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Background: This study aimed to provide population norms among children and adolescents in Chile using the EQ-5D-Y-3L questionnaire and to examine its feasibility and validity among body weight statuses. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 2204 children and adolescents (aged 8–18 years) from Chile completed a set of questionnaires providing sociodemographic, anthropometric and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data using the five EQ-5D-Y-3L dimensions and its visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). Descriptive statistics of the five dimensions and the EQ-VAS were categorized into body weight status groups for the EQ-5D-Y-3L population norms. The ceiling effect, feasibility and discriminant/convergent validity of the EQ-5D-Y-3L were tested. Results: The dimensions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L questionnaire presented more ceiling effects than the EQ-VAS. The validity showed that the EQ-VAS could discriminate among body weight statuses. However, the EQ-5D-Y-3L index (EQ-Index) demonstrated a non-acceptable discriminant validity. Furthermore, both the EQ-Index and the EQ-VAS presented an acceptable concurrent validity among weight statuses. Conclusions: The normative values of the EQ-5D-Y-3L indicated its potential use as a reference for future studies. However, the validity of the EQ-5D-Y-3L for comparing the HRQoL among weight statuses could be insufficient.

Cyberbullying prevalence is increasing in the world, being a form of abuse that follows victims into their most intimate settings. Cyberbullying affects victims’ mental health, self-esteem, emotions, and academic performance. Cyberbullies present low levels of self-control and empathy. This research aimed to map scientific research on Cyberbullying and the Psychological Dimensions of the Self. A bibliometric analysis of scientific documents published in journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) was performed. Traditional bibliometric laws were applied and VOSviewer was used to generate visualizations. The annual publications followed exponential growth. Computers in Human Behaviour was the journal with the most publications. Researchers from the USA and Spain were the most prolific. Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin were the most cited authors. Hence, there is a growing interest among researchers in Cyberbullying and the emotional aspects of children and adolescents. The USA and Spain were the leading countries in research on this subject. Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin were the most prolific and influential authors., The APC was funded by the Open Access Program of Universidad de Las Américas. Funding was provided by Internal Research Project Nº812022 of Universidad de Las Americas. The author Á.D.-Z. (FPU20/04201) was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport. Grants FPU20/04201 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “European Social Fund Investing in your future” or by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. We also thank the Universidad de Las Américas for their support of the Open Access initiative.

The aim of this study was to investigate which factors contribute to the quality of the junior-to-senior transition (JST) which includes adjustment to senior level, sport and life satisfaction in Greek athletes. The sample consisted of 177 aspiring young Greek athletes who were in the process of JST. Participants completed a Greek version of the Transition Monitoring Survey (TMS) developed by Stambulova et al. (Stambulova, N., Franck, A., & Weibull, F. (2012). Assessment of the transition from junior-to-senior sports in Swedish athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(2), 79–95). Multiple regressions were used to assess how key factors related to the JST contribute to the adjustment of athletes to senior level in sport, to their sport and life satisfaction. Results showed that personal resources (p

BACKGROUND The prevalence of sexual problems is very high among women with fibromyalgia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of sexual problems in women with FM and the potential association among physical activity, quality of life and sexual function. We aimed to contribute in the understanding of the relationships between sexual function and the symptoms of FM. METHODS The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised 113 women with FM and 116 age-matched women without FM. Sexual function was assessed using the 15D questionnaire. Health-related quality of life (using EQ-5D-5L and 15D questionnaires), impact of fibromyalgia and physical activity were also assessed. RESULTS The prevalence of sexual problems among women with fibromyalgia was 76%, while it was 15% in healthy controls. This prevalence was even higher among those aged 50 or over. Sexual function was significantly associated with quality of life, distance walked, impact of fibromyalgia and four of the symptoms: depression, anxiety, tenderness and memory problems. CONCLUSION More than three out of four women with fibromyalgia have any kind of sexual problem. Depression, anxiety and tenderness seems to be the most relevant symptoms associated with sexual function. Physical activity may be protective and reduce the risk of having sexual problems.

Background/Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the differences between physical activity and/or screen time levels on cognitive (Life satisfaction LS) and affective (Positive affect, PA and Negative affect NA) components of subjective well-being (SWB) in children. Method: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,540 children (1,040 boys, 8---12 years old). LS, PA, NA, physical activity and screen time were assessed with validated questionnaires. Results: Children who reported 3 days per week of physical activity or less had lower LS and PA than counterparts with 6 days of physical activity per week (p < .05). Participants who reported 2 hours per day or less of screen time had lower NA than counterparts with 4 hours per day or more of screen time (p < .05). Also, children who meet physical activity guidelines have higher LS and PA compared to inactive peers, even with high screen time. In contrast, excessive screen time was also related with NA independent of the level of physical activity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that physical activity is related with positive feelings and LS, but does not eliminate the effect of screen time on negative feelings among Chilean children., This study was funded by the Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (Proyectos Basales. Grand number: 051641ZRDAS) of the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (Chile). AGH is a Miguel Servet Fellow (Instituto de Salud Carlos III --- CP18/0150). The funder had role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

ObjectiveKnowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece–Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters.ResultsThe five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y).ConclusionIt was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

The present study aimed to analyse the effects of 12 months of participation in a public physical activity program linked to primary care on depression level and fitness, and to determine which fitness components were responsible for the improvement in depression using mediation analysis. Participants of this program were 2768 middle-aged and older adults from 67 municipalities throughout the Spanish region of Extremadura. In the analysis only participants with depression and without any missing values for fitness variables were included. This sample was 303 for exercise group and 74 for control group. Socio-demographic data, Geriatric Depression Scale and some fitness tests were applied at baseline and 1 year later. Exercise group performed the program 3 days/week for 50–60 min per session involving brisk walking with intermittent flexibility, strength and balance activities/exercises. Socializing within the group was encouraged in all sessions. Data analysis included analysis of covariance, chi-squared and effect size statistics. Additionally, a parallel model of mediation analysis was performed to determine the indirect effect of the participation in the exercise program on depression through improvements in fitness. A considerable reduction from mild, moderate or severe depression to non-depression were obtained for exercise group (68%) P-value

Agility is a key component of physical fitness in adolescents. However, the measurement of this variable is usually complex, requiring high cost instruments and complex software. To test the validity and reliability of a novel iPhone app (Lap Tracker Auto-timer) to measure agility performance among adolescents. Twenty-four physically active adolescents (15.7 ± 2.3 years old) participated in two testing sessions (separated by 7 days). They performed three 4 x 10 m agility test trials measured by Photocell or the iPhone app. The correlation analysis revealed high validity (r = .92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .88 – .95), with a standard error of the estimate of 0.56 s (p < 0.001). The coefficient of variation (CV; 0.09) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; .93; 95% CI = .85 – .97) showed an acceptable reliability. This study demonstrated that the iPhone App Lap Tracker Auto-timer could be a valid, reliable and low-cost tool to evaluate agility performance in adolescents. However, more studies are required to guarantee the utility of this app.

International audience; Introduction: Mandated restrictions on outdoor physical activity (PA) during the coronavirus pandemic disrupted the lifeworld of millions of people and led to a contradictory situation. On the one hand, PA was perceived as risky behaviour, as it might facilitate transmission of the virus. On the other hand, while taking precautions, regular PA was an important tool to promote the population's health during the lockdown.Methods: This paper examines the differences in government restrictions on PA in France, Germany, and Italy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We draw on techniques of qualitative content analysis and apply a critical theoretical framework to assess the countries' restrictions on PA.Results: Our analysis shows that the restrictions on PA varied in the three countries, in all three countries. This variance is attributed both to differences in the timing and severity of the pandemic in the countries analysed, as well as to the divergence in the relationships between the countries' sport and health systems.Conclusion: At the national level, the variance in restrictions on PA reflect the differences in the spread of the coronavirus and in the health systems' understanding of and approach to PA. The global scientific discourse on the pandemic represents a further key influencing factor. The management of the coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated that the extreme complexity of societies in terms of public health, politics, and the economy pose challenges and unsolvable contradictions.

El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la condición física y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), midiendo el efecto mediador de la funcionalidad física. Se realizaron diferentes pruebas de condición física a adultos mayores. El cuestionario composite physical function se utilizó para medir la funcionalidad física y el EQ-5D-5L para valorar la CVRS. El análisis de mediación confirma el papel de mediador de la funcionalidad física entre la condición física y la CVRS (B = .051; CI = .036 a .067). La asociación directa de la condición física y CVRS tuvo un efecto B = .0314, t = 3.313. p = .001. Se concluye que la relación entre la condición física y la CVRS está parcialmente mediada por la función física en mayores., The aim of this work was to analyze the association between fitness and health related quality of life, assessing the physical functionality impact as a mediator. Different tests of physical condition were carried. The composite physical function (CPF) questionnaire was used to measure the physical functionality and the EQ-5D-5L to quantify the HRQoL. The mediation analysis confirms the physical functionality mediator role between fitness and HRQoL (B=.051; CI= .036 to .067). The direct association of fitness and HRQoL had an effect of B=.0314, t=3.313. p=.001. It is concluded that the fitness, regardless its impact on physical functioning, is related to HRQoL.

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical fitness and cognitive status. Further, we examined whether physical fitness mediates the association between cognitive functioning and aging. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Urban and rural Colombian older adults. Methods. 4416 participants from the SABE study were included in the current analysis. Physical fitness was assessed with the handgrip test and the usual gait speed test. Cognitive status was evaluated through the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. A parallel mediation path was used to test the possible mediator role of physical fitness between aging and cognitive functioning. Results. Older adults with lower handgrip strength (HGS) were more likely to have mild-cognitive status than older adults with healthy HGS (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15, 2.02). In addition, older adults with a slower gait speed were more likely to have mild cognitive impairment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.54, 2.78). Age had an inverse relationship with cognitive function (&beta, = &minus, 0.110, 95% CI = &minus, 0.130, &minus, 0.100) and it was also inversely associated with HGS (&beta, 0.003, 95% CI = &minus, 0.005, 0.002) and gait speed (&beta, 0.010, 95% CI = &minus, 0.011, 0.009). The indirect effects, which indicate that the effect of age on cognitive function is transmitted through mediators, showed that both gait speed (&beta, 0.028, 95% CI = &minus, 0.036, 0.020) and HGS (&beta, 0.014, 95% CI = &minus, 0.024, 0.005) were independent mediators of the detrimental effect of aging on cognitive function. Conclusions. Physical fitness mediates the effects of aging on cognitive functioning. Our findings suggest that physical activity can be a key factor to prevent cognitive deterioration during aging process.

Objectives: the study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of EQ-5D-5L-Y and to compare the performance of EQ-5D-5L-Y with EQ-5D-3L-Y in children and adolescents. Methods: the Spanish versions of the 3L and 5L of EQ-5D for youths, were administered to children and adolescents from the general population. Feasibility and reliability were determined for the EQ-5D-5L-Y. The EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y were evaluated in terms of ceiling effects, informativity, and correlations with other generic measurements of health-related quality of life. Results: a total of 714 healthy children and adolescents (10.7 ± 2.1 years old) from the general population participated in the study. Most of the sample reported full health status. The feasibility and reliability for the EQ-5D-5L-Y were acceptable, but the questionnaire showed a low convergent validity. Absolute informativity (Shannon index) showed a slight increase in all dimensions of the 5L compared with the 3L; nevertheless, there were only statistically significant differences between 5L and 3L in the dimension 'feeling worried, sad, or unhappy' and also on the overall system. Relative informativity (Shannon evenness index) showed a decrease in the 5L compared with 3L for all dimensions, except for 'looking after myself'. Correlations with other health measurements, in both 3L and 5L, showed similar results to those observed in the international EQ-5D-3L-Y validation study. Conclusion: the results show that EQ-5D-5L-Y is feasible, consistent, and reliable, but there are minor differences in the ceiling effect and informativity between the EQ-5D-5L-Y and EQ-5D-3L-Y versions in the general population. This work was supported by grants 20170290 from the EuroQol Research Foundation, Netherlands.

Objective To validate the “International Fitness Scale” (IFIS) in older adults. Methods Firstly, cognitive interviews were performed to ensure that the questionnaire was comprehensive for older Chilean adults. After that, a transversal study of 401 institutionalized and non-institutionalized older adults from Maule region in Chile was conducted. A battery of validated fitness tests for this population was used in order to compare the responses obtained in the IFIS with the objectively measured fitness performance (back scratch, chair sit-and-reach, handgrip, 30-s chair stand, timed up-and-go and 6-min walking). Results Indicated that IFIS presented a high compliance in the comprehension of the items which defined it, and it was able of categorizing older adults according to their measured physical fitness levels. The analysis of covariance ANCOVA adjusted by sex and age showed a concordance between IFIS and the score in physical fitness tests. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, IFIS questionnaire is a good alternative to assess physical fitness in older adults.

Incluye: Correction: Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i164. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043296corr1. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 32989004 Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. Funding for GBD 2017 was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sí

Range of motion measurement is fundamental in the physical examination and functional evaluation of different joints. WIMUTM is an inertial device that allows the analysis of joint motion easily in real time. This study had a two-fold goal: (i) to evaluate the validity of WIMUTM on the measurement of different angle positions, compared with a standard goniometer and 2D video-based motion analysis software, and (ii) to evaluate the use of WIMUTM in the assessment of angulations in a joint, specifically assessing the validity and reliability of WIMUTM on the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion, compared to a standard goniometer and Kinovea. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson&acute, s correlation coefficient (r) were performed to calculate the concurrent validity, and Bland-Altman plots were performed to analyze agreement between measures. For the analysis of reliability, both relative and absolute indices were used. The results showed excellent validity and reliability of WIMUTM in the assessment of angle positions and ankle dorsiflexion. The current findings conclude that WIMUTM is a valid and reliable instrument to measure angle and joint motions. In short, WIMUTM provides a new clinical and sportive method of angle measurement.

Purpose: The study aimed to test whether improvement in fitness components, mediates the changes in Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) after exercise intervention in overweight and obese childr...

• Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte. Beca FPU14/01283, para Daniel Collado Mateo • Fundacion Tatiana Perez de Guzman el Bueno. Beca predoctoral para Daniel Collado Mateo

Resumen Antecedentes La incontinencia urinaria es una patologia que afecta a distintos aspectos fisicos, psicologicos y sociales. Dada su prevalencia, seria util conocer su impacto sobre la calidad de vida de las personas que la padecen. El conjunto de valores del EQ-5D desarrollado para la poblacion espanola fue utilizado para asignar utilidades a los estados de salud definidos por el EQ-5D-5L. El objetivo fue proporcionar valores de referencia del EQ-5D-5L en una poblacion con incontinencia urinaria. Diseno de estudio Estudio de corte transversal. Metodos Un total de 965 personas con incontinencia urinaria (297 hombres y 668 mujeres) fueron incluidas en el estudio. La utilidad del EQ-5D-5L, VAS y los estados de salud fueron analizadas en base a varias variables sociodemograficas. Resultados Mayor prevalencia en mujeres (69,22%) que en hombres (30,78%). La puntuacion media y SD del indice EQ-5D-5L y VAS fueron 0,58 (0,40) y 53,91 (22,16), respectivamente, para la poblacion general. El 16,1% (155 personas) comunicaron salud perfecta (11111). El peor estado de salud (55555) no fue comunicado por nadie. Conclusion Este estudio proporciona los valores de referencia en una muestra de poblacion espanola con incontinencia urinaria.

Recientemente se ha desarrollado un instrumento que permite evaluar de forma indirecta la condición física, el International Fitness Scale. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de validez y fiabilidad de la escala de condición física International Fitness Scale en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1000 jóvenes desde los 12 hasta los 18 años (48.8% mujeres) para el análisis de validez del instrumento. Una sub-muestra de 89 participantes (37.8% mujeres) se utilizó para los análisis de fiabilidad. La consistencia del instrumento se analizó mediante el coeficiente α de Cronbach, la validez de constructo a través del análisis factorial, la validez convergente mediante el método de grupos conocidos y la fiabilidad mediante el coeficiente Kappa ponderado. Los resultados mostraron la robustez de la escala utilizada, su validez y una moderada fiabilidad en esta población. El cuestionario International Fitness Scale es válido y fiable para su uso en población adolescente chilena, economizando los gastos en tiempo, material y personal para la medición de la condición física en jóvenes chilenos.Abstract. In recent years, an instrument, known as the International Fitness Scale, was developed in order to indirectly assess physical fitness. The aim of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of validity and reliability of the International Fitness Scale in a sample of Chilean adolescents. The sample selected for assessing the instrument’s validity was composed by 1,000 adolescents aged 12 to 18 (48.8% girls). With regard to reliability analysis, a sub-sample of 89 participants (37.8% girls) was employed. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach´s alpha. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out in order to measure the construct validity, while convergent validity was assessed applying the known groups method. Results showed that the scale is consistent and valid, presenting moderate reliability. The International Fitness Scale has been proved to be a valid and reliable tool for fitness assessment in Chilean adolescents. This instrument could help economizing equipment, time and personnel in the assessment of Physical Fitness in Chilean youth.

Resumen Objetivo Calcular la fiabilidad de un protocolo de valoracion de la fuerza mediante dinamometria manual mediante test-retest en pacientes con dolor cronico de espalda baja. Material y metodo La muestra estuvo compuesta por 6 pacientes derivados por una unidad hospitalaria especializada. Cada uno realizo la evaluacion en 2 ocasiones separadas con un intervalo de 12 semanas. Resultados No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores de fuerza maxima obtenidos en las 2 sesiones de medicion y los indices obtenidos de fiabilidad relativa y absoluta son excelentes. Conclusiones La fuerza de prension manual evaluada a traves de dinamometria es replicable en ambas manos en periodos de intervalo de 12 semanas en pacientes con dolor de espalda baja.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. This could indicate the possibility of HRV predicting cognitive performance, but this association is still unclear in a high cognitive load sport such as chess. Objective: To analyze modifications on HRV and subjective perception of stress, difficulty and complexity in different chess problem tasks. Design: HRV was assessed at baseline. During the chess problems, HRV was also monitored, and immediately after chess problems the subjective stress, difficulty and complexity were also registered. Methods: A total of 16 male chess players, age: 35.19 (13.44) and ELO: 1927.69 (167.78) were analyzed while six chess problem solving tasks with different level of difficulty were conducted (two low level, two medium level and two high level chess problems). Participants were classified according to their results into two groups: high performance or low performance. Results: Friedman test showed a significant effect of tasks in HRV indexes and perceived difficulty, stress and complexity in both high and low performance groups. A decrease in HRV was observed in both groups when chess problems difficulty increased. In addition, HRV was significantly higher in the high performance group than in the low performance group during chess problems. Conclusion: An increase in autonomic modulation was observed to meet the cognitive demands of the problems, being higher while the difficulty of the tasks increased. Non-linear HRV indexes seem to be more reactive to tasks difficulty, being an interesting and useful tool in chess training., DC-M was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/01283). SV was supported by a grant from the regional department of economy and infrastructure of the Government of Extremadura and European Social Fund (PD16008)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la fiabilidad de varias pruebas de condición física en adultos mayores en función de la edad. Los participantes fueron 135 mujeres mayores entre 60 y 90 años y se distribuyó en 5 grupos de edad. Todos los participantes realizaron una batería de pruebas de condición física con un intervalo entre mediciones de 1 semana. Los índices de fiabilidad obtenidos en las pruebas dinamometría bi-manual y 6 minutos caminando fueron excelentes ICC> 0,90, mientras que en el resto fueron buenos (ICC 0,70–0,89). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el error de medida de estas pruebas entre grupos de edad. Se concluye que la fiabilidad de las pruebas de condición física utilizadas en población adulto mayor no varía significativamente en función de la edad, The aim of this study was to analyze if age affects the reliability of some fitness test widely used in elderly adults. Participants were 135 elderly women aged between 60 and 90 years old distributed into 5 age groups. All participants performed twice a battery of fitness tests with an interval between measurements of 1 week. The reliability indexes obtained in the bi-handgrip tests and 6 minutes walking were excellent (ICC> 0.90), while the rest were good (ICC 0.70-0.89). No statistically significant differences were found in the measurement error of these tests between age groups. It is concluded that age does not significantly affect to the reliability of the analyzed fitness tests, El estudio fue apoyado por el Fondo Interno de Investigación de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile (DIUA115-2017). El autor MAHM contó con el apoyo de la Beca del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España (FPU3839). El autor DCM cuenta con el apoyo de la Beca del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España (FPU14 / 01283)

Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. The Lancet Publishing Group

There is sufficient evidence about the effects of physical exercise programs on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in obese and overweight children. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects on physical fitness and HRQoL in overweight and obesity children and their parents and find out whether the effect of intervention on anthropometric and physical fitness parameters mediated the improvements found in the proxies’ perception of participant quality of life. 151 overweight and obese children (106 intervention and 45 control) participated in a public exercise program. Anthropometrics characteristics, physical fitness, and HRQoL (EQ-5D-Y) were measured. Analysis of Covariance and effect size were performed to analyze the improvement. Mediation analyzed with bootstrap to observe whether anthropometric or physical fitness improvements mediate of the changes in the proxies’ assessment of HRQoL. Significant improvements were found in waist circumference, physical fitness, and HRQoL. The improvement of waist circumference showed a significant indirect effect on the change in the proxy perception of quality of life. The reduction of waist circumference mediates the change on proxies’ perception of quality of life and not by the improvement in physical fitness. Trial registration: ISRCTN97887613

Aging is directly related with loss of physical independency. Composite Physical Function questionnaire (CPF) assess, throw 12 items, a range of daily life activities in order to determine dependency levels in elderly. However, there is not a Spanish version of this instrument. Aim: To translate and culturally adapt the CPF to Spanish for its use in Chilean elderly. Method: Standardized international methodology was used in this study, which consisted in double direct translation to Spanish, harmonization of versions and back-translation to English. Acceptability and familiarity of the obtained version was analyzed using probing and paraphrasing methods using a sample of 20 older adults aged from 65 to 80 years old. Results: All items were clear and understandable, although minor adaptations needed to be done in order to improve the understandability of two items. These adaptations consisted in adding information in brackets at the end of the sentence. Conclusion: Spanish version of the CPF questionnaire was obtained to its use in Chile. This questionnaire has been proved to be understandable and adapted to its use in Chilean older adults. Its ease of use makes this questionnaire potentially useful in future researches and surveys.

Background: Peru is experiencing a stage of nutritional transition where the principal characteristics are typical of countries undergoing development. Objectives: The objectives of this study were the following: (a) compare physical growth patterns with an international standard, (b) determine biological age, and (c) analyze the double nutritional burden of adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru. Design: Weight, standing height, and sitting height were measured in 551 adolescents of both sexes (12.0 to 17.9 years old) from an urban area of Arequipa, Peru (2328 m). Physical growth was compared with the international standard of the CDC-2000. Biological age was determined by using a non-invasive transversal technique based on years from age at peak height velocity (APHV). Nutritional state was determined by means of weight for age and height for age. Z scores were calculated using international standards from the CDC-2000. Results: Body weight for both sexes was similar to the CDC-2000 international standards. At all ages, the girls’ height (p &lt, 0.05) was below the standards. However, the boys’ height (p &lt, 0.05) was less at ages, 15, 16, and 17. Biological age showed up in girls at age 12.7 years and for boys at 15.2 years. Stunted growth (8.7% boys and 18.0% girls) and over weight (11.3% boys and 8.8% girls) occurred in both groups. A relationship existed in both sexes between the categories of weight for the age and stunted growth by sex. Conclusions: Adolescents living at a moderate altitude exhibited stunted linear growth and biological maturation. Furthermore, adolescents of both sexes showed the presence of the double nutritional burden (stunted growth and excessive weight).

The analysis of brain activity during balance is an important topic in different fields of science. Given that all measurements involve an error that is caused by different agents, like the instrument, the researcher, or the natural human variability, a test-retest reliability evaluation of the electroencephalographic assessment is a needed starting point. However, there is a lack of information about the reliability of electroencephalographic measurements, especially in a new wireless device with dry electrodes.The current study aims to analyze the reliability of electroencephalographic measurements from a wireless device using dry electrodes during two different balance tests.Seventeen healthy male volunteers performed two different static balance tasks on a Biodex Balance Platform: (a) with two feet on the platform and (b) with one foot on the platform. Electroencephalographic data was recorded using Enobio (Neuroelectrics). The mean power spectrum of the alpha band of the central and frontal channels was calculated. Relative and absolute indices of reliability were also calculated.In general terms, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of all the assessed channels can be classified as excellent (0.90). The percentage standard error of measurement oscillated from 0.54% to 1.02% and the percentage smallest real difference ranged from 1.50% to 2.82%.Electroencephalographic assessment through an Enobio device during balance tasks has an excellent reliability. However, its utility was not demonstrated because responsiveness was not assessed.

Purpose: To analyse the effects of 1 year of participation in a physical activity (PA) program linked to a health-care setting on physical fitness (PF) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to determine the relationships between PA, PF and HRQoL in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: In total, 3214 participants were recruited from a health-care setting. Sociodemographic data, HRQoL questionnaires and PF tests were applied by 37 employees at baseline and 1 year later. The participants were placed in an exercise group (EG) ( n = 2614) and the remaining participants ( n = 600) were placed in the control group (CG). EG performed the program 3 days/week for 50–60 minutes per session involving brisk walking with intermittent flexibility, strength and balance activities/exercises.CG participants were asked to continue with their usual activities. Data analysis included repeated measures analysis of variance, linear regression and contingency analysis. Results: EG showed significant mild-moderate improvement in all PF and HRQoL outcomes, especially in adjusted models. Changes in several PF variables were predictive of HRQoL changes. EG exhibited either improvements or no change in HRQoL dimensions. CG exhibited no change or declines in all dimensions. Conclusions: PF is positively related with HRQoL. PA significantly improved PF, especially the PF components more impaired at baseline.

To compare the health related quality of life (HRQoL) perceptions in parents and physician regarding the patient undergoing ambulatory surgery, and to analyse the evolution of HRQoL before and after the ambulatory surgery.36 patients underwent ambulatory surgical interventions taken part in this study. The questionnaires EQ-5D-Y were administered to the patients and questionnaires EQ-5D-Y proxy to parents and physicians. Variable TTO was used.Statistical differences were found at baseline between answers of patients and physicians (p0.05). However, after surgery, answers of patients and proxies were similar.Paediatric patients undergone to a minor surgery improve HRQoL after the operation and this improvement goes on a month after the surgery.Comparar la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de padres y médico con respecto al paciente en población infantil sometida a una intervención quirúrgica menor, y analizar la progresión de la CVRS tras un mes de someterse a la intervención.Participaron 36 pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas menores. Se les administró el cuestionario EQ-5D-Y, y su versión proxy correspondiente a los padres y al médico. Se utilizó la variable TTO.Los pacientes refirieron un peor estado de salud, sobre todo en la dimensión de preocupación/tristeza, que los médicos en el preoperatorio (p0.05), pero la percepción postoperatoria fue similar en pacientes y adultos, atribuible al efecto techo por buena salud postoperatoria.Los pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía menor mejoran su CVRS tras la intervención, y esta mejora se mantiene tras un mes de la cirugía.

Background There is evidence that overweight and obesity in children is associated with poor Physical Fitness and consequently lower Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL). However, this linear-causal relationship between Weight Status → Physical Fitness → HRQoL is not enough to fully understand this phenomenon. Therefore, need to know, through mediation analysis, how operate the Physical Fitness between weight status and HRQoL dimensions. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine which HRQoL dimensions are mediated through Physical Fitness in obese (including overweight) and normal weight children. The study also examined the association between Physical Fitness, Body Mass Index (BMI) and HRQoL. Methods A total of 233 overweight/obese children and 105 normal-weight children participated in the study. Children were recruited from public educational centers and a public weight loss program. BMI, Physical Fitness (upper limb, central body and lower limb strength; agility and range of motion) and HRQoL (PedsQL and VAS) were measured. Simple mediation analyses by gender, through PROCESS macro developed by Preacher and Hayes, were performed in order to analyze whether Physical Fitness computed as z-score, is a mediator in the relation between weight status (normal weight or overweight/obesity) and HRQoL dimensions. \itionally, unequal-variances t statistics were executed to know differences in BMI, Physical Fitness components and HRQoL dimensions between groups, and correlations to know the associations between weight status, Physical Fitness z-score and HRQoL. Results Our results, indicated association between the Physical Fitness z-score and HRQoL dimensions in overweight/obese children. Regarding to mediation analysis, the results showed that the negative association between overweight/obesity and HRQoL is softened by the level of Physical Fitness. Therefore Physical Fitness is a mediator in the relationship between overweight/obesity children and the most of dimensions of HRQoL, except the School functioning in boys and the School and Emotional functioning in girls. Conclusions The negative effect of overweight or obesity on HRQoL inn children, is mitigated by Physical Fitness. Consequently, the Physical Fitness is a mediator on HRQoL in most dimensions, especially daily living, in schoolchildren. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-018-0981-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema Chileno de Medición de la Calidad de Educación en una muestra representativa de 23.180 estudiantes (11.927 niñas y 11.253 niños, con una edad media de 13,7 y 13,8 años). Las variables analizadas fueron la actividad física extracurricular de los adolescentes, la influencia que ejercían los padres y los profesores de Educación Física para que realicen actividad física y la actividad física de los padres. Se analizó la asociación entre las variables a través de chi-cuadrado. Dos regresiones logísticas, con y sin ajuste del modelo, fueron realizadas para cada nivel de la actividad física (vigorosa, moderada, suave y total) con el objetivo de obtener los odds ratios de las variables relativas a la experiencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de los padres es más relevante que la de los profesores de Educación Física a la hora de promover la actividad física en los adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, el género o la condición física.

Objective. To review the literature on the effects of whole-body vibration therapy in patients with fibromyalgia.Design. Systematic literature review.Patients. Patients with fibromyalgia.Methods. An electronic search of the literature in four medical databases was performed to identify studies on whole-body vibration therapy that were published up to the 15th of January 2015.Results. Eight articles satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were analysed. According to the Dutch CBO guidelines, all selected trials had a B level of evidence. The main outcomes that were measured were balance, fatigue, disability index, health-related quality of life, and pain. Whole-body vibration appeared to improve the outcomes, especially balance and disability index.Conclusion. Whole-body vibration could be an adequate treatment for fibromyalgia as a main therapy or added to a physical exercise programme as it could improve balance, disability index, health-related quality of life, fatigue, and pain. However, this conclusion must be treated with caution because the paucity of trials and the marked differences between existing trials in terms of protocol, intervention, and measurement tools hampered the comparison of the trials.

The assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) serves to detect changes over time in patients' health status and allows to do a cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments. When children with special health features cannot perform a self-assessment, it is possible to assess their HRQoL through their parents or caregivers. To date, the discrepancy in the assessment of HRQoL using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire among children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their parents has not been analyzed. The objective of this study was to analyze the level of agreement in the HRQoL assessment using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire and its proxy version among children with CP and their parents or caregivers.Children and adolescents with CP, and their parents, from a special education school in the region of Extremadura (Spain) participated in the study. The EQ-5D-Y questionnaire was used for children and the EQ-5D-Y proxy version, for parents. Interviews were conducted in the first quarter of 2015. The level of agreement in the responses was analyzed using the Cohen's kappa coefficient for the five domains of the EQ-5D-Y and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the visual analogue scale.Sixty-two children with CP and mild and/or moderate functional capacity impairment, and their parents, participated in the study. The level of agreement was poor in the HRQoL assessment between children and parents in all the questionnaire domains (0.20) and fair or poor (0.60) in the visual analogue scale.A high level of parent-child disagreement was observed in the HRQoL assessment in the population with CP using the EQ-5D-Y questionnaire.La evaluación de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) permite detectar cambios en el tiempo en la salud de pacientes y posibilita realizar un análisis de coste-efectividad de tratamientos. En niños con características especiales de salud que no pueden autoevaluarse, existe la posibilidad de evaluar su CVRS a través de padres o cuidadores. Hasta la fecha, no se ha analizado la discrepancia en la evaluación de la CVRS a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y entre niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) y sus padres. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado de concordancia en la evaluación de la CVRS a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y y su versión Proxy entre niños con PC y sus padres o cuidadores.Participaron, en el estudio, niños y adolescentes con PC, así como sus padres y madres, procedentes de un centro de educación especial de la región de Extremadura (España). Se utilizó el cuestionario EQ-5D-Y para los niños y el EQ-5D-Y Proxy para los padres. Las entrevistas fueron llevabas a cabo durante el primer trimestre de 2015. Se analizó la concordancia en las respuestas mediante el nivel de acuerdo con kappa de Cohen para las 5 dimensiones que componen el EQ-5D-Y y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la escala visual analógica.Participaron 62 niños con PC con afectación leve y/o moderada de su capacidad funcional, sus padres y madres. Hubo una pobre concordancia en la evaluación de la CVRS entre niños y padres en todas las dimensiones del cuestionario (0,20) y justo o pobre (0,60) en la escala visual analógica.Existe un alto desacuerdo en la evaluación de la CVRS entre padres e hijos en población con PC a través del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y.

Although the role of jumping ability in female volleyball players is well recognised, the effect of fatigue on this ability is not well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a series of block jumps (BJ) on jumping ability and whether it varies by performance level. Ten elite (EG) and 11 amateur (AG) female volleyball players performed a fatigue intervention consisting of 45 BJ, being tested for squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and BJ before and after the intervention. Elasticity index (EI): (100 × (CMJ − SJ)/SJ) and upper limbs coordination index (ULCI): (100 × (BJ − CMJ)/CMJ) were calculated. After the intervention, EG showed a decrease of 4.40% in BJ height (p = 0.04; ES = 0.40), whereas AG presented an increase of 1.27%, which was not significant (p = 0.57; ES = 0.07). However, EG and AG presented no significant differences in SJ (p = 0.965 and p = 0.655) and CMJ (p = 0.742 and p = 0.211) when comparing baseline with post-intervention. Although EI and ULCI showed no significant differences after intervention in any group (AG: p = 0.989 and p = 0.114; EG: p = 0.242 and p = 0.205, respectively), AG presented a medium effect size (ES = 0.50) in EI and a small one in ULCI (ES = 0.37), also EG showed a medium-large effect in ULCI (ES = 0.75). These findings suggest that EG performance in BJ tends to decrease at the end of a specific jump training practice. Therefore, coaches and fitness trainers working with elite volleyball players should focus on exercises to maintain jumping ability during a match.

The main objective was to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of exergame-based interventions on musculoskeletal pain, as well as to provide directions for the clinical practice. A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases following PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) the subjects were suffering musculoskeletal pain, (b) the study was randomized controlled trial (RCT), (c) intervention was based on exergames, (d) the article was written in English, and (e) the article was not an abstract or summary presented in a congress or conference. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were evaluated using the PEDro Scale and GRADE approach, respectively. A meta-analysis was carried out to determine effect sizes. Seven studies were selected in the systematic review. The meta-analysis included those six articles which reported means and SD before and after treatment and used a visual analog scale or a Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Four of the seven articles reported significant reduction in pain while the rest did not found any significant change in pain after the intervention. The overall effect size for pain was -0.51 (95% CI from -1.25 to 0.23) with large heterogeneity. Although four of the seven articles reported significant within-group differences, zero was included in the CI of the overall effect size. Therefore, up-to-date there is not enough evidence to conclude that exergames improve musculoskeletal pain.

Introduction: A proxy version of the EQ-5D-Y, a questionnaire to evaluate the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents, has recently been developed. There are currently no data on the validity and reliability of this tool. The objective of this study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version. Methodology: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of the EQ-5D-Y were administered to a group of Spanish children and adolescents drawn from the general population. A similar core set of internationally standardised proxy tools, including the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version was administered to their parents. Test–retest reliability was determined, and correlations with other generic measurements of HRQoL were calculated. Additionally, known group validity was examined by comparing groups with a priori expected differences in HRQoL. The agreement between the self-report and proxy version responses was also calculated. Results: A total of 477 children and adolescents and their parents participated in the study. One week later, 158 participants completed the EQ-5D-Y/EQ-5D-Y Proxy to facilitate reliability analysis. Agreement between the test–retest scores was higher than 88% for EQ-5D-Y self-report, and proxy version. Correlations with other health measurements showed similar convergent validity to that observed in the international EQ-5D-Y. Agreement between the self-report and proxy versions ranged from 72.9% to 97.1%. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-Y Proxy version. Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se ha desarrollado la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y, un cuestionario para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de niños y adolescentes pero hasta la fecha no existen datos de validez y fiabilidad de este instrumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Metodología: Se administró a un grupo de niños y adolescentes españoles de población general una batería de instrumentos autoadministrados que incluía la versión española del EQ-5D-Y. Una batería similar de instrumentos, que incluía la versión proxy en español del EQ-5D-Y, fue administrada a sus padres. Se analizaron la fiabilidad mediante test-retest y la validez mediante correlaciones con otros instrumentos de evaluación de la CVRS. Adicionalmente, se examinó la validez mediante el «análisis de grupos conocidos». Además, se evaluó la concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy. Resultados: Un total de 477 niños y adolescentes participaron en el estudio junto con sus padres. Una semana después, se obtuvieron los datos para realizar el análisis de fiabilidad con 158 participantes, obteniendo una concordancia mayor del 88% en ambas versiones. Las correlaciones con otras medidas de salud indicaron una validez convergente similar a la obtenida en la validación internacional del EQ-5D-Y. Se encontró una concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy del 72,9-97,1%. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la fiabilidad y validez de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y.

Resumen: Introducción: Recientemente se ha desarrollado la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y, un cuestionario para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de niños y adolescentes pero hasta la fecha no existen datos de validez y fiabilidad de este instrumento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Metodología: Se administró a un grupo de niños y adolescentes españoles de población general una batería de instrumentos autoadministrados que incluía la versión española del EQ-5D-Y. Una batería similar de instrumentos, que incluía la versión proxy en español del EQ-5D-Y, fue administrada a sus padres. Se analizaron la fiabilidad mediante test-retest y la validez mediante correlaciones con otros instrumentos de evaluación de la CVRS. Adicionalmente, se examinó la validez mediante el «análisis de grupos conocidos». Además, se evaluó la concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy. Resultados: Un total de 477 niños y adolescentes participaron en el estudio junto con sus padres. Una semana después, se obtuvieron los datos para realizar el análisis de fiabilidad con 158 participantes, obteniendo una concordancia mayor del 88% en ambas versiones. Las correlaciones con otras medidas de salud indicaron una validez convergente similar a la obtenida en la validación internacional del EQ-5D-Y. Se encontró una concordancia entre las versiones autoadministrada y proxy del 72,9-97,1%. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la fiabilidad y validez de la versión proxy del EQ-5D-Y. Abstract: Introduction: A proxy version of the EQ-5D-Y, a questionnaire to evaluate the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents, has recently been developed. There are currently no data on the validity and reliability of this tool. The objective of this study was to analyze the validity and reliability of the EQ-5D-Y proxy version. Methodology: A core set of self-report tools, including the Spanish version of the EQ-5D-Y were administered to a group of Spanish children and adolescents drawn from the general population. A similar core set of internationally standardized proxy tools, including the EQ-5D-Y proxy version were administered to their parents. Test-retest reliability was determined, and correlations with other generic measurements of HRQoL were calculated. Additionally, known group validity was examined by comparing groups with a priori expected differences in HRQoL. The agreement between the self-report and proxy version responses was also calculated. Results: A total of 477 children and adolescents and their parents participated in the study. One week later, 158 participants completed the EQ-5D-Y/EQ-5D-Y proxy to facilitate reliability analysis. Agreement between the test-retest scores was higher than 88% for EQ-5D-Y self-report, and proxy version. Correlations with other health measurements showed similar convergent validity to that observed in the international EQ-5D-Y. Agreement between the self-report and proxy versions ranged from 72.9% to 97.1%. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-Y proxy version.

Resumen Proposito El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad del pico torque obtenido con un protocolo de valoracion de la fuerza isometrica de flexores y extensores de rodilla. Material y metodo Un total de 16 mujeres con fibromialgia (FM) (edad 54,9 ± 12,1) participaron en este estudio. El diseno consistio en un test-retest de 12 semanas de duracion y la evaluacion del pico torque isometrico se realizo con un dinamometro isocinetico (Biodex system 3). La evaluacion consistio en 3 acciones maximas de contraccion isometrica de los musculos extensores y flexores de rodilla. Se calcularon los indices de fiabilidad relativa (mediante coeficiente de correlacion intraclase o CCI) y absoluta (mediante error estandar de medida o SEM y minima diferencia real o SRD). Resultados y conclusion El pico torque isometrico evaluado a traves del dinamometro isocinetico es replicable tanto para los flexores como para los extensores de la rodilla. Este estudio muestra datos sobre el minimo cambio real del pico torque en acciones isometricas de los extensores y flexores de rodilla, que pueden ayudar en la interpretacion de los resultados obtenidos en terapias basadas en actividad fisica, en personas con FM, de varias semanas de duracion.

Resumen: Introducción: En los últimos años se ha desarrollado y validado para su uso en español el cuestionario de evaluación de la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) en niños y adolescentes EQ-5D-Y; sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se ha desarrollado la versión proxy de este instrumento para su uso en español. El objetivo de este estudio es traducir y adaptar a español la versión internacional del cuestionario de CVRS para niños y adolescentes EQ-5D-Y versión Proxy. Material y método: Este estudio se ha desarrollado en las siguientes fases: a) adaptación transcultural del instrumento internacional mediante traducción directa al español e inversa al inglés, y b) evaluación de la claridad, la aceptabilidad y la familiaridad del contenido de la versión pretest mediante métodos de indagación y parafraseo a 30 padres y madres de niños y adolescentes. Resultados: Se obtuvo la versión en español del cuestionario de CVRS EQ-5D-Y Proxy. Las entrevistas cognitivas revelaron una excelente comprensibilidad de los ítems del cuestionario, siendo la media de la dificultad percibida inferior a 2 en todas las dimensiones excepto en la relativa a movilidad, que fue ligeramente superior. Conclusiones: La versión española del cuestionario EQ-5D-Y Proxy obtenida ha mostrado ser comprensible y adaptada para su uso en padres y madres de niños y adolescentes de entre 6 y 18 años. Su facilidad de uso la convierte en una herramienta potencialmente útil. Abstract: Introduction: The Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire EQ-5D-Y for children and adolescents has been development and validated recently for its use in Spanish. However, the Spanish Proxy version of this tool has not yet been developed. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the international version of EQ-5D-Y Proxy into Spanish to measure the health related quality of life in the child and adolescent population. Material and method: This study has been developed in the following phases: a) Transcultural adaptation of the international questionnaire by means of a direct translation to Spanish and back-translation to English, b) evaluation of the clarity, acceptability and familiarity of the first version of the questionnaire using probing and paraphrasing methods in 30 parents of children and adolescents distributed by sex and age. Main results: The Spanish EQ-5Y Proxy version was obtained. The interviewed participants indicated an excellent comprehensibility of the items and the perceived difficulty was less than 2 in all dimensions of the questionnaire, except in mobility where it was a slightly higher. Conclusions: The Spanish EQ-5D-Y Proxy version has shown to be well understandable and adapted to Spanish parents of children and adolescents. Its easy administration makes this questionnaire potentially useful in different fields.

Resumen Introduccion El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la fiabilidad de la prueba Fall Risk (FR) de la plataforma Biodex Balance System® (BBS) en las personas mayores institucionalizadas con miedo a caerse mediante un test-retest de 12 semanas. Material y metodos Participaron en el estudio 14 personas mayores institucionalizadas (75,64 ± 7,47 anos; 74,29 ± 15,52 kg) con miedo a caerse (puntuacion FES- I = 32,57 ± 7,52). Se realizo un test-retest de 12 semanas. Cada sujeto realizo 3 ensayos (20 s cada uno) en cada medicion en la plataforma BBS a nivel 8 con un descanso de 10 s entre ensayos. Para cada medicion se tomo la media de los 3 ensayos. Resultados La fiabilidad relativa de la prueba descrita fue excelente (CCI = 0,97). En cuanto a la fiabilidad absoluta se obtuvo un error estandar de medida (EEM) del 9,9% y un minimo cambio real (MCR) de 27,4%. La fiabilidad de la plataforma BBS usando el metodo Bland-Altman mostro que el error sistematico (diferencia de medias entre el test-retest) para la prueba FR fue 0,25 (bias). Conclusion La puntuacion obtenida en la prueba FR evaluada con la plataforma BBS es replicable para las mediciones de equilibrio dinamico y riesgo de caida en personas mayores institucionalizadas con miedo a caerse. Este estudio proporciona nuevos datos para la interpretacion de los cambios producidos en la puntuacion de la prueba FR de BBS tras la aplicacion de programas de actividad fisica en esta poblacion.

Resumen Introduccion El dolor cronico inespecifico de espalda baja puede provocar perdida de sensibilidad periferica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los indices relativos y absolutos de fiabilidad test-retest del protocolo «Two alternative forced choice» como metodo de estimacion del umbral de sensibilidad a la vibracion periferica (USVP). Material y metodos Seis pacientes con dolor cronico inespecifico de espalda baja fueron derivados por una unidad hospitalaria especializada en pacientes con dolor. Se empleo el dispositivo Vibratron II ® (Sensortek, Inc. Clifton, NJ, EE. UU.) para la determinacion USVP en 2 ocasiones separadas por un periodo de tiempo de 12 semanas. El procedimiento se siguio segun las instrucciones del proveedor, y adicionalmente se calculo el USVP mediante distintos estimadores robustos de localizacion. El analisis de los datos consistio en el calculo de los indices de fiabilidad relativos, coeficientes de correlacion intra-clase (CCI) y absolutos, error estandar de medida (EEM) y minima diferencia real (MDR), asi como la representacion de los datos mediante los correspondientes graficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados Los indices de fiabilidad obtenidos en este estudio mostraron una alta fiabilidad a nivel relativo (CCI > 0,80), mientras que en los estadisticos absolutos la fiabilidad fue moderada (EEM Conclusion El procedimiento empleado para la determinacion del USVP muestra una consistencia temporal alta, por lo que podria ser utilizado como medio para evaluar los cambios en la sensibilidad periferica de pacientes con dolor cronico inespecifico de espalda baja, especialmente en muestras homogeneas en terminos de USVP.