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The following species of the genus Lycoriella Frey sensu Vilkamaa Menzel from the Holarctic region are newly described and illustrated: Lycoriella ampla sp. n. (Canada: Ontario), L. barkalovi sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region), L. canningsi sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), L. eurystylata sp. n. (Canada: Quebec), L. excavata sp. n. (USA: Colorado), L. jakovlevi sp. n. (Russia: Karelia), L. kinbasketi sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), L. longa sp. n. (USA: Colorado), L. nivicola sp. n. (Canada: Nunavut, NWT; Greenland), L. pearyi sp. n. (Greenland), L. taimyrensis sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region) and L. tundrae sp. n. (Russia: Krasnoyarsk region). Lycoriella parva (Holmgren, 1869) is redescribed and illustrated and new faunistic records are given for some previously described species of Lycoriella. The newly described species raise the number of known species of Lycoriella from 38 to 50.

An inventory of Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) from a eutrophic fen and a spring brook in Viidumäe Nature Reserve (Estonia, Saaremaa Island) recorded a total of 60 species, of which 57 are new records for Estonia, including two that are new to science and described herein as Cratyna (Diversicratyna) palustricola sp. nov. (Estonia) and Sciara bryophila sp. nov. (Estonia, Finland). This has raised the number of Sciaridae known from Estonia from 6 to 63.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling. Entomology Section Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Poole Agricultural Center Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Depto. de Biologia FFCLRP Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Great Lakes Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E. Australian Museum, 1 William Street Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Macdonald Campus Canadian National Collection of Insects Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Spaulding Hall University of New Hampshire Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000 Distrito Industrial II Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Jardim das Américas Mississippi Entomological Museum Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775 Department of Biology Western Kentucky University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Independent Investigator California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O’ Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills California Department of Food and Agriculture California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St. Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit FI-20014 University of Turku Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161 I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15 Universidad de Panama Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA ARS c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25 Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC) Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35 Entomology Unit Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave. Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW Finnish Museum of Natural History Zoology Unit University of Helsinki Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California, One Shields Avenue Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n

On the basis of re-evaluation of morphological characters of the Lycoriella group of genera and subgenera, generic rank is given to the two species groups belonging to Lycoriella (Hemineurina) Frey, 1942 and to Lycoriella (Coelostylina) Tuomikoski, 1960. The Lycoriella (Hemineurina) inflata group, including the type species of the subgenus, Sciara conspicua Winnertz, 1867, is treated as the genus Hemineurina stat. n. and the Lycoriella (Hemineurina) vitticollis group as the genus Trichocoelina gen. n. (type species Sciara vitticollis Holmgren, 1883). Coelostylina Tuomikoski, 1960 (type species Lycoriella (Coelostylina) freyi Tuomikoski, 1960) is a junior homonym of Coelostylina Kittl, 1894, and is renamed Stenacanthella nom. et stat. n. The genera are diagnosed and their phylogeny is discussed. Eight species are excluded from the Lycoriella group. They are transferred to the genera Bradysiopsis Tuomikoski, 1960, Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994, Merizomma Sasakawa, 2003 stat. n. and Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 (five species) or are for the time being regarded as incertae sedis (two species) and as nomen nudum (one name). Numerous nomenclatural corrections are made also in the genera Hemineurina Frey, Stenacanthella Vilkamaa & Menzel and Trichocoelina Vilkamaa & Menzel. Altogether 42 new combinations, three changes in status and one new synonym are presented. A lectotype is designated for Hemineurina algida (Frey, 1948) and two Hemineurina species names are removed from synonymy and given full species status. The following species of Trichocoelina are newly described: Trichocoelina absidata sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. aemula sp. n. (Finland, Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. biplex sp. n. (Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon), T. dicksoni sp. n. (Russia: Arkhangelsk oblast, Kemerovsk oblast, Krasnodarsk region), T. dispansa sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. dividua sp. n. (Canada: Northwest Territories), T. hians sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. imitator sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. incrassata sp. n. (USA: Alaska), T. ithyspina sp. n. (Norway), T. jukkai sp. n. (Finland), T. magnifica sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. nefrens sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. obesula sp. n. (Norway), T. oricillifera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. planilobata sp. n. (Finland), T. quintula sp. n. (Finland), T. semisphaera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. semusta sp. n. (Italy, USA: Alaska), and T. tecta sp. n. (Canada: Nunavut, Yukon, Russia: Krasnodarsk region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, USA: Alaska). The Trichocoelina species are keyed, the 20 new species are described and illustrated, and the 9 previously known ones, transferred to the new genus, are briefly diagnosed and the taxonomically relevant literature regarding them is listed. Trichocoelina janetscheki (Lengersdorf, 1953) comb. n. and Trichocoelina brevicubitalis (Lengersdorf, 1926) comb. n. are redescribed. The genus Trichocoelina currently includes 29 species: 17 in the Palaearctic, 6 in the Nearctic and 6 in the Holarctic. All known species are northern or montane.

The genus Pseudoaerumnosa Rudzinski, 2006 is redefined. The genus includes the following species which are described, illustrated and keyed: Pseudoaerumnosa acinacea sp. n., P. ampliata sp. n., P. annae sp. n., P. awanensis sp. n., P. banari sp. n., P. clavidactyla sp. n., P. clivicola sp. n., P. collicola sp. n., P. consuota sp. n., P. cryptoloba sp. n., P. curvifalx sp. n., P. eminula sp. n., P. exacuta sp. n., P. filispicata sp. n., P. formosa sp. n., P. fragilis sp. n., P. impensa sp. n., P. inviolata Rudzinski, 2006, P. junciseta sp. n., P. obovata sp. n., P. pilicaudata sp. n., P. quadriquetra sp. n., P. saginata sp. n., P. tenuidens sp. n. and P. tkoci sp. n. Morphological characters and the phylogenetic position of Pseudoaerumnosa are discussed. For some species, the barcode (COI) sequence data were obtained. The genus is currently known from the Oriental (22 species), Malagasy (3 species) and Australasian regions (1 species).

The Bradysia luctifica group is characterized for a number of species with an Oriental-Australasian distribution. The group includes the following species: Bradysia abrupta sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang, Selangor), B. calicula sp. n. (Malaysia: Sabah), B. conflexa sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang), B. fornicata sp. n. (Malaysia: Pahang), B. luctifica (Skuse, 1888) (Australia: South Australia, Indonesia: Ceram, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea), B. robusta Mohrig, 2015 (Papua New Guinea) and B. torosa sp. n. (Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago). The species are keyed and the new species are described and illustrated.

Four Oriental species of Aerumnosa Mohrig, 1999 (Diptera: Sciaridae), a genus previously known only from Papua New Guinea, are newly described and illustrated: Aerumnosa bituberculata sp. n. (India), A. gemmifera sp. n. (Malaysia: Sabah), A. horrifica sp. n. (Brunei, Thailand) and A. impar sp. n. (Malaysia: Sabah). On the basis of the new material, the genus is redefined. A key to the known species of Aerumnosa is presented, including four new species. An updated molecular phylogenetic analysis based on four gene markers (18S, 28S, 16S and COI) shows Aerumnosa to be a member of the subfamily Cratyninae. The monophyly of Cratyninae is well supported, which clade also includes the genera Hyperlasion Schmitz, 1919, Pnyxiopalpus Vilkamaa & Hippa, 1999 and Pseudoaerumnosa Rudzinski, 2006. According to the present phylogenetic hypothesis, the monophyly of Cratyna Winnertz, 1967 s. l. needs to be revisited. The clade including Cratyna (s. str.) ambigua (Lengersdorf, 1934) appears as the sister group of Aerumnosa.

Six species of the genus Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994 and four of the genus Corynoptera Winnertz, 1867 from the Holarctic region are newly described and illustrated: Camptochaeta chilkatensis sp. n. (USA: Alaska), C. curtipilosa sp. n. (USA: Colorado), C. exquisita sp. n. (USA: Oregon), C. fitzgeraldi sp. n. (USA: Oregon), C. fulvistylata sp. n. (Canada: British Columbia), C. pertenuis sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), Corynoptera bocheri sp. n. (Greenland; Canada: Quebec), C. hyperborea sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), C. hystricina sp. n. (RUSSIA: Krasnodarsk region) and C. tenuichaeta sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region).

The following four new species are described: Claustropyga clavulata sp. n. (Canada), C. lobigera sp. n. (Finland), C. modica sp. n. (Finland) and C. stupenda sp. n. (Canada, Russia). A fifth, probably new species is briefly discussed. Claustropyga stupenda has spectacular morphological characters in its hypopygium. There are now 23 species in Claustropyga.

DNA sequences offer powerful tools for describing the members and interactions of natural communities. In this study, we establish the to-date most comprehensive library of DNA barcodes for a terrestrial site, including all known macroscopic animals and vascular plants of an intensively studied area of the High Arctic, the Zackenberg Valley in Northeast Greenland. To demonstrate its utility, we apply the library to identify nearly 20 000 arthropod individuals from two Malaise traps, each operated for two summers. Drawing on this material, we estimate the coverage of previous morphology-based species inventories, derive a snapshot of faunal turnover in space and time and describe the abundance and phenology of species in the rapidly changing arctic environment. Overall, 403 terrestrial animal and 160 vascular plant species were recorded by morphology-based techniques. DNA barcodes (CO1) offered high resolution in discriminating among the local animal taxa, with 92% of morphologically distinguishable taxa assigned to unique Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) and 93% to monophyletic clusters. For vascular plants, resolution was lower, with 54% of species forming monophyletic clusters based on barcode regions rbcLa and ITS2. Malaise catches revealed 122 BINs not detected by previous sampling and DNA barcoding. The insect community was dominated by a few highly abundant taxa. Even closely related taxa differed in phenology, emphasizing the need for species-level resolution when describing ongoing shifts in arctic communities and ecosystems. The DNA barcode library now established for Zackenberg offers new scope for such explorations, and for the detailed dissection of interspecific interactions throughout the community.

The following new species are described: Keilbachia adunca (Brunei), K. ancylonema (Malaysia, Selangor and Myanmar, Kambaiti), K. camptonema (Malaysia, Selangor), K. clinata (Malaysia, Sabah), K. mirabilis (Malaysia, Selangor and Pahang), and K. orthonema (Malaysia, Sabah). K. curvispina (Edwards), comb. nov., from Sumatra, is redescribed and a lectotype is designated. K. acerspina Mohrig, previously known from Nepal, is recorded from Myanmar, Kambaiti.

The Keilbachia flagria group is defined for the species bearing two or more mesial megasetae arising from a common basal body on the gonostylus. Nine new species are described from Kambaiti, Myanmar (Burma): K. acamptochaeta, K. bicuspis, K. fasciata, K. filigera, K. flabellata, K. foveolata, K. gigas, K. oligonema and K. rima. Three additional new species were seen in the material from Kambaiti but were left unnamed because of the poor condition of the specimens. The total number of named sympatric Keilbachia species in Kambaiti is now 18.

The following new species are described from Canada: Claustropyga mirifica sp. n. from Quebec and C. spicea sp. n. and C. triloba sp. n. from the Yukon. C. aperta Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, previously known from Europe, and C. simplicis Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, previously known from Ontario, are recorded from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. C. auriculata Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, previously known from the Palaearctic region and from Alaska, and C. obtusidens Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig, previously known from Europe, are recorded from the Yukon. The diagnostic characters of all the Nearctic species are discussed. In addition to the above-mentioned species, the Nearctic fauna of Claustropyga includes C. acanthostyla (Tuomikoski), C. elizabethae Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig and C. subcorticis (Mohrig & Krivosheina). A key to the known species of Claustropyga is given.

Six new species of Corynoptera Winnertz from northern Finland, Japan and North America are newly described and illustrated: Corynoptera captiosa sp. n., C. cracentis sp. n., C. inari sp. n., C. salmelai sp. n., C. spiciforceps sp. n. and C. tuomikoskii sp. n.. Corynoptera subvariegata Rudzinski, 1992 is redescribed and C. perochaeta (MohrigMenzel, 1990) and C. variegata Mohrig, 1985 are illustrated and their characters discussed. The new species studied show unusual characters for the genus, and do not fit well into currently defined species groups.

The genus Sciara Meigen includes two species in New Caledonia, both newly described: Sciara insulana sp. n. and S. turgidula sp. n. The species are diagnosed and figured.

The following new species of the genus Camptochaeta HippaVilkamaa, 1994 are described and illustrated: Camptochaeta anceps, C. fihfera, C. formosa, C. kajsae, C. inixta, C. orthochaeta, C. spatula, C. truncata, and C. winchesteri. For some previously described species, morphological characters are redefined. Camptochaeta pentacantha Komarova, HippaVilkamaa, 2007 is regarded as a junior synonym of C. subcamptochaeta (Mohrig, 1992).

The following species of the genus Epidapus Haliday, 1851 are recognized from New Caledonia: Epidapus (s. str.) aciculatus sp. n., E. (Pseudoaptanogyna) angulatus sp. n., E. (s. str.) formosus sp. n., E. (Zuhalia) primus Mohrig, 2004 and E. (s. str.) triquetrus sp. n. The new species are described, and a key to the local species is given.

The phylogeny of the main groups of the Sciaroidea, including the fossil Antefungivoridae, Archizelmiridae, Mesosciophilidae, Pleciofungivoridae, Pleciomimidae, Protopleciidae and Bolitophilidae: Mangasinae, and an extant new taxon, was studied by parsimony analysis. Two cladistic analyses of seventy-eight morphological characters from adults were made. One analysis, with forty-one extant taxa in the ingroup and the other, with the addition of twelve fossil taxa, both produced two most parsimonious cladograms. The phylogenetic hypotheses obtained differed from each other, and in part also to a great extent from previous ones although most of the traditionally recognized groups appeared monophyletic, including the speciose Cecidomyiidae and Sciaridae. The Cecidomyiidae (fossil analysis) or the Keroplatidae-Ditomyiidae (extant analysis) appeared as the sister-group of the rest of the Sciaroidea. Following on from these analyses, we propose emending the current Sciaridae to include the following subfamilies: Archizelmirinae stat. n., Rangomaraminae stat. n., Sciarinae, Sciarosominae subfam. n. and Sciarotrichinae subfam. n. A new taxon from Namibia, Sciarotricha biloba gen. n., sp. n. is described, and, according to the phylogenetic analysis, is placed in the Sciaridae (Sciarotrichinae). The sister-group of the Sciaridae as newly defined is the Mycetophilidae group, in the extant analysis including the Mycetophilidae, Manotidae, Lygistorrhinidae, Pterogymnus and Sciaropota, and in the fossil analysis even including the Mesosciophilidae and the Ohakunea group (Ohakunea + Colonomyia).

The genus Peyerimhoffia Kieffer (type-species Sciara vagabunda Winnertz), currently classified as a subgenus of Cratyna Winnertz (type-species Cratyna atra Winnertz) is redefined and its phylogeny studied by parsimony analysis. Cladistic analysis using sixty-four morphological characters from adult males of sixty-six ingroup and one outgroup species produced thirty most parsimonious cladograms. The strict consensus cladogram of these showed unambiguously that the type-species of Peyerimhoffia and the species currently referred to the Corynoptera crassistylata group form a monophyletic unit. The phylogenetic hypothesis obtained also suggested that Cratyna s.l. in its current concept is non-monophyletic and that Peyerimhoffia deserves generic status. The genus is Holarctic-Oriental in distribution and includes the following species, which are keyed and described or diagnosed: Peyerimhoffia alpina (Mohrig) (Austrian Alps, Italy, Spain, Canada: Quebec), P. calva sp.n. (Nepal), P. collina sp.n. (Russia: Altay region), P. crassistylata (Frey) (central and northern Europe, Altay region, Kurile Islands), P. curvata (Mohrig & Mamaev) (Russia: Tuva region), P. infera sp.n. (northern Europe), P. ioculatoria (Mohrig) (Nepal), P. menzeli sp.n. (northern Europe), P. obtusicauda (Strobl) (southern Europe), P. semicurvata (Mohrig) (Nepal, Burma), P. subcurvata (Mohrig) (Nepal), P. thula sp.n. (northern Europe), P. ultima sp.n. (Nepal), and P. vagabunda (Winnertz) (Europe, eastern Palaearctic). Plastosciara perniciosa Edwards, Hyperlasion curtipennis Edwards, and Plastosciara hybrida Mohrig & Mamaev are excluded, the former appearing more closely related to Epidapus Haliday, the latter two to Spathobdella Frey.

The Northern Hemispheric sciarid species placed in the nigrohalteralis group of Corynoptera Winnertz are a monophyletic unit, which is described as a new genus Dichopygina gen. n. (type-species Bradysia (Chaetosciara) triseriata var nigrohalteralis Frey). The genus is Holarctic in distribution and includes the following species which are keyed and described: Dichopygina aculeata sp. n. (Holarctic), D. bernhardi sp. n. (Palaearctic), D. duplicis sp. n. (Nearctic), D. intermedia (Mohrig & Krivosheina) (Palaearctic), D. nigrohalteralis (Frey) (Holarctic), D. ramosa sp. n. (Palaearctic) and D. stricta sp. n. (Nearctic). Our previously published cladistic analysis suggests that the species now included in Dichopygina gen. n. are sister taxa to a large clade including the current Lycoriella Frey and elements of Corynoptera and Bradysia Winnertz. Corynoptera acanthostyla Tuomikoski and the New Zealand species referred to the Corynoptera nigrohalteralis group are excluded.

Trichosia (Baeosciara) sinuata Menzel & Mohrig, previously known only from the holotype from Austria, is redescribed and its biology discussed. Individuals of the species were reared from an old-growth forest bracket fungus Fomitopsis rosea (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) P. Karst from eastern Finland. We suggest that B. sinuata might be parasitised by the ichneumonid wasp Stenomacrus curvulus (Thomson).

Summary The phylogeny of Phytosciara Frey, Prosciara Frey, Dolichosciara Tuomikoski (together forming Phytosciara sensu Tuomikoski), Lobosciara Steffan and Bradysia Winnertz was studied by parsimony analysis using the computer programs Pee-Wee and NONA. The analysis was based on sixty-four morphological characters from adult males, coded for thirty-nine ingroup and two outgroup terminals. Three cladograms of the maximum fit (Pee-Wee) and one of the minimum length (NONA) were obtained, some of them with polytomies. Many characters showed much homoplasy in the cladograms. The solution by the fittest cladograms was chosen as the main hypothesis of the phylogeny. Of the groups studied, only Lobosciara appeared monophyletic. The relationships of the taxa in their now revised monophyletic sense are: Dolichosciara + (Lobosciara + ((‘Prosciara’ fuscina group + ‘P’. vulcanata) + (‘P’. mima group + ((‘P’. perfida + (Bradysia + Phytosciara)) + Prosciara)))). Phytosciara Frey, Prosciara, Dolichosciara and Lobosciara in their revised concepts are regarded as genera.

Summary Pnyxiopalpus gen.n. (type-species P. raptor sp.n.), Oriental in distribution, includes the following species: P. acanthipes sp.n. (Malay Peninsula), P. aculeatus sp.n. (Borneo), P. adebratti sp.n. (Borneo), P. aphrodite sp.n. (Sumatra), P. dentaneus sp.n. (Sulawesi), P. fossor sp.n. (Borneo), P. fuscinellus sp.n. (Borneo), P. hamatus sp.n. (Borneo), P. latifalx sp.n. (Borneo), P. macrocellus sp.n. (Malay Peninsula), P. microdon sp.n. (Sumatra), P. nepenthophilus sp.n. (Malay Peninsula), P. noona sp.n. (Palawan), P. raptor sp.n. (Borneo), P. reticulatus sp.n. (Malay Peninsula) and P. simplex sp.n. (Borneo). Males and females are keyed and described. Pnyxiopalpus has a number of characters previously unknown in Sciaridae. In contrast to other Sciaridae, interspecific morphological variation is greater for the females compared to the males. Based on a parsimony analysis of sixty-four morphological characters, Pnyxiopalpus is monophyletic, and its sister group appears to be Spathobdella Frey + {[Peyerimhoffia Kieffer + (Faratsiho Paulian + Pnyxia Johannsen)] + [Hyperlasion Schmitz + (Hermapterosciara Mohrig & Mamaev + Parapnyxia Mohrig & Mamaev)]}. According to the most parsimonious solution, the monophyly of Hyperlasion, Lycoriella Frey and Plastosciara Berg in their current sense is questioned. Aptery and one-segmented maxillary palp, usually regarded as important in sciarid classification, show a lot of homoplasy.

Chvála, M. 2005: The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. IV. Genus Hilara. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, Vol. 40. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden-Boston. ISBN 9004147993, 233 pp. Price 99 EUR. Lyneborg, Leif&Barkemeyer,Werner 2005: The Genus Syritta, A World Revision of the Genus Syritta Le Peletier & Serville, 1828 (Diptera: Syrhidae). Entomonograph Volume 15, A series facing global biodiversity in insects. Apollo books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup, Denmark. ISBN 87-88757-53-6, Hardback, 224 pp. Price 420.00 DKK.

Travelers who have visited tropical areas may exhibit aggressive forms of obligatory myiases, in which the larvae (maggots) invasively feed on living tissue. The risk of a traveler's acquiring a screwworm infestation has been considered negligible, but with the increasing popularity of adventure sports and wildlife travel, this risk may need to be reassessed.

The genus Ctenosciara Tuomikoski, 1960, includes the following species in New Caledonia, all newly described: Cteno-sciara cracens sp. n., C. crinita sp. n., C. depilis sp. n., C. depressa sp. n., C. exilis sp. n., C. inflata sp. n., C. lobigerasp. n. and C. obesa sp. n. Some of the species show for the genus previously unknown characters. A key to the New Caledonian species of Ctenosciara is provided.

The following four new species are described: Claustropyga clavulata sp. n. (Canada), C. lobigera sp. n. (Finland), C. modica sp. n. (Finland) and C. stupenda sp. n. (Canada, Russia). A fifth, probably new species is briefly discussed. Claustropyga stupenda has spectacular morphological characters in its hypopygium. There are now 23 species in Claustropyga.

Lobosciara Steffan, characterized by unusual modifications in the male genitalia, is the sister group of Dolichosciara Tuomikoski. The concept of the genus is redefined on the basis of the new material. Lobosciara includes the following species which are keyed and described: L. spinipennis (Sasakawa) (Thailand, Micronesia), L. adebratti sp. n. (Borneo), L. bilobata sp. n. (Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi), L. latiloba sp. n. (Malay peninsula, Borneo) and L. trilobata sp. n. (Sulawesi). The phylogenetic interrelationship of the species is as follows: [spinipennis + trilobata] + [latiloba + (adebratti + bilobata)].

Five new species of Keilbachia Mohrig are described: Keilbachia adstricta, K. constricta, K. cracens, K. fratercula and K. truncata. The species are the first sciarids recognized from New Caledonia and are similar in structure to the New Guinean K. indigena Mohrig and the Indomalayan K. adunca Hippa & Vilkamaa. A key to the Australasian species of Keilbachia is provided.

Collection materials for specimens of the genus Keilbachia Mohrig, 1987 (Sciaridae) were studied. The following new species are described and figured: Keilbachia acumina sp. n. (Japan), K. adjuncta sp. n. (Taiwan), K. bifida sp. n. (Nepal), K. brevicoxa sp. n. (India), K. camptospina sp. n. (Vietnam), K. cornuta sp. n. (Japan), K. criniloba sp. n. (India), K. inscissa sp. n. (Nepal), K. macripes sp. n. (Nepal), K. megacantha sp. n. (Japan), and K. trispinoides sp. n. (India). Additionally, Sciara neglecta Johannsen, 1912, is combined in the genus Keilbachia Mohrig. New faunistic records are presented for the species Keilbachia ferrata (Japan, Finland, Sweden), K. neglecta (USA), K. praedicata (Taiwan) and K. sasakawai (Japan). All 52 species, currently included in Keilbachia, are listed, and a complete literature synopsis on the genus is provided.

The concept of Phytosciara Frey with the subgenera P. (Phytosciara), P. (Dolichosciara) and P. (Prosciara) is polyphyletic and the subgenera are treated as genera. Prosciara includes 1 Holarctic, 8 Palearctic and 28 Oriental species. The species are keyed and described, including the following new species: P. angustiloba sp. n. (Thailand), P. biceps sp. n. (Burma), P. bifida sp. n. (Burma), P. biloba sp. n. (Burma), P. collina sp. n. (Burma), P. crassidens sp. n. (Burma), P. decamera sp. n. (Burma), P. dolichochaeta sp. n. (Burma), P. duplex sp. n. (Burma), P. ensfera sp. n. (Burma), P. filichaeta sp. n. (Burma, Nepal), P. furcifera sp. n. (Burma), P. gemellata sp. n. (Burma), P. gibbosa sp. n. (Burma), P. glomerata sp. n. (Burma), P. latifurca sp. n. (Burma), P. latilingula sp. n. (Burma), P. megacera sp. n. (Burma), P. megachaeta sp. n. (Burma), P. mima sp. n. (Burma), P. pectinifera sp. n. (Japan), P. pentacanta sp. n. (Nepal), P. pentadactylasp. n. (Burma), P. plusiochaeta sp. n. (Finland), P. pollex sp. n. (Burma), P. processifera sp. n. (Burma), P. quantula sp. n. (Burma), P. tetrix sp. n. (Burma) and P. triloba sp. n. (Burma). Xenopygina Frey is not a synonym of Prosciara but an independent genus. It includes two species: X. hastata (Johannsen) n. comb. (USA) and X. paradoxa (Frey) (USSR).

The sciarid fauna of a deciduous forest in Kivijärvi Nature Reserve, southern Finland, was studied. In all, 58 species were found in a material of 247 specimens, collected with Malaise traps. The material included the following species new to the Finnish and North European fauna: Corynoptera postforcipata Rudzinski, Leptosciarella juniperi (Mohrig & Blasco-Zumeta), Leptosciarella subcoarctata Mohrig&Menzel, Leptosciarella yerburyi (Freeman), Phytosciara macrotricha (Lengersdorf) and Sciara nursei Freeman. Bradysia arcula sp. n., found also in two other localities in Finland, is described, and a key to the Finnish species of the Bradysia praecox group is provided

The genus Sciara Meigen includes two species in New Caledonia, both newly described: Sciara insulana sp. n. and S. turgidula sp. n. The species are diagnosed and figured.

Corynoptera vagula Tuomikoski (northern Europe; Canada: Quebec), Corynoptera fera Mohrig & Heller (central and northern Europe) and Corynoptera nyxa (Mohrig & Menzel) are rediagnosed, and three allied Nearctic species are described: Corynoptera armigera sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), C. fratercula sp. n. (USA: Alaska, Canada: British Columbia), and C. robustior sp. n. (Canada: Ontario). All species are illustrated and a key to the males is provided.

Hippa, Heikki, Vilkamaa, Pekka (2006): Recharacterization of Rhynchoheterotricha Freeman (Diptera, Sciaroidea), with description of R. chandleri sp. n. from South Africa. Zootaxa 1167: 61-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2645499, {"references":["Chandler, P. (2002) Heterotricha Loew and allied genera (Diptera: Sciaroidea): offshoots of the stem group of Mycetophilidae and/or Sciaridae? Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (n.s.), 38 (1-2), 101-144.","Freeman, P. (1951) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part III-Mycetophilidae. The British Museum (Natural History), London, 138 pp., plates I-XLIX.","Freeman, P. (1960) A new genus and species of Sciaridae (Diptera, Nematocera) from South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum, 25, 75-77","Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa P. (2005) The genus Sciarotricha gen. n. (Sciaridae) and the phylogeny of recent and fossil Sciaroidea (Diptera). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 36, 121-144."]}

A cladistic analysis of the extant Sciaroidea was made, using re-evaluated morphological characters, with some additional taxa and with or without the Mesozoic Mesosciophilidae in the ingroup. When the new data were incorporated, the conflict between our earlier phylogenies, with extant taxa only and with both extant and fossil taxa in the ingroup, was resolved. The present result is similar to the one we reached earlier with extant + fossil taxa, which showed the Cecidomyiidae as the sister group of all other Sciaroidea, instead of the Cecidomyiidae appearing as the sister group of the Mycetophilidae + Sciaridae. In the new hypothesis, the main clades of the Sciaroidea outside the Cecidomyiidae were as follows: Ditomyiidae + (Diadocidiidae + ((Keroplatidae + (((Bolitophilidae + ((((Mesosciophila + (((((Starkomyia + rest of Sciaroidea))))). The placement of the recently described, enigmatic New Zealand genus Starkomyia Jaschhof was similar regardless of whether the fossil Mesosciophilidae were included in the analysis or not. The two stillundescribed Neotropical taxa that we included fell in the Rangomaraminae clade within the Sciaridae. Unlike our earlier result with extant taxa only, and similar to our extant + fossil result, the Ohakunea + Colonomyia clade now appears as the sister group of the MycetophilidaeLygistorrhinidae-Sciaridae lineage.

The following species of the genus Epidapus Haliday, 1851 are recognized from New Caledonia: Epidapus (s. str.) aciculatus sp. n., E. (Pseudoaptanogyna) angulatus sp. n., E. (s. str.) formosus sp. n., E. (Zuhalia) primus Mohrig, 2004 and E. (s. str.) triquetrus sp. n. The new species are described, and a key to the local species is given.

A new species of Sciaridae from northern Europe, with an exceptional combination of characters, is placed in the phylogenetic system of the family by a cladistic analysis. The new species, Peyerimhoffia sepei sp. n., is described and illustrated, and the spermatophores of Sciaridae are briefly discussed.

New Oriental taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae - Blagorrhina gen. n., with B. blagoderovi sp. n. and B. brevicornis sp. n.; Gracilorrhina gracilis gen. n., sp. n.; and Labellorrhina gen. n., with L. grimaldii sp. n. and L. quantula sp. n. are described, and two undescribed species, known only from females, are characterized. Based on this new material, the family is redefined. The phylogeneticrelationships among the taxa of Lygistorrhinidae were studied by parsimony analysis using 43 morphological characters from the adults of 25 ingroup and one outgroup species. The cladistic analysis produced 14 most parsimonious cladograms. The solution obtained suggests unambiguously the following phylogeny: Palaeognoriste Meunier and “Lygistorrhina” asiatica Senior-White are successively sister groups of the rest of the Lygistorrhinidae; there is a clade Labellorrhina + (Gracil- orrhina + (Blagorrhina + ((Seguyola Matile + (Loyugesa Grimaldi & Blagoderov + Matileola Papp))))) with a monophyletic Lygistorrhina Skuse – Probolaeus Williston lineage as sister group. The phylogeny among the latter group remains largely unresolved.

Sciaridae (Diptera) from forest and mire habitats from three localities in central Finland were identified. The material consisted of 609 specimens belonging to 106 species. The following species were found as new to Finland: Bradysia subbetuleti, B. submoesta, B. subscabricornis, Corynoptera fera, C. furcifera, C. saetistyla, C. subsedula, Cratyna spiculosa, Leptosciariella helvetica, Lycoriella micria, Pseudolycoriella brunnea, P. nodulosa, Scatopsciara neglecta, Trichosia glabra and Sciara sp. n. (Menzel & Salmela, in prep.) and Ctenosciara exigua sp. n. The latter is described as new to science. Bradysia subbetuleti, Leptosciariella atricha, Leptosciariella tuberculigera and Lycoriella micria are redescribed. The occurrence of some rare or poorly known species is discussed, and the importance of peatlands for sciarid biodiversity in the boreal region is emphasized.

The genus Baeosciara Tuomikoski, 1960, Holarctic in distribution, includes the following species: B. discolor (Lengersdorf) (Europe), B. scotica (Edwards) (Europe, northern North America), B. sinuata (Menzel & Mohrig) (Europe) and B. pectinata sp. n. (western Canada). The new species is described, the other species are redescribed or diagnosed. Based on my earlier cladistic analysis of the Trichosia group of genera, the original generic rank of Baeosciara is restored.

Six new species of Corynoptera Winnertz from northern Finland, Japan and North America are newly described and illustrated: Corynoptera captiosa sp. n . , C. cracentis sp. n., C. inari sp. n., C. salmelai sp. n., C. spiciforceps sp. n. and C. tuomikoskii sp. n.. Corynoptera subvariegata Rudzinski, 1992 is redescribed and C. perochaeta (Mohrig & Menzel, 1990) and C. variegata Mohrig, 1985 are illustrated and their characters discussed. The new species studied show unusual characters for the genus, and do not fit well into currently defined species groups.

The following new species of the genus Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994 are described and illustrated: Camp-tochaeta anceps, C. filifera, C. formosa, C. kajsae, C. mixta, C. orthochaeta, C. spatula, C. truncata, and C. winchesteri . For some previously described species, morphological characters are redefined. Camptochaeta pentacantha Komarova, Hippa & Vilkamaa, 2007 is regarded as a junior synonym of C. subcamptochaeta (Mohrig, 1992).