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Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and the main cause of chronic renal failure. This study explored the potential immunomodulation-related genes (IRGs) in DN using bioinformatics. Methods: IRGs were identified using GeneCards, and differentially expressed genes were identified using the GSE99339, GSE96804, and GSE30122 datasets. We conducted enrichment analyses using Gene Ontology, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes to identify the associated signaling pathways. Prognostic models were constructed using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression. The predictive power of IRGs was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Furthermore, we utilized ssGSEA to determine the relative abundance of immune cell infiltration. The expression of five significant IRGs was further validated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in individuals with DN and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in animal experiments. Results: In total, 17 immunomodulation-related differentially expressed genes were identified, which were enriched in immune-associated pathways and inflammation. GSEA unveiled substantial enrichments in metabolic irregularities and the structural composition of the extracellular matrix. ROC analysis results revealed that the diagnostic efficacy of IFNAR2 and CASP3 was comparatively high. Notably, we identified potential IRGs for DN, including CASP3, LGALS9, and SST, using IHC and RT-PCR. Conclusions: CASP3, LGALS9, and SST are potential IRGs in patients with DN. Our findings may offer a theoretical basis for developing more focused and innovative immunotherapy approaches for patients with DN.

A few-layered hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets stabilized platinum nanoparticles (Pt/h-BNNS) is engineered for oxidation-promoted adsorptive desulfurization (OPADS) of fuel oil. It was found that the few-layered structure and the defective sites of h-BNNS not only are beneficial to the stabilization of Pt NPs but also favor the adsorption of aromatic sulfides. By employing Pt/h-BNNS with a Pt loading amount of 1.19 wt% as the active adsorbent and air as an oxidant, a 98.0% sulfur removal over dibenzothiophene (DBT) is achieved along with a total conversion of the DBT to the corresponding sulfones (DBTO2). Detailed experiments show that the excellent desulfurization activity originates from the few-layered structure of h-BNNS and the high catalytic activity of Pt NPs. In addition, the OPADS system with Pt/h-BNNS as the active adsorbent shows remarkable stability in desulfurization performance with the existence of different interferents such as olefin, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Besides, the Pt/h-BNNS can be recycled 12 times without a significant decrease in desulfurization performance. Also, a process flow diagram is proposed for deep desulfurization of fuel oil and recovery of high value-added products, which would promote the industrial application of such OPADS strategy.

BackgroundSarcopenia is a progressive geriatric syndrome that impacts older adults’ quality of life. Insufficient focus has been given to sarcopenia among Chinese residents, resulting in low level of sarcopenia awareness. This study aims to investigate awareness of sarcopenia and its influencing factors and the influencing pathways among older adults in Hangzhou.MethodsA stratified random sample of 942 community-dwelling older adults was evaluated using the SARC-CalF screening tool, along with a questionnaire based on health ecology theory to assess awareness of sarcopenia and its influencing factors and the influencing pathways. Descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis, and path analysis were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and Amos 23.0 to analyze the data.ResultsThe mean awareness score for sarcopenia was 60.26 ± 7.31. Self-rated physical health, daily intake of high-quality protein, exercise frequency, smoking status, self-efficacy, religious beliefs, social support, education level, occupation, participation in community free medical examinations, and awareness of nutrition policy were all factors affecting scores for sarcopenia awareness (p

The segmentation of surface defects in lithium batteries is crucial for enhancing the overall quality of the production process. However, the severe foreground–background imbalance in surface images of lithium batteries, along with the irregular shapes and random distribution of foreground regions, poses significant challenges for defect segmentation. Based on these observations, this paper focuses on the separation of foreground and background in surface defect images of lithium batteries and proposes a novel Mask Space Optimization Transformer (MSOFormer) for semantic segmentation of these images. Specifically, the Mask Boundary Loss (MBL) module in our model provides more efficient supervision during training to enhance the accuracy of the mask computation within the mask attention mechanism, thereby improving the model’s performance in separating foreground and background. Additionally, the Dynamic Spatial Query (DSQ) module allocates spatial information of the image to each query, enhancing the model’s sensitivity to the positions of small foreground targets in various scenes. The Efficient Pixel Decoder (EPD) ensures deformable receptive fields for irregularly shaped foregrounds while further improving the model’s performance and efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in terms of mean Intersection over Union (mIoU). Specifically, our approach achieves an mIoU of 84.18% on the lithium battery surface defect test set and 85.53% and 87.05% mIoUs on two publicly available defect test sets with similar defect characteristics to lithium batteries.

Abstract Porous Ionic Liquids (PILs) have gained attention but facing challenges in catalysis, especially in liquid‐liquid two‐phase reactions due to limited catalytic sites and hydrophilicity control. This work engineered a Type III PILs (PILS‐M) using zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) confined phosphomolybdic acid (HPMo) as the microporous framework and N‐butyl pyridine bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide ionic liquid ([Bpy][NTf2]) as the solvent. The PILS‐M not only combines the advantages of traditional ionic liquids and microporous frameworks, including excellent extraction, high dispersion of catalytically active species, remarkable stability, etc., but also can make the inner surface of ZIF‐8 turned to be hydrophilic that favors the contact between aqueous hydrogen peroxide oxidant and catalytically active sites for the promotion of catalytic performance in reactive extractive desulfurization (REDS) processes of fuel oils. This study demonstrates Type III PILs' potential as catalysts for sustainable chemical processes, offering insights into versatile PILs applications in diverse fields.

Background: Updated epidemiological data of neuroendocrine tumors are currently lacking. Thus, we performed epidemiological and survival analyses on a large cohort of patients with neuroendocrine tumors and developed a new nomogram to predict survival. Methods: This population-based study examined 112,256 patients with neuroendocrine tumors between 2000 and 2018 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Results: The age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 persons of neuroendocrine tumors increased from 4.90 in 2000 to 8.19 in 2018 (annual percentage change, 3.40; 95% confidence interval, 3.13–3.67), with the most significant increases in grade 1, localized stage, and appendix neuroendocrine tumors. The age-adjusted mortality rate increased 3.1-fold from 2000 to 2018 (annual percentage change, 4.14; 95% confidence interval, 3.14–5.15). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year relative survival rates for all neuroendocrine tumors were 80.5%, 68.4%, and 63.5%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that male sex; older age; Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native populations; earlier year of diagnosis; lung neuroendocrine tumors; higher grades; and later stage were associated with a worse prognosis and that disease stage and grade were the most important risk factors for prognosis. Furthermore, we established a nomogram to predict the 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates, and its discrimination ability was better than that of the TNM classification. Conclusions: The incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate of neuroendocrine tumors continued to increase over the last two decades. Additionally, the nomogram could accurately quantify the risk of death in patients with neuroendocrine tumors and had good clinical practicability.

At present, sulfur dioxide (SO2) treatment is the most widely used storage and fresh-keeping method of grape fruits, which has many advantages such as good bacteriostatic effect, convenient use and low cost. However, excessive SO2 in the environment will lead to serious damage to grape fruits, especially the phenomenon of fruit shattering and bleaching, resulting in greater losses. In view of the problem of grape berry abscission caused by excessive SO2 in the environment, this paper reviewes the relevant research progress at home and abroad, and discussed the mechanism of grape berry abscission from five aspects: Affecting stomata opening, damaging tissue structure, changing cell wall degrading enzyme activity, affecting hormone content and reactive oxygen species level. Finally, the research and application prospects of SO2 in grape fruit preservation are prospected in order to provide a theoretical basis for the accurate application of SO2 in grape preservation and the realization of loss reduction and efficiency improvement.

Background/Aims Despite the availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Korea, need remains for pangenotypic regimens that can be used in the presence of hepatic impairment, comorbidities, or prior treatment failure. We investigated the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir–velpatasvir and sofosbuvir–velpatasvir–voxilaprevir for 12 weeks in HCV-infected Korean adults. Methods This Phase 3b, multicenter, open-label study included 2 cohorts. In Cohort 1, participants with HCV genotype 1 or 2 and who were treatment-naive or treatment-experienced with interferon-based treatments, received sofosbuvir–velpatasvir 400/100 mg/day. In Cohort 2, HCV genotype 1 infected individuals who previously received an NS5A inhibitor-containing regimen ≥ 4 weeks received sofosbuvir–velpatasvir–voxilaprevir 400/100/100 mg/day. Decompensated cirrhosis was an exclusion criterion. The primary endpoint was SVR12, defined as HCV RNA < 15 IU/mL 12 weeks following treatment. Results Of 53 participants receiving sofosbuvir–velpatasvir, 52 (98.1%) achieved SVR12. The single participant who did not achieve SVR12 experienced an asymptomatic Grade 3 ASL/ALT elevation on day 15 and discontinued treatment. The event resolved without intervention. All 33 participants (100%) treated with sofosbuvir–velpatasvir–voxilaprevir achieved SVR 12. Overall, sofosbuvir–velpatasvir and sofosbuvir–velpatasvir–voxilaprevir were safe and well tolerated. Three participants (5.6%) in Cohort 1 and 1 participant (3.0%) in Cohort 2 had serious adverse events, but none were considered treatment-related. No deaths or grade 4 laboratory abnormalities were reported. Conclusions Treatment with sofosbuvir–velpatasvir or sofosbuvir–velpatasvir–voxilaprevir was safe and resulted in high SVR12 rates in Korean HCV patients.

The construction of rapid prototyping for structured ceramics has a promoting effect on potential applications. In this work, engineering slurry with different formulations were used to develop aqueous colloidal ceramic slurry for direct ink writing (DIW). Optimized slurry of Formulation 5 possessed good printing effect for DIW with stable mechanical properties. Related characteristics, including shrinkage, compressive strength, rheological behavior, and chemical property, were also examined. DIW ceramics prepared from optimized slurry can be preliminarily applied to adsorption of Rhodamine B and chlortetracycline, and possessed the advantages of easy separation and operation compared with powder adsorbents. This work provides a strategy for the design of 3D-printed kaolin ceramic slurry, and also extends to potential application in adsorption.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the role of postoperative radiation therapy in a large population-based cohort of patients with stage I–III male breast cancer (MaBC). Methods: Patients with stage I–III breast cancer treated with surgery were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer database from 2010 to 2015. Multivariate logistic regression identified the predictors of radiation therapy administration. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to evaluate the predictors of survival. Results: We identified 1321 patients. Age, stage, positive regional nodes, surgical procedure, and HER2 status were strong predictors of radiation therapy administration. There was no difference between patients who received radiation therapy and those who did not (P = 0.46); however, after propensity score matching, it was associated with improved OS (P = 0.04). In the multivariate analysis of the unmatched cohort, the factors associated with better OS were administration of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In the subset analysis of the unmatched cohort, postoperative radiation therapy was associated with improved OS in men undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS), with four or more node-positive or larger primary tumours (T3/T4). Furthermore, we found no benefit of radiation therapy, regardless of the type of axillary surgery in mastectomy (MS). In older MaBC patients with T1-2N1 who underwent MS, radiation therapy showed no significant effects, regardless of chemotherapy. Conclusion: Postoperative radiation therapy could improve the survival of MaBC patients undergoing BCS, with four or more node-positive or larger primary tumours. Moreover, it should be carefully considered in patients undergoing MS and older T1-2N1 patients.

BackgroundDistal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the most common chronic complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DSPN may lead to more serious complications, such as diabetic foot ulcer, amputation, and reduced life expectancy. Observational studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with the development of DSPN in T2DM. However, interventional studies have found that low-dose vitamin D supplementation does not significantly improve neuropathy in DSPN. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injection of high-dose vitamin D (HDVD) in T2DM with DSPN combined with vitamin D insufficiency.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial in four large hospitals. All eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either the vitamin D2 supplement or placebo control group and injected intramuscularly monthly for 3 months. Additionally, anthropometric measurements and clinical data will be collected at baseline and 3 months. Adverse events will be collected at 1, 2, and 3 months. The primary outcome measure is the change in the mean Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) score at baseline and 3 months post-intervention. We will use the gold-standard liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to distinguish between 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 levels. The MNSN score before the intervention will be used as a covariate to compare the changes between both groups before and after the intervention, and the analysis of covariance will be used to analyze the change in the MNSI score after HDVD supplementation.DiscussionGlycemic control alone does not prevent the progression of DSPN in T2DM. Some studies have suggested that vitamin D may improve DSPN; however, the exact dose, method, and duration of vitamin D supplementation are unknown. Additionally, neuropathy repair requires HDVD supplementation to sustain adequate vitamin D levels. This once-a-month intramuscular method avoids daily medication; therefore, compliance is high. This study will be the first randomized controlled trial in China to analyze the efficacy and safety of HDVD supplementation for patients with T2DM and DSPN and will provide new ideas for pharmacological research and clinical treatment of diabetic neuropathy.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2200062266.

Abstract Aims/Introduction To assess the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus onset age and vascular complications in China. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 3,568 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a propensity score‐matched (PSM) cohort analysis was carried out in two different age of onset groups (age 40 and 60 years). These groups were then subdivided into two groups, early‐onset diabetes (EOD40 and EOD60; the onset age before 40 and 60 years, respectively) and late‐onset diabetes (LOD40 and LOD60: the onset age after 40 and 60 years, respectively). Macrovascular and microvascular complications were analyzed before and after PSM. Results Patients categorized in both the early‐onset disease (EOD) groups had a higher risk of developing macro‐ and microvascular complications before PSM. After PSM, no differences existed between the EOD and late‐onset disease groups in the risk of macrovascular complications. Compared with the late‐onset disease group, the odds ratio of having a microvascular complication of diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the 40‐year‐old EOD group increased to 2.906, 1.967 and 1.672 (P

BackgroundThere is limited research on the incidence of secondary lung cancer (SLC) after radiotherapy (RT) for oral cavity cancer (OCC). Therefore, we investigated the association between RT for OCC and the risk of SLC and the overall survival of these patients.MethodsPatients diagnosed with OCC between 1975 and 2015 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The cumulative incidence of SLC, relative risk (RR) of RT vs. no RT (NRT), standardized incidence ratios (SIR), and survival outcomes were assessed.ResultsA total of 10,936 patients with OCC were included. Of these, 429 (3.92%) patients developed SLC, where 136 (5.02%) received RT and 293 (3.56%) did not. The cumulative incidence of SLC during follow-up was 6.89% and 4.84% in the RT and NRT patients, respectively. RT was associated with a higher risk of SLC. In the subset analysis, the results showed that a higher risk of developing SLC among patients with index OCC in most subgroups. Dynamic RR and SIR revealed a decreased risk of SLC with increasing latency time. No difference was observed in the 10-year survival rates for patients with SLC who received RT or not or compared with primary lung cancer.ConclusionRT was associated with a higher risk of SLC, and patients diagnosed with OCC could be followed for 5–10 years after diagnosis.

Crop classification of large-scale agricultural land is crucial for crop monitoring and yield estimation. Hyperspectral image classification has proven to be an effective method for this task. Most current popular hyperspectral image classification methods are based on image classification, specifically on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). In contrast, this paper focuses on methods based on semantic segmentation and proposes a new transformer-based approach called HyperSFormer for crop hyperspectral image classification. The key enhancement of the proposed method is the replacement of the encoder in SegFormer with an improved Swin Transformer while keeping the SegFormer decoder. The entire model adopts a simple and uniform transformer architecture. Additionally, the paper introduces the hyper patch embedding (HPE) module to extract spectral and local spatial information from the hyperspectral images, which enhances the effectiveness of the features used as input for the model. To ensure detailed model processing and achieve end-to-end hyperspectral image classification, the transpose padding upsample (TPU) module is proposed for the model’s output. In order to address the problem of insufficient and imbalanced samples in hyperspectral image classification, the paper designs an adaptive min log sampling (AMLS) strategy and a loss function that incorporates dice loss and focal loss to assist model training. Experimental results using three public hyperspectral image datasets demonstrate the strong performance of HyperSFormer, particularly in the presence of imbalanced sample data, complex negative samples, and mixed sample classes. HyperSFormer outperforms state-of-the-art methods, including fast patch-free global learning (FPGA), a spectral–spatial-dependent global learning framework (SSDGL), and SegFormer, by at least 2.7% in the mean intersection over union (mIoU). It also improves the overall accuracy and average accuracy values by at least 0.9% and 0.3%, respectively, and the kappa coefficient by at least 0.011. Furthermore, ablation experiments were conducted to determine the optimal hyperparameter and loss function settings for the proposed method, validating the rationality of these settings and the fusion loss function.

Functional gene transcription mainly occurs in the nucleus and has a significant role in plant physiology. The isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell type (INTACT) technique provides an efficient and stable nucleus purification method to investigate the dynamic changes of nuclear gene transcriptional expression. However, the application of traditional INTACT in plants is still limited to seedlings or root cells because of severe chloroplast pollution. In this study, we proposed a newly designed and simplified INTACT based on mas-enhanced GFP (eGFP)-SlWIP2 (gwINTACT) for nuclear purification in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, flowers, and fruits for the first time. The yield of the nucleus purified using gwINTACT from transgenic tomato leaves was doubled compared with using a traditional INTACT procedure, accompanied by more than 95% removal of chloroplasts. Relative gene expression of ethylene-related genes with ethylene treatment was reevaluated in gwINTACT leaves to reveal more different results from the traditional gene expression assay based on total RNA. Therefore, establishing the gwINTACT system in this study facilitates the precise deciphering of the transcriptional status in various tomato tissues, which lays the foundation for the further experimental study of nucleus-related molecular regulation on fruit ripening, such as ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq.

Strong metal–support interactions (SMSI) are effective in tuning the structures and catalytic performances of catalysts but limited by the poor exposure of active sites. Here, the authors develop a strategy to engineer SMSI via a reverse route, which is in favor of metal site exposure while embracing the SMSI.

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has been proved to be an efficient strategy for the production of clean fuel oil. Numerous metal-based materials have been employed as excellent ODS catalysts, but being hindered by their high-cost and potential secondary pollution. In this work, we employed graphene analogous hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a metal-free catalyst for ODS with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. The h-BN catalyst was characterized and proved to be a few-layered structure with relatively high specific surface areas. The h-BN catalyst showed a 99.4% of sulfur removal in fuel oil under the optimized reaction conditions. Besides, the h-BN can be recycled for 8 times without significant decrease in the catalytic performance. Detailed mechanism analysis found that it is the boron radicals in h-BN activated H2O2 to generate ·OH species, which can readily oxidize sulfides to corresponding sulfones for separation. This work would provide another choice in choosing metal-free catalysts for ODS.

The shock initiation randomness problem of energetic materials (SIREM) is an important problem in the research field of energetic material safety. With the purposes of solving SIREM on a macroscopic scale and obtaining the statistics, such as the initiation probabilities of energetic materials and the statistical characteristics of the detonation pressure, this paper considers the effect of the randomness of the parameters of the Lee–Tarver equation of reaction rate and the JWL equation of state of energetic materials and the randomness of load intensity parameters—such as fragment shock velocity—on the randomness of the shock initiations of energetic materials. It then decomposes SIREM into an initiation probability problem (IP) and a detonation pressure randomness problem (DPR). Further, with the Back Propagation Neural Networks optimized by the Genetic Algorithm (GABPNN) as the surrogate models of the numerical models of two-phase reactive flow, this paper proposes the approach of solving IP and DPR in turn, adopting Monte Carlo Simulations, which use the calculations of GABPNNs as repeated sampling tests (GABP-MCSs). Finally, by taking the shock initiation randomness problem of Composition B as an applied example, this paper adopts GABP-MCS under the randomness conditions that the means of fragment shock velocities are 1050 m/s and 1000 m/s and that the coefficients of variation (CVs) of BRVs are 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 in order to obtain the initiation probabilities of Composition B and the statistical characteristics, such as the means and CVs of the detonation pressure. It further observes the variation tendencies that these statistics show under various randomness conditions, so as to prove the effectiveness of GABP-MCS in solving SIREM. Therefore, this paper investigates SIREM on a macroscopic scale and proposes a universal technique for solving SIREM by GABP-MCS, in the hope of shedding some light on the SIREM study.

Objective To identify independent risk factors for diabetic neuropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 376 patients with T2DM at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China between January 2013 and October 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors for progression of DN in patients with T2DM. Effect sizes were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The prevalence of DN in patients with T2DM was 43.1%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that retinopathy (OR: 2.755, 95% CI: 1.599–4.746); diabetic nephropathy (OR: 2.196, 95% CI: 1.279–3.772); longer duration of T2DM (OR: 1.081, 95% CI: 1.045–1.120); use of insulin (OR: 1.091, 95% CI: 1.018–1.170); longer history of alcohol consumption (OR: 1.034, 95% CI: 1.010–1.059); and higher blood urea nitrogen (OR: 1.081, 95% CI: 1.009–1.159) were associated with increased risk of DN in patients with T2DM. Conclusions Retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, longer duration of T2DM, use of insulin, longer history of alcohol consumption, and higher blood urea nitrogen were independent risk factors for DN. These findings should be verified in large-scale prospective studies.

Abstract Some interpretations of R D ∗ $$ {R}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$ anomaly in B meson decay using leptoquark (LQ) models can also generate top quark decays through Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC). In this work we focus on two LQs, i.e. scalar S 1 and vector U 1 which are both singlet under the SU(2) L gauge group in the Standard Model (SM). We investigate their implications on the 3-body top FCNC decays t → cℓ i ℓ j at tree level and the 2-body t → cV at one-loop level, with ℓ being the SM leptons and V = γ, Z, g being the SM gauge bosons. We utilize the 2σ parameter fitting ranges of the LQ models and find that Br(t → cℓ i ℓ j ) at tree level can reach O $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (10−6) and Br(t → cV) at one-loop level can reach O $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (10−10). Some quick collider search prospects are also analyzed.

Abstract Owing to the increasingly serious environmental issues caused by the sulfur burnt in fuel, desulfurization has become an important topic. In this work, an amphiphilic oxygen-defective tungsten oxide was synthesized by a colloidal chemistry method. The amphiphilic property and oxygen defects were well characterized, and the structure of the oxygen-defective tungsten oxide catalyst was investigated. In addition, the catalyst was employed in oxidative desulfurization system of fuel, and deep desulfurization was achieved. It was found that the very high oxidative desulfurization performance of oxygen-defective tungsten oxide catalyst resulted from both the amphiphilic property and oxygen defects. This work can provide a strategy for preparation of highly active metal oxide catalysts with oxygen defects in oxidative desulfurization reaction of fuel.

Abstract Inspired by the peak structure observed by recent DAMPE experiment in $$e^+e^-$$ e+e- cosmic-ray spectrum, we consider a scalar dark matter (DM) model with gauged $$U(1)_{L_e-L_\mu }$$ U(1)Le-Lμ symmetry, which is the most economical anomaly-free theory to potentially explain the peak by DM annihilation in nearby subhalo. We utilize the process $$\chi \chi \rightarrow Z^\prime Z^\prime \rightarrow l \bar{l} l^\prime \bar{l}^\prime $$ χχ→Z′Z′→ll¯l′l¯′ , where $$\chi $$ χ , $$Z^\prime $$ Z′ , $$l^{(\prime )}$$ l(′) denote the scalar DM, the new gauge boson and $$l^{(\prime )} =e, \mu $$ l(′)=e,μ , respectively, to generate the $$e^+e^-$$ e+e- spectrum. By fitting the predicted spectrum to the experimental data, we obtain the favored DM mass range $$m_\chi \simeq 3060^{+80}_{-100} \, \mathrm{GeV}$$ mχ≃3060-100+80GeV and $$\Delta m \equiv m_\chi - m_{Z^\prime } \lesssim 14 \, \mathrm{GeV}$$ Δm≡mχ-mZ′≲14GeV at $$68\%$$ 68% Confidence Level (C.L.). Furthermore, we determine the parameter space of the model which can explain the peak and meanwhile satisfy the constraints from DM relic abundance, DM direct detection and the collider bounds. We conclude that the model we consider can account for the peak, although there exists a tension with the constraints from the LEP-II bound on $$m_{Z^\prime }$$ mZ′ arising from the cross section measurement of $$e^+e^- \rightarrow Z^{\prime *} \rightarrow e^+ e^-$$ e+e-→Z′∗→e+e- .

Tuning electronic properties of metallic catalysts is a useful way to improve their activity, however control over metal-support interactions is still challenging. Here the authors report a vacancy-induced interfacial electronic effect for Pt assembled on vacancy-abundanth-BN nanosheets leading to superior CO oxidation catalysis.