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Peer grading is widely used in MOOCs and in standard university settings.The quality of grades obtained via peer grading is essential for the educational process. In this work, we study the factors that influence errors inpeer grading. We analyze 288 assignments with 25,633 submissions and 113,169 reviews conducted with CrowdGrader, a web based peer grading tool. First, we found that large grading errors are generally more closely correlated with hard-to-grade submission, rather than with imprecise students. Second, we detected a weak correlation between review accuracy and student proficiency, as measured by the quality of the student's own work. Third, we found little correlation between review accuracy and the time it took to perform the review, or how late in the review period the review was performed. Finally, we found a clear evidence of tit-for-tat behavior when students give feedback on the reviews they received. We conclude with remarks on how these data can lead to improvements in peer-grading tools.

Abstract Background There is little to no data evaluating long term usage of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) after a training intervention for medical students. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an intensive POCUS training program on medical student’s usage at 9-months post-program. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study of rising second year medical students who participated in a 2-week summer POCUS training program. Instruction consisted of 8 h of asynchronous online didactic material, 2–4 h of daily hands-on instructor-led and independent scanning, and instruction on how to teach POCUS. Students were assessed pre- and post-program, and again at 9 months post-program to evaluate POCUS usage. Results A total of 56 students participated in the program over 2 summers; 52 (92.9%) responded to the 9-month post-program survey. At 9 months, 49 (94.2%) of students taught POCUS after the program to peers or faculty. Students reported serving as a POCUS instructor in 283 subsequent teaching sessions accounting for 849 h of POCUS instruction time. Six (11.5%) students were involved in the creation of a POCUS interest group on their regional campus, 7 (13%) created a POCUS curriculum for their student interest group, and 4 (7.7%) created an opt-in co-curricular POCUS program for students at their regional campus. Three (5.8%) students did not serve as educators after the program and only one student reported not using POCUS again after the program. Conclusion After a 2-week intensive POCUS training program for medical students, the majority of students demonstrated continued involvement in POCUS learning and education at 9-month follow-up including serving as peer instructors and assisting with limitations in financial resources and trained faculty.

Neste trabalho nós apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa na qual nós investigamos a utilização de um método de ensino e aprendizagem conhecido como Peer Instruction (PI). O contexto da pesquisa é um curso de introdução à Física oferecido em uma escola de ensino profissionalizante de nível médio. O PI é um método no qual os estudantes são estimulados a explicar sua compreensão dos conteúdos aos seus colegas e podem ser confrontados com a compreensão de seus pares. Nossa questão de pesquisa era: as discussões entre estudantes aumentam o número de estudantes que escolhem a resposta certa e afetam o nível de confiança desses sujeitos em suas respostas? Os dados que obtivemos mostram um aumento bastante expressivo no número de respostas certas e um efeito muito significativo das discussões entre pares sobre a confiança dos estudantes em suas respostas.

Background: There is little to no data evaluating long term usage of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) after a training intervention for medical students. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an intensive POCUS training program on medical student's usage at 9-months post-program. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of rising second year medical students who participated in a 2-week summer POCUS training program. Instruction consisted of 8 h of asynchronous online didactic material, 2–4 h of daily hands-on instructor-led and independent scanning, and instruction on how to teach POCUS. Students were assessed pre- and post-program, and again at 9 months post-program to evaluate POCUS usage. Results: A total of 56 students participated in the program over 2 summers; 52 (92.9%) responded to the 9-month post-program survey. At 9 months, 49 (94.2%) of students taught POCUS after the program to peers or faculty. Students reported serving as a POCUS instructor in 283 subsequent teaching sessions accounting for 849 h of POCUS instruction time. Six (11.5%) students were involved in the creation of a POCUS interest group on their regional campus, 7 (13%) created a POCUS curriculum for their student interest group, and 4 (7.7%) created an opt-in co-curricular POCUS program for students at their regional campus. Three (5.8%) students did not serve as educators after the program and only one student reported not using POCUS again after the program. Conclusion: After a 2-week intensive POCUS training program for medical students, the majority of students demonstrated continued involvement in POCUS learning and education at 9-month follow-up including serving as peer instructors and assisting with limitations in financial resources and trained faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines peer instruction, an educational technique that enhances student-student interaction and student-teacher interaction, influencing students' performance on counterintuitive physics questions. The study employed a quantitative approach with 40 participants, 22.5% of whom were male and 77.5% were female. The counterintuitive dynamics test was used to measure students' counter intuitions in dynamics. The study results on counterintuitive questions showed no noticeable effect from peer instruction. Surprisingly, more students shifted from correct to incorrect responses after group discussions, leading to a decrease in the overall accuracy rate. Although peer instruction did not show a clear impact on counterintuitive physics questions, it is important for educators to recognize the complexity of peer instructions. Exploring different teaching methods that use peer interaction might help improve learning outcomes for counterintuitive physics questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the applicability and effectiveness of the peer instruction method on teaching the subject of acids and bases at the 12th-grade level. In addition, it aims to determine the effect of peer instruction on students' attitudes towards chemistry and in-class discussion, and to examine students' opinions regarding peer instruction post-implementation. The sample of the study consisted of 21 students studying in their 12th grade at a private high school. During the research process, the unit of acids and bases was covered by the researcher using the peer instruction method and the implementation was completed over a 5-week period. The study was designed as an action research, with both qualitative and quantitative data collected and examined. The study's quantitative data were collected through the Acids-Bases Concept Test (ABCT), Chemistry Attitude Scale (CAS), Argumentativeness Scale (AS), and concept questions, while the qualitative data were collected through the Method Opinion Scale (MOS), semistructured interview, and observation. The analysis of the data was carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that there was a notable increase in the academic achievement of the students after the implementation. Furthermore, the results obtained from ABCT and semi-structured interviews indicated that peer instruction improved the students' conceptual learning, and was also effective in eliminating their misconceptions. Although the pretest-posttest scores of the CAS and AS did not demonstrate a considerable statistical difference, the observation and semi-structured interview data highlighted that the students' attitudes towards chemistry and in-class discussion increased positively. At the end of the implementation, it was observed that the students' attitudes towards the peer instruction method were positive and that the students considered it to be very useful and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to explore how flipped classrooms utilizing peer instruction impact students' grasp of the periodic table of elements. In this quasi-experimental design, a total of 64 tenth-grade students participated. The study took place at a public high school situated in Bekasi, a city located in the central region of Indonesia. Experimental group students were instructed in flipped classrooms together with peer instruction (FCPI) and control group students were taught in flipped classrooms without peer instruction (FCX). For quantitative data analysis, t-tests and Cohen's d were computed. The findings indicated a significant mean disparity between the two groups of students concerning conceptual understanding after the instructions were given. Also, students in FCPI showed a higher increase in conceptual understanding than students in FCX with high effect sizes. It indicates that the integration of flipped classrooms with peer instruction proved more efficacious in enhancing students' conceptual understanding compared to FCX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literacy-targeted (LT) introductory economics course seeks to reduce the quantity of economic concepts under study and increase students' ability to apply those concepts to improve their own decisions and to make sense of economic news. The assessment strategy of the course must target students' ability to transfer their conceptual knowledge to new situations. Assessments can include authentic and ill-structured problems. Frequent formative assessment with feedback gives students sufficient practice to develop deep understanding. Social learning pedagogy makes possible many more practice opportunities with immediate feedback than are possible in instructor-centered pedagogy. Regular writing assignments further develop students' ability to apply economic concepts to real-world problems. Strategies from the writing across the curriculum (WAC) movement can limit the resulting increase in instructor workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muddiest point and peer instruction are evidence-based instructional practices that can be used to address student learning gaps. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of modality (face to face or online) on student perceptions of the effectiveness of combined muddiest point and peer instruction activities in community college anatomy and physiology courses. Data was collected through end of course surveys and included quantitative and qualitative results. While there was no significant difference in student perception of anxiety or contribution to learning among face-to-face and online students, anxiety levels were low and contribution to learning was high for both groups. Both groups generally provided positive qualitative responses, but online students were more likely to provide positive feedback on muddiest point and peer instruction activities than face-to-face students. Negative responses tended to focus on wanting to work alone and dissatisfaction with classmates' contributions. This study was supported as part of the Community College Anatomy and Physiology Education Research (CAPER) project (2111119). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adegbenro Omotuyi John Fakoya,1,* Mariana Ndrio,2,* Kevin J McCarthy1 1Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; 2University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Adegbenro Omotuyi John Fakoya, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O.Box 33932, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA, Tel +1 318-469-3664, Fax +1 318-675-5889, Email adegbenro.fakoya@lsuhs.eduAbstract: The call for educational reform by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching marked a pivotal juncture in the trajectory of medical education in the United States. The call underscored the imperative for educational restructuring to equip forthcoming physicians with the requisite skills to engage in lifelong learning. Among the several active teaching methods is the Peer Instruction (PI), a brainchild of Eric Mazur, empowering students to steer their own education and wield knowledge adeptly into real-world scenarios. In this review paper, we delve into the core elements of PI which involves the combination of four dynamic pedagogical approaches which are: Just-in-Time Teaching, ConcepTest, Audience Response System, and Think-Pair-Share technique. PIs effectiveness notwithstanding, it is not exempt from limitations such as its flexible implementation, lengthy time, the level of expertise required for instructional design, among others. While Peer Instruction has become increasingly popular among educators across other disciplines, with proven educational benefits with positive outcomes, PIs footprint in gradate and postgraduate medical education remains inchoate, evidenced by a paucity of scholarly references. This underscores a crucial gap - despite its proven potency in fueling engagement and learning, PI still lacks formal recognition and acknowledgement as a distinct instructional method in medical education. Within these boundaries, the promise of heightened education and amplified engagement beckons further exploration of PI as a medical educational model, warranting more consideration and research.Keywords: peer instruction, medical education, just-in-time teaching, ConcepTest, audience response system, think-pair-share

When dialogue between colleagues from diverse cultures is painted in ethnocultural colors, it is possible to express aspects related to religious, ideological, and ethnic characteristics and acquire intercultural abilities. This qualitative-interpretive study examined (1) ethnocultural aspects revealed during a course that brought together students from different countries and enabled a dialogue between colleagues that reveals the other's perspective on socio-cultural issues, (2) how ethnocultural dialogue pedagogy helps cultivate competence Intercultural between diverse groups. Eighty-seven colleagues from Israel and the United States participated in the study, and two research tools were documentation and interviews. The study's findings revealed two categories: (1) cultural-national aspects; (2) Ethnic aspects. Research findings help understand the relationship between direct and personal ethnic dialogue and terms of culture, nationality, gender, and religion. They demonstrate that peer dialogue has a significant positive impact on fostering intercultural competence, developing social skills, and promoting positive emotional attitudes towards diverse groups. This study also indicates that participants broadened their socio-cultural perspective and formulated an inclusive value concept that expresses openness and holistic observation of various narratives while legitimizing differences in the customs and traditions of each group. The findings have practical implications in shaping pedagogical principles for fostering intercultural competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer grading is widely used in MOOCs and in standard university settings.The quality of grades obtained via peer grading is essential for the educational process. In this work, we study the factors that influence errors inpeer grading. We analyze 288 assignments with 25,633 submissions and 113,169 reviews conducted with CrowdGrader, a web based peer grading tool. First, we found that large grading errors are generally more closely correlated with hard-to-grade submission, rather than with imprecise students. Second, we detected a weak correlation between review accuracy and student proficiency, as measured by the quality of the student's own work. Third, we found little correlation between review accuracy and the time it took to perform the review, or how late in the review period the review was performed. Finally, we found a clear evidence of tit-for-tat behavior when students give feedback on the reviews they received. We conclude with remarks on how these data can lead to improvements in peer-grading tools.

Purpose: The authors implemented an active learning teaching strategy in a coaching education course utilizing a modified team-based learning (TBL) approach, assessing the learning benefits and satisfaction of students' experience. Method: After reviewing preparatory background materials, 35 students responded in-class to prompts in developing coaching action plans. Students completed two in-class learning activities: one on their own (Solo) and one as a group (TBL). The authors examined student performance on exam transfer questions for the two activities. Later, students reported on their satisfaction with the learning activities. Results: Students performed better on exam transfer questions related to their TBL and Solo conditions (p <.003, d = 0.75). Students reported a preference for working in teams compared with working on their own in developing case studies (p <.06, d = 0.63). Discussion/Conclusion: Results highlight the benefits of TBL in a coaching education classroom emphasizing how preparation, collaboration, and applied learning activities impact student learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the design and evaluation of an online, asynchronous tool that mirrors the beneficial peer instruction process currently conducted in face-to-face classrooms. In the online Peer Instruction tool, students respond to a multiple-choice question with an answer and explanation. They are then exposed to peer responses to the same question. Finally, they may optionally submit a revised response, formed after exposure to these peer responses. Results from an experiment in three large-scale courses highlighted the perceived benefits for students who chose to engage meaningfully with the tool and showed opportunities for improving the user experience to increase engagement. After redesigning the interface and interaction, the original and revised versions of the tool were assessed in usability testing with students. The findings suggested the redesign is an improvement, reveal potential reasons the original design may have failed to engage more students, and reinforce the importance of understanding the multiple layers of the student experience when designing any educational technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using clickers in the statistics classroom can help students identify and understand common errors and misconceptions through a combination of surprise and discussion. Students are presented with multiple-choice questions that they discuss with each other and then vote on; a class-wide discussion follows. Questions for which many students vote for the same wrong answer and questions that reveal a common misconception jolt students' attention and lead to fruitful discussions. To identify the questions that most effectively target misconceptions, we recorded the percentage of the class voting on each of the possible responses on every clicker question used in 28 sections of introductory statistics courses taught by 3 instructors at 2 institutions. For each question, we identified the distractor that attracted the highest percent of votes on average. We present and discuss the six questions for which this average was at least 50%. We find that each of these question statements is fairly brief and tightly focused on a particular common error or misconception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of artificial neural networks and t-tests, we identified linear independence and linear dependence as the points at which students stumble in linear algebra. Furthermore, we developed mathematics websites in the fields of calculus, linear algebra and probability statistics that allow high school and university students to form concepts interactively, regardless of time and place. The websites were designed so that visitors can complement their knowledge with hyperlinks, regardless of their learning history. Teachers can also use the website to easily implement Peer Instruction in their classes. The website provides a useful structure for both students and teachers and is in line with the aims of the Digital Transformation in Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the problem of a need for more student participation and motivation in the teaching–learning process (TLP) due to the persistence of traditional methods, peer instruction (PI) has emerged as an interactive teaching method. It is based on a dynamic of questions and answers to promote student reflection and discussion. Thus, this article shows the applicability of PI, considering a learning engineering approach to innovating the TLP. For this, the historical-descriptive method is used to conduct a literature review and a bibliometric study, evaluating scientific articles in Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus between 2018 and 2022. In addition, in the second stage, the experimental method is used to apply PI in two educational institutions and evaluate its applicability with Likert scales for teachers and students following a quantitative methodology. Consequently, following the analytical-synthetic method, the results indicate that PI the stages, the most relevant aspects, and the conditions to consider in a classroom environment are highly relevant to enhancing its effects. Thus, such applicability is reflected in its positive results in the TLP, considering the learning engineering, and its representation as a flexible and innovative alternative to traditional methods. This is because PI generated benefits for teachers and students, thus encouraging greater satisfaction, motivation, interest, understanding, and student participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Design thinking (DT) and Peer Instruction (PI) are two different and seemingly distant methods. However, both rely on students’ active participation, cooperation and communication with each other. Due to these features, therefore, they have the potential to foster foreign language competences successfully. Nevertheless, what if they were employed in a purely online learning environment? Could they still bring the praised learning outcomes, such as better conceptual understanding, more effective problem-solving, communication and teamwork skills, and increased student engagement and creativity? The present study aims to answer the given question by giving insight into implementing the methods in English for Specific Purposes courses at Constantine, the Philosopher University in Nitra (Slovakia). The action research findings were juxtaposed to the interview and questionnaire results revealing 101 tourism undergraduates’ views. Despite some technical issues and the students’ mixed-language communication, both DT and PI proved to be almost as effective in a purely online environment as in the case of a traditional classroom in terms of developing foreign language competences and problem-solving skills, creative or critical thinking, as well as enhancing teamwork and motivation.

In this study, we evaluate an innovative method to improve the teaching of linear algebra. The use of peer instruction in conjunction with a seminar strategy and supported by didactic engineering is proposed as a means to facilitate the mastery of abstract concepts, the undertaking of innovative research in problem solving, and the practical application of educational concepts. To assess the method's effectiveness, the Students' Evaluation of Educational Quality (SEEQ) questionnaire was administered and assessed. In addition, to determine whether this new teaching approach leads to better learning results than the traditional method, a comparison between control and experimental groups was conducted. The results indicate that the mixed method creates a more dynamic learning environment for students than the traditional method, contributes to students' development of social interaction skills and learning process. In sum, the proposed method has been shown to enhance student motivation and reflection, which are critical to a productive, collaborative learning environment that directly impacts academic retention and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the outcome of the bibliometrics analysis of research sourced from the Web of Science collection. A research evolution, hotspots of peer instruction, and potential topics using bibliometrics to visualize related research from 1971 to 2022 was conducted, using CiteSpace to analyze keywords co-occurrence, time zone, burst detection and strategic diagram. Six themes emerged: competence, technology, outcome, participation, students' ability, and others. Among them, benefits to students, such as improving students' ability, confidence, and learning performance are the hotspots. Teachers' perspectives, exploration of the implementation model, students' attitudes, motivation, demands, and cognition are potential topics for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many educational strategies have been proposed to improve students' learning motivation and outcomes. This paper reports the student learning outcome results of a three-year study centered on the Electronics course at the Department of Physics of National Taiwan University. In the first year, peer instruction (PI) with in-class lectures was implemented. In the second year, in-class lectures were replaced with online lectures in a flipped classroom (FC) approach, and PI in class was maintained. In the third year, PI-based conceptual questions (CQs) were scored as part of in-class homework to enhance motivation for online lecture preview. Learning performance was evaluated based on cumulative percentage of correct answers to CQs and summative assessment. The results revealed improved student performance on summative assessment with PI and FC approaches combined. Furthermore, when CQs were scored, overall learning outcomes were significantly enhanced. In addition, an advantage of using a PI plus FC approach over using PI alone is that more course materials can be covered in online videos, which prevents a loss of lecture content to the time-consuming, in-class discussions involved in PI. Our study indicates that when students' motivations to prepare before class are reinforced using graded CQs, the learning outcome enhancement of PI plus FC is even more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the difference in adults' pronunciation performance with peer feedback and individual practice when using an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. The same ASR software was used in both the comparison (n = 31) and the experimental group (n = 33) for 12 weeks. The participants were working adults in Taiwan. During the weekly lesson, the participants dictated a text to the ASR software, Speechnotes, on its website and then practiced misidentified words by themselves (the comparison group) or with feedback from team members (the experimental group). Learners' pronunciation was measured in reading aloud and spontaneous conversation tasks before and after the treatment. Participants' satisfaction and perceptions of the ease of use of the software were also assessed at the end of the course. The results revealed a significant difference in the two groups' pronunciation post-tests, suggesting that peer feedback is more effective than individual practice for the correction of pronunciation. The experimental group was more satisfied than the comparison group with the software. However, no differences in accentedness or perception of ease of use were evident. The findings, ASR software implementation challenges, and implications for adult language learning are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, peer instruction and flipped learning approach has indicated its usefulness in teaching and learning. However, studies on how peer instruction in a flipped learning environment encourage active student participation in writing remain limited in Malaysia. Therefore, this study examines ESL students' participation during peer instruction in the flipped learning environment when composing argumentative essays. A total of 120 upper intermediate students undergoing an English proficiency course at a teacher education institution in Malaysia participated in this study. Qualitative data were gathered from student assessment forms (pair work and group work), lesson study logs, EdPuzzle video quizzes, and samples of student worksheets. Descriptive interpretations and thematic analysis were used to analyse textual data. The findings revealed that ESL students participated in this study by engaging themselves in interactions during in-class writing activities, contributing knowledge to others, getting prepared with the essential concepts and content before class, focusing on the task, and assessing the quality of argumentative writing. The findings implicate that teachers should consider the use of peer instruction in a flipped learning environment for students to engage actively in the teaching and learning of argumentative essay writing.

This research aims to reveal the trend in peer instruction that many researchers around the world have been working on for over 20 years. In this context, 58 papers published in journals indexed in SSCI were examined in terms of different variables (e.g., research methods, courses, and response technologies). The bibliometric results showed that the most used keyword and the most used word in the abstract sections of the studies was peer instruction. Systematic review results revealed that the continent and country with the most studies among 17 countries in four continents is North America and the USA, respectively. Moreover, the majority of studies were published in 2016. It was also found that studies are generally carried out with numerical courses such as physics, chemistry, and computer science. Other findings provided from the researches were discussed in detail, and various suggestions were made for teachers and researchers in line with the findings obtained from the study.

Copyright of Education & Law Review / Revista de Educación y Derecho is the property of Revista de Educacion y Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by investigating the impact of Just-in-Time (JiT) teaching and peer instruction (PI) strategies on the promotion of students’ achievement, interaction, and motivation in English language learning. Students were recruited from an undergraduate TESOL program in the first semester of 2019 at a University in Saudi Arabia. A multiple method research design was used to address the research questions robustly and rigorously. First, a twogroup quasi-experimental design was implemented. In the first group, a lecturebased strategy was used (n = 28), while in the second group, JiT and PI strategies were used (n = 27) in English language lessons. An innovative research method was used in this study: a private Instagram account was created, serving as a platform through which teacher and students could communicate using interactive posts and comments. Second, students filled out a survey reflecting on this medium of language teaching and learning. Finally, focus group interviews were conducted to determine students’ views on the use of Instagram as an educational tool in terms of its flexibility and usefulness. The findings of the study suggest that JiT teaching, and PI promoted students’ achievement and enhanced students’ motivation, particularly in relation to fluency and novelty in the second language. Furthermore, students viewed Instagram as a successful educational tool that significantly facilitated their collaboration. Nevertheless, this study also highlights the challenges of using JiT teaching and PI to facilitate language learning. Suggestions for practitioners are specified; including providing adequate e-learning tools for students to enhance language learning motivation and achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) aims to bring simulated learning experience but could bring about higher cognitive load and be less accommodating to different cognitive styles. Meanwhile, Peer Instruction (PI), when integrated into IVR-based course, has the potential to address the needs of different cognitive styles and reduce cognitive load. This study, adopting a quasi-experimental research method, intends to explore the effects of PI in IVR-based course on learners, especially with two cognitive styles, namely Field-Independent (FI) and Field-Dependent (FD). A total of 65 junior high school students from two classes were randomly assigned to either experimental group or control group based on intact class. The research results indicate the positive effect of PI on learning by reducing cognitive load (d = 0.87), increasing motivation (d = 0.75), retention (d = 0.60) and transfer (d = 0.57) in IVR-based course. More specially, FD learners could benefit academically more from the PI than FI learners (d = 1.17). Therefore, we recommend peer interaction to be stressed in IVR-based course, with an attention to individual cognitive styles, to facilitate and enhance IVR resources designs and promote virtual experimental learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the ability of representation with the integration of peer instruction which was developed through didactic design development research. The purpose of this research is to develop a didactic design in the form of learning tools, which are referred to in this study, namely: Lesson Plans, Teaching materials in the form of Student Worksheet in the form of student guides containing material information, sample questions, and practice questions. According to the problems experienced by students related to the ability of representation. The process of developing learning tools using Didactical Design Research (DDR), consists of didactic situation analysis, metapedadidactic analysis, and retrospective analysis. The didactic design developed was validated by 3 experts, namely 1 mathematics education lecturer and 2 high school mathematics teachers. The results showed that the learning plans were obtained in the form of a didactic design in the form of lesson plans that integrated peer instruction and worksheets for 8 meetings with the overall results of each aspect of the learning device being analyzed descriptively by revising the didactic design based on input and notes from the validator. Mathematics didactic design in high school to minimize learning obstacles related to students' representational abilities, includes 1) The material begins with the introduction of problems that are suitable for the situation and even related to the context of daily life, providing an overview of the benefits of the material to be studied, 2) Strengthening the material prerequisites presented at the first meeting, 3) Integrating peer instruction in the implementation of mathematics learning, 4) Providing scaffolding at the time of learning, 5) Student work and assignments are corrected and confirmed directly. In addition, the process of strengthening the visual representation process, modeling or mathematical expression, and the process of making written words presented on the worksheets is also carried out. Thus, the mathematical didactic design with the integration of peer instruction has provided appropriate learning activities; the purpose, depth and accuracy of the concepts and materials presented are traceable, communicative, the clarity of the images and spelling is appropriate, there is no correction given by the validator, so it can be implemented with the aim of developing students' mathematical representation abilities.

Peer Instruction (PI) involves interaction between students and provides opportunities for students to reveal their own ideas, articulate their thinking, and facilitate construction of their knowledge with social interaction. Since the classroom environment of PI provides a rich information for students to discuss scientific phenomena, this research examined how students’ mental models interacted with Peer Instructional elements in an undergraduate level physics course. After the identification of students’ mental models of wave-particle duality in the first step of the project, the analyses of several data sources showed that some group-related issues, such as the explanatory based annotations before classes, good performance answering conceptual questions and discussion of additional concepts during classes, were important for scientific understanding. When students have similar group environments (i.e., peers in the same group), then individual pre-class preparation had a positive influence on students' scientific mental models of wave-particle duality. In addition, students having scientific models indicated that the satisfaction with their knowledge and the importance of conflict with their peers for their learning. All students in the classroom stated they benefited from peer discussions in different ways such as by recalling and reinforcing their knowledge, by getting feedback, and by reconstructing their knowledge. Both pre-class preparation and discussion of additional concepts and conflicting ideas in peer groups should be promoted in physics classes for facilitation of construction of scientific mental models.

This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by investigating the impact of Just-in-Time (JiT) teaching and peer instruction (PI) strategies on the promotion of students’ achievement, interaction, and motivation in English language learning. Students were recruited from an undergraduate TESOL program in the first semester of 2019 at a University in Saudi Arabia. A multiple method research design was used to address the research questions robustly and rigorously. First, a two-group quasi-experimental design was implemented. In the first group, a lecture-based strategy was used (n = 28), while in the second group, JiT and PI strategies were used (n = 27) in English language lessons. An innovative research method was used in this study: a private Instagram account was created, serving as a platform through which teacher and students could communicate using interactive posts and comments. Second, students filled out a survey reflecting on this medium of language teaching and learning. Finally, focus group interviews were conducted to determine students’ views on the use of Instagram as an educational tool in terms of its flexibility and usefulness. The findings of the study suggest that JiT teaching, and PI promoted students’ achievement and enhanced students’ motivation, particularly in relation to fluency and novelty in the second language. Furthermore, students viewed Instagram as a successful educational tool that significantly facilitated their collaboration. Nevertheless, this study also highlights the challenges of using JiT teaching and PI to facilitate language learning. Suggestions for practitioners are specified; including providing adequate e-learning tools for students to enhance language learning motivation and achievement.

In peer instruction [12], students engage with core course concepts and then explain those concepts to one another in small groups. Unlike in lecture format, peer instruction involves every student in the class. In Spring 2019, the first author began using a modified version of peer instruction in Calculus III classes. He started each class by discussing important Calculus III concepts from three standpoints (the formula, the geometry behind the formula, and the physics behind the formula). During the last 20 minutes of each 50-minute class session, he polled the students using questions in the "Goldilocks Zone" -- not too hard and not too easy, but just right for Calculus III students. These questions ignited student-to-student discussions. Students' attendance and achievement have improved. The paper also describes how peer instruction has influenced the first author's own instructional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify clicker questions likely to provoke rich and engaging student discussions, we recorded the percentage of the class voting on each option on every clicker question used throughout each semester, encompassing nineteen sections of introductory statistics, taught by three instructors. Working from the hypothesis that seeing student votes broadly distributed across several different options is an indication of a good discussion question, we present the four questions with the most broadly distributed votes and discuss their use. Next, we present and consider the educational value of the questions with the lowest percentage of students voting correctly. We find that both broadly distributed votes and a low percentage of students voting correctly can be good indicators of effective discussion questions. Further, we find that questions devoid of numbers and based on general cases have fewer students voting correctly and have a significantly broader distribution of votes, thus indicating that this characteristic may be an important indicator of good discussion questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Universitat de Barcelona research group in teaching innovation GIDTAAVE organized the 2nd International Conference in Experiences in Active Learning in Higher Education, which was held online on 5 November, 2021. The aim of the conference was to provide a forum for high-quality research in teaching innovation in higher education, focusing on active learning methodologies. The event provided an excellent opportunity for lecturers from different universities to discuss their work in a relaxed atmosphere and to develop long-term collaborative relationships. Specifically, twelve papers were presented by authors from different Spanish Universities (Universidad de Salamanca, Universidad de Cantabria, Universidad de Navarra, Universidad Juan Carlos I and Universidad Carlos III, to name a few), who had the opportunity to share their experiences with other colleagues. Each session was followed by fruitful discussions among the participants. The keynote speech of the conference was given by Steven Proud, who is currently the Director of Undergraduate Studies and a Reader in Economics Education in the School of Economics at the University of Bristol. Steven Proud gave a very interesting talk entitled “What are the barriers to active learning in economics?”.

Faced with the problem of a need for more student participation and motivation in the teaching–learning process (TLP) due to the persistence of traditional methods, peer instruction (PI) has emerged as an interactive teaching method. It is based on a dynamic of questions and answers to promote student reflection and discussion. Thus, this article shows the applicability of PI, considering a learning engineering approach to innovating the TLP. For this, the historical-descriptive method is used to conduct a literature review and a bibliometric study, evaluating scientific articles in Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus between 2018 and 2022. In addition, in the second stage, the experimental method is used to apply PI in two educational institutions and evaluate its applicability with Likert scales for teachers and students following a quantitative methodology. Consequently, following the analytical-synthetic method, the results indicate that PI the stages, the most relevant aspects, and the conditions to consider in a classroom environment are highly relevant to enhancing its effects. Thus, such applicability is reflected in its positive results in the TLP, considering the learning engineering, and its representation as a flexible and innovative alternative to traditional methods. This is because PI generated benefits for teachers and students, thus encouraging greater satisfaction, motivation, interest, understanding, and student participation.

Background: The feedback offered to students in audience response systems may enhance conformity bias, while asking closed‐type questions alone does not allow students to externalize and elaborate on their knowledge. Objectives: The study explores how writing short justifications and accessing peer justifications as collective feedback could affect students' performance, confidence and opinions in multiple‐choice audience response systems that apply the Peer Instruction model of voting/revoting. Methods: For 8 weeks, 98 students, enrolled in an undergraduate course, attended each lecture following a flipped classroom approach. At the beginning of each lecture, students participated in a quiz with eight multiple‐choice questions. Four of these questions included a justification form in which students could elaborate on their answers. The students were randomly grouped into two conditions according to the collective feedback they received: the Shared group (n = 54) could see both the percentage each question choice received from the class and the respective peer justifications, while the Unshared group (n = 44) could only see the percentage information. Results: Analysis showed that students in both groups performed significantly better in questions with the justification form being available. Also, the two groups were comparable in terms of performance and self‐reported level of confidence suggesting no main effect for making peer justification available. Despite this, students in the Shared group expressed a significantly more positive opinion in the end‐of‐activity questionnaire in terms of perceived learning gains and the helpfulness of writing justifications for their answers. Take Away: Writing short justifications can have a positive impact on students' academic performance. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Audience response systems (ARS) typically include closed‐type items.Therefore, students do not have the opportunity to elaborate on their answers.Externalizing and elaborating on one's answer could enhance understanding. What their paper adds to this: Integration of short justifications alongside multiple‐choice questions.System feedback includes percentage, confidence and peer justifications.Analysis on how writing/reading justifications affect performance in ARS. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Writing short justifications enhances student performance.Being able to read peer justifications does not affect student performance.Being able to read peer justifications increases activity acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]