) Results: Results showed that porcine ears undergo post-mortem changes. The changes can be linked to rigor mortis and all other well-described phenomena that occur with carcasses after slaughter. The post-mortem changes modify the skin properties of the ears and affect the penetration efficacy. The onset of rigor mortis causes a decrease in the water-holding capacity of the ears, which leads to reduced penetration of chemical compounds. The water-holding capacity increases once the rigor is released and results in an increased penetration efficacy for chemical compounds. Despite different absolute penetration values, no differences in the ranking of penetration efficacies between the different formulations were observed between the differently aged ears. (4) Conclusions: All different types of ears can be regarded to be suitable for dermal penetration testing of chemical compounds. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and/or skin hydration of the ears were not correlated with the ex vivo penetration efficacy because both an impaired skin barrier and rigor mortis cause elevated skin hydration and TEWL values but an opposite penetration efficacy. Other additional values (for example, pH and/or autofluorescence of the skin) should, therefore, be used to select suitable and non-suitable skin areas for ex vivo penetration testing. Finally, data from this study confirmed that smartFilms and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent superior formulation strategies for efficient dermal and transdermal delivery of curcumin.

Analysis of the situation for influenza in the world are drawn according to data published on the websites of the WHO, and the epidemic 2016 - 2017 in Russia - database «Research Influenza Institute» on the weekly morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza in 61 observed the city. The influenza epidemic 2016 - 2017 started early, the duration of its in cities and in the country was longer and higher was the incidence of influenza and ARI in the cities and in the country than in the epidemic 2015 - 2016. But the epidemic of influenza A(H3N2) 2016 - 2017 there was less incidence morbidity at the peak, the frequency of hospitalization and, especially, mortality from influenza in the total population by 20 times, and in all age groups, especially among persons older than 65 years by 17.5 times, compared to the epidemic 2015 - 2016, caused by the pandemic virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. The peculiarities of the epidemic 2016 -17 according to the Federal districts, first of all, the absence of a second rise in the incidence of influenza in the South of Russia. The intensity of the epidemics of influenza A(H3N2) seasons 2016 - 17 and 2014 - 2015 - was average, and the epidemic A(H1N1) pdm09 2015 - 2016 - high. The case fatality rate in epidemics involving the influenza A(H3N2) remains significantly lower than in the epidemic caused by the pandemic virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.

Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) possess poor aqueous solubility and thus lead to poor bioavailability upon oral administration and topical application. Nanocrystals have a well-established, universal formulation approach to overcome poor solubility. Various nanocrystal-based products have entered the market for oral application. However, their use in dermal formulations is relatively novel. Previous studies confirmed that nanocrystals are a superior formulation principle to improve the dermal penetration of poorly soluble API. Other studies showed that nanocrystals can also be used to target the hair follicles where they create a drug depot, enabling long acting drug therapy with only one application. Very recent studies show that also the vehicle in which the nanocrystals are incorporated can have a tremendous influence on the pathway of the API and the nanocrystals. In order to elucidate the influence of the excipient in more detail, a systematic study was conducted to investigate the influence of excipients on the penetration efficacy of the formulated API and the pathway of nanocrystals upon dermal application. Results showed that already small quantities of excipients can strongly affect the passive dermal penetration of curcumin and the hair follicle targeting of curcumin nanocrystals. The addition of 2% ethanol promoted hair follicle targeting of nanocrystals and hampered passive diffusion into the stratum corneum of the API, whereas the addition of glycerol hampered hair follicle targeting and promoted passive diffusion. Propylene glycol was found to promote both pathways. In fact, the study proved that formulating nanocrystals to improve the bioefficacy of poorly soluble API upon dermal application is highly effective. However, this is only true, if the correct excipient is selected for the formulation of the vehicle. The study also showed that excipients can be used to allow for a targeted dermal drug delivery, which enables to control if API should be delivered via passive diffusion and/or as drug reservoir by depositing API in the hair follicles.

This paper presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey of students conducted on the basis of a corpus of interviews gathered at the Institute of Philology and Cross Cultural Communication, Volgograd State University. The experimental study was aimed at the recognition of loan-words belonging to different thematic groups by the undergraduates and graduates. The findings of the research may be referred to the solution of ecolinguistic problems as they are oriented to researching the language speakers' mental processes while assimilating foreign words. The analysis has shown that the students' foreign language competence may not only define the variety of associations referring to the loan-word meanings, but is also able to lead to false interpretations. The contrastive analysis of the findings in the junior and senior groups of students revealed that the quantity of zero reactions to the foreign words awareness was almost equal. However, the undergraduates' reaction to the semantics of imported words was more creative, which testifies to their willingness in exposing their linguistic skills. The involvement of students in some activities (business, IT, fashion, sport, entertainment) is probably a significant motivating factor in assimilating foreign words, but the interpretation of loanwords in the sphere of politics and terminology is a problematic issue for the young native speakers of Russian.

Comparison of spatial-temporal spread of influenza in the Northern and southern hemispheres according to the WHO and the analysis of the epidemic of influenza in Russia in the 2014 – 2015 season, according to the research Institute of influenza on the incidence of influenza and ARI in 59 cities of Russia.It is shown that in the season 2014 – 2015 in the Northern hemisphere, the intensity of the epidemics was higher in North America and Europe than East Asia and North Africa. In the Southern hemisphere have experienced low influenza activity. In the etiology of epidemics in countries of both hemispheres was dominated by influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B. The proportion of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was less in the Southern hemisphere was higher than in Northern countries. The incidence of influenza A(H3N2) in the Northern hemisphere was predominantly linked to the new strain A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2), differing from the vaccine. In Europe, the majority of circulating influenza B strains were related to the strain B/Phuket/3073/2013, did not match the vaccine.In Russia the intensity of the influenza epidemic in 2015, was more than the previous epidemic of 2014, the prevalence in the cities, the morbidity especially children 7 – 14 years of age and adult population, the incidence of hospitalization with a diagnosis of «influenza» and the number of deaths.

Comparative analysis of the three past epidemics with the participation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was conducted according to the results of the epidemiological trials of two WHO National influenza centers for the morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality of the influenza in 59 cities of Russia for the period from 2009 to 2013. The first wave of the pandemic of 2009 was the most severe. Compared with this wave, during the next epidemics of 2011 and 2013, the involvement of urban population in the epidemic was reduced, as well as the morbidity in the people 15-64 years old and schoolchildren 7-14 years old. The duration of the epidemic among the adult population, the mortality rate of the total population, and the mortality rates in all age groups were also decreased. Vice versa, the incidence in the children of preschool age and the elderly people and the duration of the epidemic among children (especially preschool children) were increased. The share of patients 65 years and older, children 0-2 years old, and patients with pathology of the cardiovascular systems among the deceased patients increased to 33.6%.

Background: Despite emerging evidence of a delay of migration to older ages, few studies have considered its impact on overall migration levels. Objective: This paper argues that there are two possible implications of delayed migration on overall migration levels: (1) a tempo effect leading to a temporary underestimation of the level of migration in the observed period data and (2) a migration ageing effect leading to a reduction of higher-order moves because the exposure to migration is shifted to older ages when the probability of moving is lower. Methods: Combining hypothetical scenarios with empirical evidence from a range of countries in Europe, North America, Australia, and China, the paper demonstrates the relevance of tempo and ageing effects to migration analysis and proposes a framework for conceptualising these processes. Results: Our analysis suggests that both tempo and ageing effects are likely to occur if the general trend is towards later ages at migration. We show, however, that all-move data such as those collected in censuses is not suitable to analyse tempo effects because changes in migration behaviour are order specific. Drawing on retrospective survey data, we show that in 25 of 26 European countries considered in this paper, individuals who are late in leaving the parental home are less likely to progress to the second move and, as a result, report a lower number of migrations in adulthood than early movers. Contribution: The results underline the need to collect and analyse migration data by move order to understand migration trends while highlighting the paucity of such data.