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Hybridization can have a negative impact on native taxa, which means a risk to plant biodiversity. Urtica kioviensis (2x) is a rare species of that grows in mixed populations together with two cytotypes (2x and 4x) of the closely related taxon Urtica dioica (stinging nettle). The presence of hybrids has been described in the past. Here I studied hybridization at localities in the Czech Republic (PR Plačkův les a říčka Šatava, NPR Ranšpurk), Slovakia (PR Jurský Šúr), and Hungary (Kóny, Fehér-tó). These taxa and their hybrids were studied by flow cytometry and morphometric analysis. Both methods provided evidence of ongoing hybridization. The continuous pattern at the diploid level suggests homoploid hybridization and subsequent introgression affecting mainly U. kioviensis. The possibility of backcrossing at the diploid level was also confirmed by analyses of pollen fertility or staining. Triploid individuals were also detected, showing differences in relative genome sizes and different positions relative to the parental taxa in morphometric analyses. Based on these results, it's not possible to reliably determine their origin. Heteroploid hybridization is likely to occur, but its presence cannot be definitely confirmed or excluded. Hybrids are common in mixed populations of U. kioviensis and mean a...

Introduction Sarcopaenia seems to be predictive factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality after colorectal resection for cancer. Nevertheless, an ideal sarcopaenic indicator is still to be identified. Aim To evaluate computed tomography (CT) measured total abdominal muscle area (TAMA), total psoas muscle area (TPA), and psoas density (PD) - previously described sarcopaenia indicators - as possible risk factors for postoperative complications in patients after curative colon and rectal resections for colorectal cancer. Material and methods Consecutive patients after elective curative colon or rectal resection for cancer at a single institution were divided into cohorts with uncomplicated postoperative course or complications Clavien-Dindo grade I-II (Cl-Di 0-II) and complications Clavien-Dindo grade III-V (Cl-Di III-V). Cohorts were statistically tested for significant differences in TAMA, TPA, and PD calculated from preoperative staging CT scans at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Results Data of 112 patients were analysed from a prospectively run database; 65 underwent colon and 47 rectal resections. PD was significantly higher in the Cl-Di 0-II cohort compared to the Cl-Di III-V for both colon (42.67 ±6.52 vs. 40.11 ±7.57 HU, p = 0.002) and rectal resections (44.08 ±5.86 vs. 43.03 ±5.70HU, p = 0.016). TAMA and TPA failed to show significant differences. Conclusions Psoas density is significantly decreased in patients with Clavien-Dindo grade III-V complications after curative resection for colon and rectal cancer. Due to the simplicity and affordability of its assessment from preoperative staging CT scan, it might be considered an optimal sarcopaenic indicator to be utilised in everyday practice.

t Obezita je zavažným onemocněnim s mezioborovým medicinským přesahem a významnými socioekonomickými dopady na život pacientů a spolecnosti. Proto se nyni věnuje velka pozornost objasněni patofyziologických mechanizmů podilejicich se na vzniku tohoto onemocněni, možnosti jejich ovlivněni a nasledně i lecby již vznikleho stavu a navazujicich komplikaci. Sarkopenicka obezita je typem obezity, při ktere dochazi k infiltraci svalstva tukovou tkani, ktera nahrazuje jeho objem a zapřiciňuje ztratu jeho sily. Klicovým patofyziologickým mechanismem v etiologii tohoto problemu je zanětliva aktivita zmnožene tukove tkaně. K posouzeni množstvi svalove hmoty v těle se použiva denzitometrie, k posouzeni morfologie pocitacova tomografie nebo magneticka rezonance. Sarkopenicka obezita zvysuje zdravotni rizika, hlavně kardiovaskularni komplikace, zhorsuje inzulinovou rezistenci, je rizikový prediktivni faktor pro vznik kardiovaskularnich nemoci u pacientů s Diabetes Mellitus II. typu, je ve vztahu se zvýseným výskytem pooperacnich komplikaci, zhorsuje kognitivni funkce, oslabuje hojeni akutnich i chronických nemoci a snižuje fyzickou výkonnost. V lecbě sarkopenicke obezity se ukazuje nejucinnějsim kombinovane aerobni a silove cviceni. Termogeneze v hněde tukove tkani se zda být nadějnou v boji proti obezitě, neni ale znamo, zda farmakologicky vyvolana nemůže zaroveň navysovat i riziko vzniku sarkopenie. Cilem teto prace je přinest aktualni pohled na danou problematiku a nastinit možnosti dalsiho výzkumu.

Introduction: Bariatric procedures lead to changes in body composition. Desired fat loss may be accompanied by decrease of muscle mass, thus raising the risk of sarcopenia. Aim: To detect the risk of sarcopenia in patients 24 months after different bariatric/metabolic (B/M) procedures by DEXA. Material and methods: Consecutive patients scheduled for a B/M procedure underwent DEXA scan and anthropometric assessment before and 24 months after surgery in a prospective manner. Obtained data were tested for significant differences (p under 0.05) to detect body composition changes and occurrence of sarcopenia. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was answered at 24 months to assess physical activity. Results: Nineteen patients were enrolled, with no drop-off at follow-up. Body mass index dropped from 42.4 ±6.3 to 30.3 ±4.9 kg/m2, with excess weight loss of 72 ±25% and substantial improvement of all relevant anthropometric measurements (p under 0.001). Significant changes in DEXA parameters were observed: fat mass index (19.5 ±4.7 vs. 12.1 ±3.7 kg/m2), estimated visceral adipose area (235.8 ±70.0 vs. 126.5 ±50.4 cm2), lean mass index (22.1 ±2.4 vs. 18.1 ±2.3 kg/m2), appendage lean mass index (9.7 ±1.3 vs. 7.7 ±1.1 kg/m2), bone mineral content (1.22 ±0.1 vs. 1.12 ±0.1 kg), Z score (2.32 vs. 0.96) and T score (0.58 vs. –0.58). A low level of physical activity was recorded at 24 months. Conclusions: B/M procedures lead to significant changes in body composition at 24 months after surgery. DEXA detects these changes effectively. Desired fat loss is associated with significant reduction of skeletal muscle and bone mineral mass. As such, patients after B/M surgery are at risk of sarcopenia. A low level of physical activity may also play a negative role.

Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from small cell lung cancer (SCLC), however, a universal indicator of sarcopenia usable in clinical practice is still missing. A novel indicator for describing the severity of cancer could be helpful in tailoring the anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) scans of total muscle area and radiation attenuation in patients suffering from small cell lung cancer. We used staging CT scans performed at the time of diagnosis to measure total muscle area (TMA) and average psoas density (PD) at level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. TMA and PD were statistically evaluated in association with overall survival and disease staging. We used Mann-Whitney test and Spearman´s correlation coefficient for statistical testing and p-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Retrospectively we examined 47 patients suffering from SCLC (mean age 65.05±7.3 years, BMI 23.97±4.4 kg/m2, BSA 1.77±0.2 m2, 30-day mortality was 4.3 % with 10 months median survival). As sarcopenia was pointed TMA under 55 and 39 cm2/m2 for men and women respectively. The sarcopenic patients had significantly shorter median survival (7 vs. 11 months, p=0.05). We observed a significant relationship between survival and performance status (Spearman´s correlation, R=-0.39, p=0.05). The patients were divided into two groups according to the extensive (ED, n=34) or limited (LD, n=13) form of the disease. We observed significant difference in PD (42.49±6.1 vs. 47.67±4.5 HU, p=0.006) between ED vs. LD groups.

Title: Ageing of the population and selected aspects of the rationality of drug prescribing of statins in older age (II.) Author: Martina Pekařová Tutor: Assoc. Prof. Daniela Fialová, PharmDr, Ph.D. University: Charles University Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department: Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy INTRODUCTION: In the geriatric population, cardiovascular diseases based on atherosclerosis rank first place in morbidity and mortality. A positive effect on cardiovascular morbidity can generally reduce overall morbidity, polymorbidity, polypharmacotherapy, and prolong the quality of life of older patients. Statins are often underprescribedin the treatment of ATS heart disease in older age or are underdosed in both primary and secondary prevention. The main goals of the diploma thesis was to analyze the rationality of statin prescription in the Czech population of seniors, assessed in the EuroAgeism H2020 project in three different health care settings (acute, outpatient and community pharmacy settings of health care). The aim was to describe various aspects of rational / irrational statine therapy in patients older than 65 years (choice of drugs, drug combinations, dosing timing, indications according to the degree of CVS risk in seniors, and indications in the presence...

Thesis title: Case Study of physiotherapy care for a patient diagnosed with peripheral facial palsy Author: Monika Pekařová Advisor: Mgr. Kristina Hassmannová Aim of the thesis: This bachelor thesis contains a summary of expert knowledge about peripheral nerve palsy and a case study of a patient with this diagnosis. Theoretical part covers anatomical and neurophysiological context, etiology, epidemiology and treatment options. The practical part has been carried out during internship at the Kladno Regional hospital from 26. 1. 2021 until 23. 2. 2021. It consists of an entry clinical examination, short-term and long-term therapeutical plan and daily therapy record. The therapy was concluded by a final kinesiological examination and an evaluation of therapy effect. The ten therapeutical sessions contributed to facial muscles strengthening by 3-4 grades, reduction of swelling and elimination of pathological symptoms. I do believe that the prognosis of the patient for a full recovery is optimistic. Keywords: facial nerve, peripheral palsy, facial palsy, physiotherapy, Bell's palsy

Proposal of methodology for protected landscape area maps production Abstract The main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to create a proposal for a methodology for creating maps of protected areas in Czech Republic. The first part of the paper is devoted to acquaintance with the basic knowledge of thematic cartography with emphasis on the basic cartographic rules in the creation of maps. The following is an evaluation of existing maps of protected areas in the Czech Republic and in the world. An overview of data sources is also given. Based on the findings from the first part, the practical part of the thesis then creates the proposal of methodology itself, which is tested on sample maps. Keywords: thematic map, nature conservation, spatial data, cartographic generalization, methodology

This bachleor work deals with the diference in digestion, necessary nutritiv and nutritiv additives for poultry. Feeding adittives are divaide into four groups zootechnical, technological, sensory and nutritive additives. Each group is described and individual types of additives and their use in nutrition are characterized. The work describes individual substances and their description and effect on health, production or feed.

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a very well-known taxon of genus Urtica, but still its taxonomy is not satisfactory resolved. An obvious reason of taxonomic obscurity of entire aggregate is enormous morphological variation. Polyploidization significantly contributes to this variability. Polyploidy probably is a reason of successful expansion of tetraploid cytotype in synanthropic habitats. Urtica dioica is rich in secondary metabolites, especially fatty acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Secondary metabolites are isolated for various purposes. They are widely applied especially in pharmacy and subsequently used for various medications. Despite the undoubtful economic importance a linkage between secondary metabolites composition and polyploidy has not been studied yet.

Three biodegradable plastics materials, namely pure poly(l-lactide) (PLA), PLA with plasticizer triacetine (TAC) and the mixture PLA/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and TAC were investigated concerning changes of physical properties due to biodegradation in compost at 58°C up to 16days. With rising time of degradation in compost, both number and weight molecular masses were decreasing progressively, but only marginal change of the polydispersity index was observed which indicates that biodegradation is not random process. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that in spite of the extensive decrease of molecular weight, no substantial change in chemical composition was found. The most significant modification of the spectra consisted in an appearing of the broad band in region 3100-3300cm-1, which was assigned to a formation of biofilm on the sample surfaces. This effect appeared for all three materials, however, it was much more pronounced for samples containing also triacetine. Measurement of changes in crystalline portion confirmed that amorphous phase degrades substantially faster compared to crystalline part. The plasticizer triacetine is disappearing also rather fast from the sample resulting besides other effect also in a temporary increase of Tg, which at the beginning grows almost to the value typical for PLA without plasticizer but later the Tg is decreasing due to substantial changes in molecular weight. Generally during composting, the samples keep shape for up to 8days, after that time the material disintegrates to rough powder.

Kvalita ovzdusi v interieru je ovlivněna řadou zdrojů znecistěni a lze ji zlepsit kontrolou těchto zdrojů a ucinným větranim. Významným faktorem ovlivňujicim interier je i venkovni ovzdusi, ktere může být znecistěno blizkými dopravnimi nebo průmyslovými zdroji. Studie realizovana v obdobi 2015 až 2016 byla zaměřena na deskripci životniho prostředi specificke populacni skupiny - děti navstěvujicich mateřske skoly. Zaměrem bylo aktualizovat a rozsiřit informace o výskytu latek ve vnitřnim ovzdusi mateřských skol, jejich trendech, o existujicich zdrojich a o problemech a spolupůsobicich vlivech. Soucasti studie byl multifaktorialni dotaznik předložený rodicům děti skladajici se celkem ze sesti casti, ktere obsahovaly kromě obecných otazek dotazy na zdravotni stav ditěte, jeho casový rozvrh, informace o stravovacich navycich, otazky k domacimu prostředi ditěte a otazky na socioekonomický stav rodiny.

Clanek je zaměřený na vzorkovani a stanoveni nižsich glykol etherů a jejich acetatů uvolňujicich se do ovzdusi při provozu kataforeticke linky (dale jen KTL). Impulsem pro měřeni byly stižnosti obyvatel bydlicich v blizkosti provozu KTL na narazove epizody obtěžujiciho zapachu pochazejiciho pravděpodobně ze zminěneho provozu. Pro měřeni byly použity dvě metody vzorkovani - aktivni a difuzni odběr. Měřenim byl potvrzen vliv KTL na okolni prostředi.

Anthracyclines represent one of the important classes of anti-cancer drugs; however, their major disadvantage is their profound cardiovascular toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate influence of anthracyclines on cardiovascular stiffness parameters estimated from pulse wave (PW). PW was measured in 59 cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines in childhood and in 248 healthy age-matched controls. Both patients and controls were divided into three age groups (13 – 15, 16 – 18 and 19 – 24 years). Central PW augmentation index (C-AI75) and augmentation pressure (C-AP75), both normalized to heart rate 75 bpm, were calculated as parameters of arterial wall stiffness. Central Buckberg sub-endocardial viability ratio (SEVR) was calculated as a parameter of diastolic function. Patients and controls were compared in each age group. C-AI75 and C-AP75 were significantly increased in patients in age groups 16 – 18 and 19 – 24 years. SEVR was decreased in patients in the oldest age group. Our results suggest that although toxic influence of anthracyclines to arterial wall and heart are developing during childhood and puberty, they can be detected rather in the adulthood. These changes are yet subclinical; however, their presence indicates potentially increased cardiovascular risk in childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines during childhood.

Complex metallographic analysis was performed on the steam pipe elbow made of 0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.3V steel after long-term (more than 240 000 hours) of operation at elevated temperature that revealed the extensive creep damage on the outer surface of the pipe elbow. Metallographic analysis confirmed pronounced creep damage at the outer surface but, at the same time, the non-uniform nature of the cavitation. The density of cavities continuously decreased from outer to inner pipe surface in the most damaged area and rapidly waned along the circumference as well as the length of the elbow. Parallel evaluation of actual extent of the cavitation damage made by metallography and replica methods in various parts of the pipe elbow confirmed that replica method is capable to describe and quantify the cavitation damage of this steel in the same way as metallography, including evaluation of creep damage according to Nordtest NT TR 302.

During the steam explosion pretreatment of plant biomass, degradation products are generated, and some of these have inhibitory activity against biogas production. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify the effect of selected model inhibitory compounds on methane production. The results showed no significant inhibition of methane production by furfural at concentrations below 1 g/L. In addition, the microbial community was able to restore biogas production inhibited by this compound after a certain time. 5 hydroxymethylfurfural was evaluated as a more potent inhibitor, with a significant effect above 0.2 g/L. Both compounds were more effective inhibitors with cellulose as the carbon substrate, probably reflecting higher sensitivity of the cellulolytic step in biogas production. No significant inhibition was observed for the phenolic compounds tested, gallic and tannic acids, at concentrations of up to 2 g/L. Thus, the compounds investigated should not represent a problem for the biogas production involving steam explosion preprocessed plant biomass.

(in English) This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the United States of America on Italy during the years 1945 and 1948. One of the factors that played an important role in this issue was the Cold War, since it had an immense impact on American foreign policy as well as the changing relationship between Italy and the USA. With regard to American foreign policy, Italy was not really in the centre of its attention after the Second World War. This, however, changed after the relationship between the USSR and USA had deteriorated in 1946 and 1947, which brought a shift in the American stance towards the Apennine peninsula. The strength of the Communist party of Italy was a major cause for concern to the American administration worrying about the spread of communism in Western Europe. The thesis puts special emphasis on 'the Propaganda Battle' led by the American administration, namely the Ambassador in Rome James Dunn, and the newly established CIA. This 'battle' is viewed especially from a cultural perspective, as the communist propaganda campaigns focused mainly on film industry, the radio and newspapers. Key words (in English) Italy, the United States of America, 1948, Communist Party of Italy, Marshall plan, CIA