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Redox-active quinone and nonquinone moieties represent the electron exchange capacity (EEC) of natural organic matter (NOM), playing an important role in the electron transfer link of microbes and transformation of contaminants/metal minerals. However, the corresponding transformation of quinone/phenol and their respective influence on the EECs during reduction and reoxidation remain poorly characterized. Besides, it is still controversial whether nonquinones donate or accept electrons. Herein, we demonstrated that reoxidation of NOM after reduction can form new phenolic/quinone moieties, thus increasing the EEC. The assessment for the EEC, including the electron-donating capacity (EDC) and electron-accepting capacity (EAC), of nonquinones reflects the contribution of sulfur-containing moieties with considerable EDCs and EACs. In contrast, nitrogen-containing moieties donate negligible electrons even at

The northwest area of Shandong Province is rich in geothermal resources. As renewable energy and clean energy with heat energy and water resources as a whole, more and more attention has been paid to it, and it is widely used in heating, breeding, bathing and other industries, good economic and social benefits have been achieved. In the process of long-term development and utilization of geothermal resources and deep groundwater, as both groundwater and geothermal resources belong to groundwater resources, they are utilized by underground pumping and extraction and overlap each other in vertical distribution, experts and scholars have been discussing whether there is a hydraulic connection between geothermal resources and deep groundwater and whether the exploitation of geothermal resources will affect the exploitation of deep groundwater. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the stratigraphic structure, hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics, groundwater regime and water temperature in the northwest of Shandong, it is concluded that the geothermal water in the sandstone reservoir in the northwest of Shandong has a weak hydraulic connection with the deep groundwater, it provides a reference for the protection of deep groundwater resources.

The development of aeroengines toward a lighter and compact structure has put forward a stringent requirement on the lubrication systems, especially on the bearing chambers which contain complex air–oil two-phase fluids. Understanding the flow characteristics is of considerable significance to ensure the cooling and lubrication effect and to improve the working reliability of the aeroengine. Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) was used to analyze the spectral characteristics of the pressure signals in the bearing chamber, in order to establish the correlation between the energy indicator k and the flow regime. The influences of the operating conditions and lubricant physical properties on the flow regime were discussed. The findings indicate that this approach can distinguish two typical flow regimes in the bearing chamber. With the increase of oil inflow and the decrease of draft speed, the flow regime changes from homogeneous flow to stratified flow, and k shifts from high-frequency band to low-frequency band. At the same lubricant mass inflow, k shifts from low-frequency band to high-frequency band with the increase of lubricant density, and the oil film on the wall becomes thinner. As the viscosity increases, the flow resistance grows and more oil accumulates on the wall. The flow regime converts from homogeneous flow to stratified flow, with k shifting from high-frequency band to low-frequency band. In addition, higher surface tension will cause more oil agglomeration, which results in less stable two-phase flow with irregular and uneven distribution of the oil on the wall.

Aiming at the problems of lack of stability, poor adaptability, and weak load capacity of existing robots in complex environments. The corresponding adaptation methods are proposed through the analysis of various harsh environments in nature, and statistics are made. On this basis, a new type of metamorphic structure based on metamorphic theory and bionics principle is proposed, and the relevant mechanical structure of the chassis of the metamorphic robot is designed; The mechanical system and motion are designed, optimized, and analyzed by using Solidworks and MATLAB joint simulation platform; The motion planning and kinematics simulation of the bionic metamorphic robot chassis are carried out through ADAMS software; Stress simulation of loaded parts is carried out based on ANSYS. The results show that the design size and motion planning are reasonable and meet the bionic metamorphic robot chassis requirements for working environment and grasping operation.

In view of the fact that the existing special manipulator is difficult to meet the requirements, and the universal full-drive multi-finger dexterous manipulator has the shortcomings of complex control and relatively poor reliability, this paper designs a manipulator with simple structure, few driving components, strong adaptive ability, and flexible, stable and fast grasp of objects of different complex shapes. The adaptive manipulator underdrive finger adopts a bionic design, which is composed of a rotary wrist joint, condylar MP joint, intermediate PIP joint, and terminal DIP joint, mixed transmission with gear and tendon rope, with the interaction ability of outer rigidity and inner flexibility, which can realize adaptive envelope grasping and pinching.

In this study, the impact of biochar on the degradation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) during the aerobic composting of sewage sludge was investigated. Three treatments were conducted with different percentages of biochar in the compost, including 5 %, 10 %, and 20 %. The treatment with 10 % of biochar showed the longest thermophilic phase compared to that of 5 % and 20 % of biochar, which greatly promoted the decomposition of organic matter. In addition, the degradation rate of the hard-to-degrade chlorinated-OPEs was significantly increased by 10 % biochar, reaching to 57.2 %. Correspondingly, approximately 43.6 % of the total concentration of OPEs (Σ

Freely dissolved concentration is an important parameter for evaluating the bioavailability of compounds. Negligible-depletion solid-phase microextraction (nd-SPME) has been widely used for the determination of freely dissolved compounds but suffered from long equilibrium time. Multifunctional mesoporous composite microspheres have large specific surface area and therefore extraction equilibrium could be reached in a short time. In this study, a novel method was developed for quick determination of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human serum using core-shell polyacrylate-ferriferous oxide magnetic microspheres (Fe3O4@PA). Mass transfer of PAHs from sample solution to Fe3O4@PA was greatly increased owing to unique properties including large surface area (58.5 m2 g-1), high pore volume (0.10 cm3 g-1) and thin coating layer (50 nm). Freely dissolved PAHs can be selectively extracted because of the mesoporous structure of PA coating layer with uniform pore size of 7.08 nm. However, bound forms of PAHs would not be able to access into pore channels due to size exclusion. In comparison with long equilibration time (139 h) by nd-SPME, equilibrium can be reached within 29 min (t90%) using Fe3O4@PA as novel sorbents. The sorption coefficients (log KBSA) of PAHs to bull serum albumin (BSA) ranged from 3.36 to 4.87, which are consistent with the values measured by nd-SPME (log KBSA = 3.64-5.12). Finally, the freely dissolved PAHs (Cfree) measured by the proposed method (0.69-1.92 μg L-1) have a good agreement with that by nd-SPME (0.56-2.11 μg L-1), indicating that it is feasible for rapid determination of free forms of compounds in real samples by Fe3O4@PA.

With the continuous and substantial increase in the demand for wind power generation in China, the development of wind power generation units tends to be large-scale, intelligent and efficient. Besides, the working environment of spindle bearings is relatively bad and the failure rate is relatively high. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct state monitoring and fault diagnosis for wind power generation units. This paper first introduces the bearing system of wind turbine, then expounds the common faults of wind turbine spindle bearing, and carries out relevant research. According to the fault types, this paper investigates and combs the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis methods of spindle bearing. Finally, the author proposing a new condition monitoring method, which solves the vacancy of condition monitoring method based on strain.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in many products and materials. Because of the potential biologic toxicity on human beings, OPEs are regarded as a class of emerging pollutants. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) have significant effects on the bioavailability and toxicity of the pollutants in the environment. Negligible-depletion solid-phase microextraction (nd-SPME) is an efficient way for measuring the freely dissolved pollutants but suffers from long equilibrium time. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials with unique properties such as high pore volume, regular porosity, and tunable pore size, being widely used for the extraction of various organic compounds. Here we developed a novel method for quick determination the sorption coefficients of OPEs to DOM in aquatic phase using Fe 3 O 4 @MIL-100 (Fe) core-shell magnetic microspheres. The mesoporous structures of the as-synthesized microspheres hindered the extraction of OPEs which associated with humic acid due to the volume exclusion effect. However, the freely dissolved OPEs can access into the mesoporous and then were extracted by MIL-100 (Fe). Due to the small pore size (4.81 nm), large surface area (141 m 2 g −1 ), high pore volume (0.17 g 3 g −1 ), and ultra-thin MOFs layers, Fe 3 O 4 @MIL-100 (Fe) core-shell magnetic microspheres have large contact area for the analytes in aqueous phase and therefore the diffusion distance was largely shortened. Besides, the microspheres can be collected conveniently after the extraction process by applying a magnetic field. Compared to the nd-SPME method with 35 h equilibration time ( t 90% ), the proposed method for these studied OPEs only need 24 min to achieve equilibration. The sorption coefficients (log K DOC ) of the OPEs to humic acid were ranged from 3.84–5.28, which were highly consistent with the results by using polyacrylate-coated fiber and polydimethylsiloxane-coated fiber with nd-SPME.

In this paper, a convenient method was developed for preparing polymeric ionic liquid based fiber coating onto a fused silica fiber by using covalent bonding for headspace solid-phase microextraction of five organophosphorus esters from real water samples. 1-vinyl-3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium chloride was anchored on the silica layer by covalent bonding and then the polymeric ionic liquid layer was formed via free radical copolymerization with vinyl-substituted imidazolium in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The limits of detection ranged from 0.68 to 100 ng L−1. The intra- and inter-day precisions, evaluated by relative standard deviation, were in the range of 4–8% and 1–10%, respectively. The recoveries of spiked real water samples were in the range of 73–110% and 77–118%, respectively, at two different concentration levels.

Pressurized pneumatic conveying plays an important role in large-scale coal gasification systems. Some of the underlying mechanisms affecting the conveying characteristics remain open issues. Phase diagrams can provide key information regarding flow characteristics by revealing the relationship between pressure drop and superficial gas velocity, which can be utilized for flow pattern identification, stability analysis, and system optimization, in an economic and feasible way. The present work experimentally investigated phase diagrams of pressurized pneumatic conveying on a pilot-scale setup, with three types of the most widely used pulverized coal in China selected as the conveyed materials. The effects of superficial gas velocity, solid-phase mass flow rate, pipeline layout, particle size, coal type, and moisture content were studied, respectively. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of pressurized pneumatic conveying with pulverized coal, and to a better g...

In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of five representative organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wine samples. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method resulted in good linearity ( R 2 > 0.9933) over the range of 0.1–100 μg L −1 , with limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) and quantification (LOQs, S/N = 10) in the ranges of 0.48–18.8 ng L −1 and 1.58–62.5 ng L −1 , respectively. Inter- and intra-assay precisions of RSD% ranged from 3.21% to 6.13% and from 1.69% to 7.63%, respectively. The spiked recoveries of target OPEs from white wine, red wine, and beer samples were in the ranges of 80–122%, 76–120%, and 76–110%, respectively, at two different concentration levels. The total concentrations of five OPEs found in white wine, red wine, and beer samples were in the ranges of 0.29–0.85 μg L −1 , 1.00–3.05 μg L −1 , and 0.86–1.47 μg L −1 , respectively.

In this work, a novel fiber coating was prepared by using a hybrid material of silica-based ionogels and ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifuluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C16MIM][NTf2]). Instead of chemical bonding to sol-gel matrix, high loadings of [C16MIM][NTf2] was confined into the network of silica-based ionogels and thus, the extraction efficiency was significantly improved. The prepared fiber was used for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from wine and juice samples prior to gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detection. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method results in good linearity (R 2 > 0.9991), with low method detection limits (MDLs, S/N = 3) and method quantification limits (MQLs, S/N = 10) in the range of 0.57–4.13 and 1.89–13.76 ng L−1, respectively. The precisions of the method were assessed with repeatability and reproducibility of RSD% ˂28 and ˂23%, respectively. The spiked recoveries of OPPs from wine and juice samples were in the range of 54 ± 5–118 ± 20 and 56 ± 14–109±12%, at two different concentration levels. The expanded uncertainties at 1 μg L−1 were below 20% for target OPPs in all selected samples.

Design of lubrication systems, particularly of bearing chambers, requires a sufficient understanding of the physical characteristics of the air–oil two phase flow. Due to a high shaft rotating speed of micro UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) engines, the heat production of bearings often results in a poor cooling effect on the bearings. In the present work, numerical simulation was conducted on the above topic for a certain type of UAV engine. Firstly, the heat production in the bearings was theoretically analysed, and a three dimensional structural model of the bearing chamber was built by Unigraphics (UG) software. Then on the FLUENT platform, some key physical fields, such as path lines, velocity and temperature distributions were presented and discussed, with the simulated results were verified by measured values under typical working conditions. Afterwards, the influences of some important operating conditions, including revolving speed, oil supply, and air inlet velocity were investigated. Finally, optimal values were suggested for each operating condition, taking into consideration the cooling effect, lubrication effect and engine efficiency.

Liquid Metal Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (LMMHD) power generation is a promising technology for waste heat recovery, solar thermal utilization, etc. In this system, a high-temperature liquid metal is mixed with a low-boiling point working fluid, which will evaporate and push the liquid metal to flow through the MHD generator channel. The characteristics of mixing and the vapor–liquid two phase flow will greatly affect the power generation efficiency and effectiveness. This paper firstly proposed a spherical mixer tank for the entire LMMHD system. Then CFD simulation was employed to investigate the above process, with liquid tin as the liquid metal and trifluorotrichloroethane (R113) as the low-boiling point working medium. The findings indicate that an appropriately higher inlet velocity of liquid tin can lead to both higher outlet velocity and larger volume fraction of liquid tin, which is beneficial to MHD power generation. Increasing the initial temperature of liquid tin or inlet velocity of R113 will, on the one hand, elevate the outlet velocity of liquid tin; on the other hand, it will reduce the outlet volume fraction of liquid tin, which was suggested be kept above 20% to avoid the undesirable annular flow. In addition, the inlet velocity of R113 should be kept above 0.05 m s−1; otherwise, liquid tin may flow downwards into its inlet pipeline and cause blockage. The present results will help guide the design, operation and optimization of the mixer, and improve the basic theory of multiphase flow in a LMMHD system.

Land application is suggested to be the most economical sludge disposal method but is also a potential source of bisphenol analogs (BPs) to the environment. In this study, BP concentrations in sewage sludge from Henan province ranged from 15.1 to 2237 ng g−1 dw. BPA was dominant with mean concentration of 140 ng g−1 dw, followed by BPS (mean 43.4 ng g−1 dw), BPF (mean 7.98 ng g−1 dw), BPAF (mean 1.04 ng g−1 dw), BPAP (mean 0.88 ng g−1 dw), BPB (mean 0.38 ng g−1 dw), and BPZ (mean 0.33 ng g−1 dw). Apart from BPB, no significant correlations were found between BPs and wastewater treatment plants characteristics, probably because adsorption does not play a major role in the removal of BPs. The estimated total emission flux of BPs from sludge-amended soils are approximately 62.7 kg year−1. BPA is the largest contributor with emission flux of 45.3 kg year−1. Hazard quotient values for BPs in sludge-amended soils are 3–6 orders of magnitude lower than 1 with total 17β-estradiol equivalents ranging from 0.33 to 26.8 pg g−1 E2EQ dw. Overall, although being partially replaced by other analogs, BPA is still widely used in Henan province.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are regarded as emerging pollutants. OPEs are prone to concentrate into residual activated sludge, which might cause secondary pollution if not suitably treated. Composting is an economical and effective approach to make sewage sludge stable and harmless. Therefore, it is essential to develop a novel method for analyzing OPEs in sewage sludge compost samples. However, in the composting process, large amounts of amendments are doped into the sludge to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio. Amendment has a strong capacity for adsorption and thus induces a decrease of extraction efficiency. This study developed a novel procedure for determining OPEs in compost samples. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used for extracting and concentrating the OPEs from sewage sludge compost samples, and then analyzed by UHPLC–MS/MS. Some parameters were optimized in this study, mainly including the extraction solvent type, extraction temperature, static extraction time, extraction cycles, and flush volume. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method showed good linearity between 0.50 and 100 μg kg−1 with regression coefficients in the range of 0.9984–0.9998. Detection limits were in the range of 0.02–3 μg kg−1 with standard deviations ranging from 2 to 6%. Acceptable recoveries between 56 and 119% for samples spiked at different concentration levels were achieved. In contrast, the recoveries merely ranged from 24 to 58% by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction.

This dataset provides detail information on the analytical methods of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in sludge samples, including the sample preparation, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC). The concentration of target OPE compounds in collected samples of four individual treatment was provided, including aerobic composting combined with pig manure (T1), aerobic composting without pig manure (T2), anaerobic digestion combined with pig manure (T3), and anaerobic digestion without pig manure (T4). To investigate the variation of bacterial community compositions, principal components analysis (PCA) was provided based on the high-throughput sequencing. These data would be useful for clarifying the removal of OPEs under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Besides, it also provides important information on the potential bacterial strains responsible for the biodegradation of OPEs in each treatment.

This paper investigates the sliding mode control problem for networked control systems, which are influenced by the non-ideal network environment, such as network-induced delays, packet dropouts and quantization errors. The states of the system are assumed to be unavailable, and an observer is designed to estimate the state of the system, based on which a sliding mode controller is given to guarantee the closed-loop system to be stable. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed control scheme ensures the reachability of the sliding surfaces in both the state estimate space and the estimation error space. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in many products and materials. Because of the potential biologic toxicity on human beings, OPEs are regarded as a class of emerging pollutants. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) have significant effects on the bioavailability and toxicity of the pollutants in the environment. Negligible-depletion solid-phase microextraction (nd-SPME) is an efficient way for measuring the freely dissolved pollutants but suffers from long equilibrium time. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials with unique properties such as high pore volume, regular porosity, and tunable pore size, being widely used for the extraction of various organic compounds. Here we developed a novel method for quick determination the sorption coefficients of OPEs to DOM in aquatic phase using Fe

1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is a solid-phase ionic organic material under ambient temperature, and is considered as a kind of “frozen” ionic liquid. Because of their solid-state and ultra-hydrophobicity, “frozen” ionic liquids are able to be confined in the pores of hollow fiber, based on which a simple method was developed for the hollow-fiber solid-phase microextraction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method results in good linearity (R2 > 0.9965) over the range of 0.5−50 μg L−1, with low limits of detection and quantification in the range of 0.33−0.38 and 1.00−1.25 μg L−1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions evaluated by relative standard deviation were 3−6 and 1−6%, respectively. The spiked recoveries of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its main metabolites from real water samples were in the ranges of 64−113 and 79−112%, respectively, at two different concentration levels. The results suggest that “frozen” ionic liquids are promising to be used as a class of novel sorbents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Background Epidemiologic studies on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited in China. Methods Using a multistage cluster sampling design, a total of 10,276 community residents (6096 urban, 4180 rural) aged 65 years or older were evaluated and diagnosed with normal cognition, MCI, or dementia. MCI was further categorized by imaging into MCI caused by prodromal Alzheimer's disease (MCI-A), MCI resulting from cerebrovascular disease (MCI-CVD), MCI with vascular risk factors (MCI-VRF), and MCI caused by other diseases (MCI-O). Results The prevalences of overall MCI, MCI-A, MCI-CVD, MCI-VRF, and MCI-O were 20.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.0–21.6%), 6.1% (95% CI = 5.7–6.6%), 3.8% (95% CI = 3.4–4.2%), 4.9% (95% CI = 4.5–5.4%), and 5.9% (95% CI = 5.5–6.4%) respectively. The rural population had a higher prevalence of overall MCI (23.4% vs 16.8%, P Conclusions The prevalence of MCI in elderly Chinese is higher in rural than in urban areas. Vascular-related MCI (MCI-CVD and MCI-VRF) was most common.

The Chinese population has been aging rapidly and the country's economy has experienced exponential growth during the past three decades. The goal of this study was to estimate the changes in the prevalence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) among elderly Chinese individuals and to analyze differences between urban and rural areas.For the years 2008 to 2009, we performed a population-based cross-sectional survey with a multistage cluster sampling design. Residents aged 65 years and older were drawn from 30 urban (n = 6096) and 45 rural (n = 4180) communities across China. Participants were assessed with a series of clinical examinations and neuropsychological measures. Dementia, AD, and VaD were diagnosed according to established criteria via standard diagnostic procedures.The prevalence of dementia, AD, and VaD among individuals aged 65 years and older were 5.14% (95% CI, 4.71-5.57), 3.21% (95% CI, 2.87-3.55), and 1.50% (95% CI, 1.26-1.74), respectively. The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in rural areas than in urban ones (6.05% vs. 4.40%, P.001). The same regional difference was also seen for AD (4.25% vs. 2.44%, P.001) but not for VaD (1.28% vs. 1.61%, P = .166). The difference in AD was not evident when the sample was stratified by educational level. Moreover, the risk factors for AD and VaD differed for urban and rural populations.A notably higher prevalence of dementia and AD was found in rural areas than in urban ones, and education might be an important reason for the urban-rural differences.

Organophosphate esters (OPs), widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are regarded as a class of emerging pollutants. The effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants is generally considered to be the main contributor of OP pollution to the surface water. In this study, anoxic–oxic (AO) and University of Capetown (UCT) processes were selected to investigate the removal efficiency of OPs. The results indicated that the UCT process showed better removal efficiency than that of the AO process. For the chlorinated OPs, approximately 12.3% of tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate and 11.8% of tri(chloropropyl)phosphate can be removed in the UCT process, which was 12% and 7.8% higher than that of the AO process. In contrast, non-chlorinated OPs, including tris(2-butoxyethyal)phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tributyl phosphate, were able to be removed in both processes, with the removal rate of 85.1%, 74.9%, and 29.1% in the AO process, and 88.4%, 63.6%, and 25.2% in the UCT process. Furthermore, linear correlation between the removal rate and logKow of OPs (r2 = 0.539) was observed in the AO process, indicating that OPs with high Kow value (e.g. tri(dichloropropyl)phosphate and triphenyl phosphate) are prone to be removed by adsorption on the residual activated sludge.

A new photoelectrochemical chiral sensor was developed in this study, which was achieved through the combination of Langmuir–Blodgett and self-assembly techniques to cast a monolayer of chiral metal complex Λ-[Os(phen) 3 ] 2+ onto a single layer TiO 2 film on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. When being applied for photoelectrochemical sensing of binaphthol isomers, the as-prepared hybrid film exhibited a much higher chiral selectivity than the ITO/clay/Λ-[Os(phen) 3 ] 2+ film reported earlier. The experimental detection limit is about 20 μM. The great enhancement is because TiO 2 provides a better charge separation, which facilitates the electron transfer reaction of those excited Os(II) * . For small peptide derivatives of 5-fluorouracil, the ITO/TiO 2 /Λ-[Os(phen) 3 ] 2+ film yielded a chiral selectivity of 1.5.

We performed the photodeposition of Ag clusters onto a TiO 2 nanosheet hybridized with an amphiphlic Ru(II) complex (denoted by TiO 2 –Ru/Ag). Firstly a floating monolayer of [Ru(phen) 2 (dC18bpy)](ClO 4 ) 2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dC18bpy = 4,4 ′ -dioctadecyl-2,2 ′ -bipyridyl) was formed on an aqueous dispersion of exfoliated layered titanate, (TBAOH) x Ti 2− x /4 □ x /4 O 4 · H 2 O ( x ∼0.7;□, vacancy; TBAOH = tetrabutylammonium hydroxide) (denoted as TiO 2 nanosheet). The monolayer acted as the organic part for the hybridization of TiO 2 particles in an aqueous phase. A hybrid film of TiO 2 nanosheet and an amphiphilic metal complex (denoted by TiO 2 –Ru) was transferred onto an indium tin oxide substrate by the vertical dipping method. Thereafter the electrode was immersed in 1.0 M AgNO 3 for 10 min and rinsed with water. The electrode was irradiated for 30 min by a Xe-lamp (150 W). Atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectra and cyclic voltammometry showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with a radius of 20–150 nm. The photocurrent response was measured in the potential range of 0.2–1.2 V (vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl(sat)) under the illumination of light (>350 nm). The current increased 1.7 times when the layer number of hybrid films increased from one to two. It should be emphasized that such an increase of photocurrent with a layer number was not observed in the absence of Ag particles.

An ITO electrode modified with a hybrid film of chiral metal complex (Λ-[Os(phen)3]2+) and a clay (montmorillonite) has been prepared for the purpose of chiral sensing. As a first step, a floating monolayer of amphiphilic Os(II) complex, [Os(phen)2(dC18bpy)](ClO4)2 (phen=1,10-phenanthroline, dC18bpy=4,4′-dioctadecyl-2,2′-bipyridyl), was formed on an aqueous dispersion of sodium montmorillonite. The monolayer acted as an organic part for the hybridization of clay particles in an aqueous phase. The hybrid film of clay and amphiphilic metal complex was transferred onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate by the vertical dipping method. The next step was to immerse the electrode in chloroform, during which the amphiphilic Os(II) complex was removed from the clay surface. Thereafter the electrode was immersed in an aqueous solution of 0.5 mM Λ-[Os(phen)3](ClO4)2 and rinsed with water. Cyclic voltammetric measurements were performed at each step of the above procedures. When the observed curves were simulated on the basis of a double-layered modified electrode, the electron transfer rate constant (k1) for Λ-[Os(phen)3]2+/Λ-[Os(phen)3]3+ was determined to be 0.25 s−1. This OsII/OsIII redox couple was found to mediate the electrochemical oxidation of chiral 1,1′-2-binaphthol in a stereoselective way: i.e., the S-isomer was oxidized at a 1.4 times higher rate than the R-isomer.

A stereoselective solid surface has been created by the self-assembly of a chiral osmium complex, λ-[Os(phen)3](ClO4)2 (phen=1,10-phenanthroline), onto a single layered clay film deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode; the OsII–OsIII redox couple mediates the electrochemical oxidation of chiral 1,1′-2-binaphthol in a stereoselective way or the S-isomer is oxidized at 1.4 times higher rate than the R-isomer. Keywords: Chiral sensing, Modified electrode, Clay minerals

Summary: How to recognize fault effectively by using seismic data is an important step while structure interpretation. However, the seismic data are often influenced unavoidably by various kinds of factors in the course of data acquisition. Thus reduced the SNR of the seismic data and increased the difficulty of fault recognition. Orientation and edge preserving filter are all effective images enhance technology. Combining these two kinds of technologies, we develop the orientation steering fault preserving filtering fault enhancement technology. This technology can be used in the enhancement of seismic fault information and elimination of noise. So it is helpful for structure interpretation or fault picking automatically. So it has very important theory and application value.