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RESUMO Avaliou-se a ocorrência de picos de radiação luminosa e a resposta fotossintética de espécies arbóreas em um fragmento de floresta secundária semidecidual, no domínio da Floresta Atlântica. Os três locais estudados apresentavam exposições das encostas e índice de área foliar diferentes. Os resultados mostraram que existe uma marcante variabilidade na intensidade de radiação luminosa no interior do fragmento devido à presença de clareiras e variações na arquitetura das copas que compõem o dossel. Plântulas de quatro espécies arbóreas presentes nos locais estudados foram submetidas, em condição de campo, a curtos intervalos, a altos valores de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (FFF), visando simular o efeito dos picos de FFF na fotossíntese. Foi observado um aumento praticamente imediato da fotossíntese líquida nas folhas sob alto FFF (500 μmol.m-2s-1), ficando, no entanto, evidente a ocorrência de estado de indução quando as folhas permaneceram por um longo tempo sob baixo FFF (20 μmol.m-2s-1).

Despite the existence of important floristic and forest inventories in the Paraná state, the montane and upper montane ecosystems still give rise to new species and new records of plants. Here, we report for the first time in the Paraná state Hydrocotyle itatiaiensis Brade (Araliaceae), a rare and poorly studied species endemic to montane and upper montane rainforests and highland grasslands of the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. The previously known geographic distribution had a 700 km gap between northern São Paulo and southern Santa Catarina states, which is now filled by the present record. We provide photographs from the field, a map of occurrences, a description, and comments on the morphology, taxonomy, and conservation status of the species. Our new records reinforce the conservation importance of these environments and the need for further floristic sur-veys in the region.

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF) is a global biodiversity hotspot, but its carbon sink capacity, especially in the subtropical portion, is poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between biodiversity measures (i.e., taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity) and net carbon change across subtropical BAF, testing whether there is a win–win situation in the conservation of biodiversity and carbon sink capacity across forests of distinct ages. We obtained the net carbon change from 55 permanent plots, from early successional to old-growth forests, by combining the carbon gains and losses across two censuses. We found that subtropical BAF are on average acting as a carbon sink, but carbon gains and losses varied a lot across plots, especially within late successional/old-growth forests. The carbon sink was consistent across different forest ages, and we did not find a relationship between biodiversity and net carbon change in subtropical BAF. Therefore, conservation programs should aim at both targets in order to maximize the protection of biodiversity and carbon capture across the secondary and old-growth subtropical BAF, especially in a scenario of global changes.

Measurement(s) plant trait Technology Type(s) various Factor Type(s) none Sample Characteristic - Organism Tracheophyta Sample Characteristic - Environment natural environment Sample Characteristic - Location global

Abstract This study assessed the impact of altitude, precipitation, and soil conditions on species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD) standardized effect sizes in subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forest tree communities. We considered specific trait information (FDs) for FD, reflecting recent adaptive evolution, contrasting with deeper phylogenetic constraints in FD. Three functional traits (leaf area‐LA, wood density‐WD, and seed mass‐SM) were examined for their response to these gradients. Generalized least squares models with environmental variables as predictors and diversity metrics as response variables were used, and a fourth‐corner correlation test explored trait‐environmental relationships. SR decreased with altitude, while PD increased, indicating niche convergence at higher altitudes. Leaf area and seed mass diversity also decreased with altitude. For LA, both FD and FDs were significant, reflecting filtering processes influenced by phylogenetic inheritance and recent trait evolution. For SM, only the specific trait structure responded to altitude. LA and SM showed significant trait‐environmental relationships, with smaller‐leaved and lighter‐seeded species dominant at higher altitudes. Soil gradients affect diversity. Fertile soils have a wider range of LA, indicating coexistence of species with different nutrient acquisition strategies. WD variation is lower for FDs. SM diversity has different relationships with soil fertility for FDs and FD, suggesting phylogeny influences trait variation. Soil pH influences WD and LA under acidic soils, with deeper phylogenetic constraints (FD). Environmental factors impact tree communities, with evidence of trait variation constraints driven by conditions and resources. Subtropical Atlantic forests' tree assemblies are mainly influenced by altitude, pH, and soil fertility, selecting fewer species and narrower trait spectra under specific conditions (e.g., higher altitudes, pH). Functional diversity patterns reflect both phylogenetic and recent evolution constraints, with varying strength across traits and conditions. These findings highlight the intricate processes shaping long‐lived species assembly across diverse environments in the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the degree of conservation, analyse the structural and floristic similarity of the woody and herbaceous layers of two ecotone forest communities and evaluate the indicator species of a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and Dense Ombrophilous Forest (DOF). We outlined 30 sampling units of 100 m2 in each area (West and East), where we measured three woody and one herbaceous layers. Each species was classified into ecological groups, phytogeographic distribution and conservation status. We selected other 13 studies performed on similar ecosystems to carry out cluster and indicator species analyses. We registered 213 species, arranged into 63 families. The richest families were Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Fabaceae. In the woody layers Araucaria angustifolia, Allophylus edulis and Cupania vernalis highlighted in West area, while Casearia sylvestris, Cyathea phalerata and Ilex paraguariensis highlighted in East area. Ctenitis paranaensis predominates in herbaceous layer of both areas. Our cluster analysis has formed two groups (MOF; DOF), including both study areas in MOF group. The study areas are in a maturation process. Serra da Baitaca State Park presents high conservationist importance. We list indicator species of montane MOF and DOF forests in the Paraná State, which can be used for monitoring alterations in vegetation caused by environmental changes.

ABSTRACT Although species are continually exposed to variations in climate over time, there is growing concern about the accelerated pace of climate change to which they are currently exposed, as climate is determinant in the geographic distribution of animals and plants. This study evaluated the climatic niche and impact of climate change in the 2061-2080 period on areas of occurrence of indicator tree species of alluvial forests in the south-central portion of the Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Pampa. Nineteen climatic variables were considered for the contemporary and future climates. The species’ climatic niches were modeled using the Maxent algorithm. Climatic adequacy for species in the Parana-Uruguay group was strongly influenced by variables related to temperature, while adequacy for species in the Atlantic group was related to rainfall and temperature. A decrease in the area of climatic adequacy is estimated for most species considered, with similar behavior in the two groups assessed. The species tend to occupy a more southern position, using areas of higher altitude, latitude and proximity to the Brazilian coast as climate refuges, highlighting these areas as strategic for environmental conservation.

Abstract Analysis of the structure, diversity, and demographic dynamics of tree assemblages in tropical forests is especially important in order to evaluate local and regional successional trajectories. We conducted a long‐term study to investigate how the structure, species richness, and diversity of secondary tropical forests change over time. Trees (DBH ≥ 5 cm) in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil were sampled twice during a 10‐year period (2007 and 2017) in six stands (1 ha each) that varied in age from their last disturbance (25, 60, 75, 90, and more than 100 years). We compared forest structure (abundance and basal area), species richness, alpha diversity, demographic rates (mortality, recruitment, and loss or gain in basal area), species composition, spatial beta diversity, and temporal beta diversity (based on turnover and nestedness indices) among stand ages and study years. Demographic rates recorded in a 10‐year interval indicate a rapid and dynamic process of species substitution and structural changes. Structural recovery occurred faster than beta diversity and species composition recovery. The successional gradient showed a pattern of species trade‐off over time, with less spatial dissimilarity and faster demographic rates in younger stands. As stands grow older, they show larger spatial turnover of species than younger stands, making them more stochastic in relation to species composition. Stands appear to split chronologically to some extent, but not across a straightforward linear axis, reflecting stochastic changes, providing evidence for the formation of a nonequilibrium community. Policy implications. These results reiterate the complexity and variability in forest succession and serve as a reference for the evaluation and monitoring of local management and conservation actions and for defining regional strategies that consider the diversity of local successional trajectories to evaluate the effectiveness of restoration measures in secondary forests of the Atlantic Forest biome.

ABSTRACT: The natural regeneration process is essential for forest maintenance since it is critical for establishing new tree individuals. This study aimed to improve the understanding of the regenerative component dynamics of Araucaria Forests in Southern Brazil. We investigated the effects of climate, light, tree component structure and anthropogenic disturbance on tree species regeneration. Regenerating communities from six different fragments in forest remnants of the “Planalto Sul Catarinense” region was evaluated in permanent plots two years after the first inventory. The following demographic rates were determined: recruitment, mortality, net change in the number of individuals and the changes to both upper and lower height classes. The following variables were measured in each fragment: altitude, climatic variables, light environment, tree component density and cattle presence. Association between dynamics rates, regenerating species abundance and explanatory variables was verified by the fourth-corner and RLQ methods. A total of 4,379 and 5,268 individuals were sampled for the first and second inventories, respectively, with recruitment rate (21 % yr−1) higher than mortality rate (13 % yr−1). The dynamics pattern of the fragment with greater presence of cattle stood out for the intense height increase of regenerating species caused by the presence of fast growth and light-demanding species. Natural regeneration of forest remnants under study is facing a structuring process. The main conclusions of this study were: i) climate and altitude play a relevant role in defining floristic identity and ii) chronic disturbances may influence the definition of ecological strategies.

ABSTRACT The understanding of factors determining species geographic distribution is a fundamental aim of ecology. We investigated the environmental niche for three Myrtaceae species in the Brazilian Subtropical Atlantic Forest (BSAF), part of a global conservation hotspot. Based on a literature review, we selected one representative Myrtaceae species in three important forest types in this region: Evergreen Rain Forest (coastal plains and associated mountains ranges); Araucaria Forest, and Seasonal Deciduous Forest (continental upland areas). Geographical coordinates of their distribution were obtained from the BIEN database. As explanatory variables, we considered altitude, climate, cloud cover, and soil classes. We summarized the environmental space occupied by each pair of species using Principal Components Analysis, determined niche overlaps, and applied statistical tests to verify niche equivalences and similarities. The selected species in Evergreen Rain Forest, Araucaria Forest, and Seasonal Deciduous Forest were Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC., and Campomanesia xanthocarpa O.Berg., respectively. C. xanthocarpa showed a more restricted geographic distribution than the two Myrcia species that occur from central America to southern Brazil. Species’ geographic distribution were fundamentally determined by temperature and rainfall regimes. Only C. xanthocarpa and M. guianensis, from uplands forest formations, showed environmental niche equivalence. In conclusion, we found that both species of Myrcia showed high climatic niche amplitudes occurring throughout the climatic gradient, while C. xanthocarpa was more subtropical, distributed mostly in the south and southeast of Brazil.

ABSTRACT The cloud forests are threatened due to the climate change process. Investigations seeking to predict how future climate change will affect species are of great importance as they are fundamental to generating conservation strategies. We aimed to detect how climate change affects the potential geographical distribution of Drimys angustifolia Miers, a tree species that is an indicator of the upper-montane cloud forest in the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest. The areas where D. angustifolia occurs were obtained from geographic coordinates available in scientific publications and the Global Biodiversity Information database. For climate niche modeling, we used the maximum entropy algorithm with 19 climate variables. Two climate change scenarios were considered for 2061-2080: one of low and one of high impact. D. angustifolia predominantly occurs in the upper-montane forests and is absent from dry and warm sites. The variables that best explained the D. angustifolia climatic niche were mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. Both scenarios indicated changes towards a more tropical regional future climate. Under the low impact climate change scenario, D. angustifolia coverage declined by 68.24% (± 7.32%) across its area of potential occurrence; it declined by 79.15% (± 9.65%) under the high impact scenario. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that D. angustifolia and its associated ecosystem are threatened by the potential impacts of future climate change. Consequently, we highlight climatically stable areas for the occurrence of D. angustifolia, such as those located in the highest parts of the mountain ranges of the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which should be considered as priority areas for protection and conservation.

Abstract Biological invasion is a major threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem services. We examined the functional traits similarity between a set of native and non-native invasive tree species from the Southern Brazilian subtropical mixed forest, part of an important global hotspot for biodiversity conservation. We hypothesized that invasive species occupy marginal niche spaces. We ordered the species using the Principal Component Analysis based on their wood density, leaf area, and specific leaf area. These are all important traits that summarize essential ecological strategies associated with resource acquisition and conservation. Functional overlaps between non-native and native species were analyzed through kernel density estimation of continuous traits data. While native and non-native invasive species were distributed along the same functional gradients, the position of non-native species in the functional space is species and traits specific. We concluded that within Brazilian subtropical mixed forests, the functional dissimilarity as a key factor in invasion success could not be generalized for all species and traits.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a estrutura populacional da espécie arbórea mais abundante em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana em Urubici, Santa Catarina, assim como determinar sua capacidade de regeneração natural na área desmatada adjacente ao fragmento florestal. Para a detecção da espécie mais abundante, foi realizado um levantamento florístico-estrutural no fragmento florestal, por meio da alocação de parcelas, onde todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foram considerados adultos e inventariados. Para determinar a capacidade de regeneração natural da espécie selecionada na área desmatada adjacente, foram alocadas parcelas, onde os indivíduos considerados como regenerantes (20 cm de altura até 5 cm de DAP) foram amostrados, nos anos de 2014 e 2016. Foi analisada a estrutura diamétrica e a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos adultos da espécie, e a estrutura hipsométrica, espacial e dinâmica dos indivíduos regenerantes. A espécie mais abundante no fragmento foi Drimys angustifolia Miers, que representou 26,4% dos indivíduos. A estrutura populacional dessa espécie obteve distribuição diamétrica tendendo à normalidade e distribuição espacial aleatória para os indivíduos adultos. O componente regenerante apresentou padrão de distribuição espacial agregado (2016) e distribuição hipsométrica normal somente em 2016. As taxas de dinâmica dos regenerantes indicaram aumento populacional. A elevada densidade desta espécie, associada às suas características estruturais, indicam boa adaptação no fragmento florestal e capacidade regenerativa condizente com o estágio sucessional da área em recuperação, com tendência ao aumento do número de indivíduos ao longo do tempo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do carvão vegetal da espécie Cecropia glaziovii, produzido em pequenas propriedades rurais, no município de Biguaçu, estado de Santa Catarina, e em laboratório e comparar suas propriedades ao carvão vegetal de outras espécies. Foram analisadas amostras de carvão de três fontes: amostras de carvão de Cecropia glaziovii coletadas dos fornos de alvenaria (1), amostras de carvão produzido nestes mesmos fornos, porém a partir de várias espécies diferentes (2) e amostras obtidas a partir da carbonização em laboratório da madeira de três árvores de Cecropia glaziovii coletada nas mesmas propriedades rurais (3). Determinou-se o poder calorífico superior, porcentagem de voláteis e carbono fixo e teor de cinzas. Analisando as amostras de carvão vegetal, as médias para análise energética mostraram que o carvão vegetal da amostra 2 apresentou melhores características comparadas às amostras 1 e 3. A amostra 2 apresentou maior poder calorífico superior (PCS – 7.281 Kcal/Kg a 7.336 Kcal/Kg), menor teor de voláteis (TV – 26,26%), menor teor de cinzas (TC – 2,05 a 2,46%) e maior teor de carbono fixo (66,02%). As médias das propriedades da amostra 3 também foram comparadas com outras espécies de importância comercial para produção de carvão. O poder calorífico superior (6.573 Kcal/Kg) e porcentagem de carbono fixo (61,32%) foram respectivamente inferiores quando comparados ao carvão de outras espécies: Mimosa scabrella (7.201,28 Kcal/Kg; 85,40%), Eucalyptus bentamii (8.777 Kcal/Kg; 81,85%) e Eucalyptus grandis (7.632 Kcal/Kg; 75-80%). A porcentagem de voláteis (35,00%) e teor de cinzas (3,68%) foram superiores respectivamente aos das outras espécies: Mimosa scabrella (12,70%; 1,90%), Eucalyptus bentamii (17, 17%; 0,96%) e Eucalyptus grandis (20-25%; 1,70%). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade do carvão Cecropia glaziovii é inferior em comparação com outras espécies, porém se aceita o uso, devido à abundância da espécie nesta região.

We aimed to investigate the impact of the water reservoir of a hydroelectric power station on the tree component dynamics in an adjacent forest. For this, we allocated 48 plots in three sectors: bottom, adjacent to water reservoir, middle slope and upper slope. One year after the water filling, we measured (circumference at breast height - cbh and identified all trees with cbh) ≥ 15,7 cm, followed by the dynamics study in the next year, with the re-measurement of survival trees and quantification of mortality and recruitment. We evaluated environmental variables (edaphics, topographics and environmental impacts). We determined the dynamics rates and applied a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the ordination of environmental variables and analyzed the influence of environmental gradients on community demographics rates through logistic regression. The dynamics presented number of individuals stability, but a greater basal area gain (3.64%.year-1) than loss (1.62%.year-1). There were differences among sectors, with a greater loss in bottom sector (2.51%.year-1) than others. There was a weak relation between analyzed environmental variables, suggesting that trees growth is mostly related to non-measured variables. The present study indicates that, two years after the water filling, it is possible to detect the short-term impacts of the reservoir of hydroelectric power station on tree community.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions among the landscape spatial configuration, the floristic-structural organization and demographic rates of the tree component of a system of araucaria forest fragments, in Lages, Santa Catarina state. To do so, we developed a conceptual model of inter-relationship that was evaluated by Structural Equation Modeling. In 2010, the landscape metrics (area, distance from the nearest neighbor and edge-core ratio) and first vegetation inventory data were obtained. Permanent plots were allocated in five forest fragments and forest corridor, where all tree individuals with cbh (circumference at breast height, measured at 1.30 ground) greater than or equal to 15.7 cm were identified and measured. In 2014, the second inventory was conducted, with the inclusion of recruits and counting dead and survivor’s individuals, followed by the determination of demographic rates. The data were analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Structural Equation Modelling, and Generalized Linear Models (GLM). The results showed that the landscape structure (PCA 1) had a significant influence only on the floristic-structural organization of the tree component, indicated by the preferential distribution of tree species in response to fragmentation intensity. In turn, the demographic rates (basal area gain and loss rates, and mortality rate) were influenced by structural aspects of vegetation (abundance and basal area). We conclude that there was floristic-structural variation associated to the spatial configuration of fragments in the landscape and that the demographics rates presented relation with forest successional stage, synthetized by structural variables of basal area and abundance.

This study aimed to describe the floristic composition of the regenerative component and to relate it with the adult component of an Araucaria Forest fragment, in South Brazil, in order to infer about the process of tree species community assemblage. To do so, five 10 x 20 m transection were allocated, in a forest fragment located at municipality of Lages, SC state. Each transect was made up by five plots, 20 m from each other, subdivided in different sizes, according to the sampled size class. The adult and regenerative components were compared each other for floristic-structural organization (Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Indicator Species Analysis), richness (rarefaction), population, individual spatial distribution (Standardized Morisita Index), and pattern of species coexistence or segregation in the studied plots (C-score Index). The results demonstrated significant differences between adults and regenerating components in relation to floristic-structural similarity and to richness. The adult component presented a greater proportion of populations with a random spatial distribution; and a smaller coexistence of species in plots than the regenerative component. We infer that the tree community assemblage is under influence of different ecological process, which intensity is ontogenetic dependent.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of spatial structure and environmental variables on floristic-structural organization of the tree component, in an Alluvial Araucaria Forest, in southern Brazil. To do so, 48 200 m2 sampling units were allocated in the study area, located in the municipality of Lages, SC state. All trees within the sampling units, with diameter at breast height (dbh) equal to or greater than 5 cm were identified. The environmental and spatial variables were measured in each sampling unit. The data were analyzed through Mantel Correlogram, Variation Partitioning, Redundancy Analysis, analysis of Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices and correlation tests. A total of 1,462 individuals, belong to 66 species, were sampled. Together, the environmental and spatial variables explained 24.13% of total variation, with the largest part (15.22%) being spatially structured. The significant environmental variables were topography (maximum elevation difference) and fertility (bases sum and P). It is possible to conclude that the tree component is organized as a floristic-structural gradient. Furthermore, the results suggest that the inundation regime and the presence of flood prone areas were relevant for micro-habitat definitions, that influenced the distribution of species.

We aimed to evaluate the regenerative potential of the tree component in an ecotonal area between Araucaria and Deciduous forests, in the Upper Uruguay region, Santa Catarina state. For this, a floristicstructural description of the regenerative component was conducted for different size classes and the floristic similarity among classes and adult component was verified. Three classes were considered for the regenerative component: Class 1, plants from 0.2 up to 1 m high, Class 2, plants greater than 1 m up to 3 m high, and Class 3, plants greater than 3 m high, with cbh < 5.0 cm. Information about the adult component for the same sampling units were extract from the database of the Dendrology and Phytosociology Laboratory (LABDENRO), of Santa Catarina State University. All the regenerative species were classified into regeneration guilds (pioneers, light demanding climax, shade tolerant climax), based on literature review and on field observations. For the whole component and for each size class, the Shannon diversity (H’) and Pielou Eveness (J) indexes, and the Class (RNC) and Total (RNT) Natural Regeneration Indexes were determined. The floristic similarities between components were obtained by Sorensen Index. A chi-square applied to a contingency table was conducted to verify the existence of association between the distribution of individuals belonging to different regeneration guilds and size classes. A total of 771 regenerative individuals were sampled, belonging to 52 species, whose H’ and J were, respectively, 3.06 and 0.77. The species with the greatest RNT was Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez. The similarity with the adult component varied between 0.46 for Class 3 and 0.62 for Class 1. In all size classes, there was the predominance of individuals of climax light demanding species. We conclude that the adult species component was mostly represented within the smaller plant size class, where the largest proportion of sampled individuals was found.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in the organization of tree species communities due to edge effects in a forest remnant in southern Brazil. Five transects were installed in the study area, perpendicular to the forest edge, with the dimensions of 100x20 m, subdivided into ten plots. The edge sector was defined for the distance of 0-50 m and the interior for the distance of 50-100 m. All trees with circumference at breast height ≥ 15.7 were measured, identified and classified into regeneration guilds. The sectors were compared using the t test for normally distributed variables, Mann-Whitney test for non-normal distributions, rarefaction, for richness, and Chi-square test applied to a contingency table, to check the distribution of individuals of different regeneration guilds. The sectorization as a function of edge and interior represented an important source of forest heterogeneity, once the most marginal part of the fragment was characterized by a tree component of higher density, smaller average height and prevalence of individuals of light demanding species. In the context of biodiversity conservation of the Araucaria Forest, this study suggests the need for conservation of forest fragments which size and spatial configuration allow the existence of interior area, in order to contemplate the protection of non-tolerant species of edge conditions.

We aimed to describe the floristic-structural organization, the richness and the phylogenetic structure of tree components in highland forest fragments in different successional stages, at São Joaquim National Park, in the municipality of Urubici, Santa Catarina state. Three fragments were selected, two in an advanced successional stage and one in an initial successional stage, being each one evaluated by 20 10 x 10 m sampling plots, allocated as 20 x 100 m transects. All trees with dbh ≥ 5 cm were identified and measured. The data were analyzed through rarefaction, multivariate ordination, indicator species analysis and phylogenetic structure metrics. There was no relationship between the richness and the successional stage, once the studied areas did not differ in relation to the number of species. The floristic-structural organization was influenced by the interaction between the successional stage and the environmental differences among areas. Phylogenetic clustering of species was observed in the initial successional stage area and random phylogenetic pattern was observed in advanced successional stage areas. The results indicated independent variation in richness in relation to successional phase and, that the forest succession influenced the floristic-structural composition and phylogenetic structure of the study areas.

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that different landscape elements, such as corridors, connected and non-connected forest fragments, have a tree component with floristic-structural differences. For this sake, the tree component of a fragment-corridor system was sampled by permanent plots (10 × 20 m), totaling an area of 1.4 ha. Within the plots, tree individuals with the circumference at breast height (cbh) greater than 15.7 cm, which botanical identities were determined in the field, were sampled and counted. The landscapes metrics (fragment size area, nearest neighbor distance and edge-interior relation) were extracted from a LANDSAT image, by FRAGSTAT software. The organization and richness of the tree component in the landscape were analyzed through Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), non-parametric multivariate variance analysis (NPMANOVA), Jaccard and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities indices, rarefaction, Venn diagram and indicator species analysis. Three non-connected fragments, two connected fragments and two forest corridors were recognized. In these landscape elements, a total of 84 species, 60 genera and 36 botanical families were found. The most floristically distinctive landscape element was the corridor. The hypothesis that the different landscape elements have a tree component with floristic-structural differences was accepted, supporting the idea that the spatial organization of forest fragments and corridors is relevant for the organization of tree vegetation in a landscape scale.

This study aimed to describe the functional traits of tree species in an Araucaria Forest fragment, in the municipality of Lages, SC state, in order to group them functionally. For each of the 20 most abundant species in the study area, a total of 10 individuals were sampled for the determination of the mean wood density and mean leaf size. The leaf renovation regimes, the dispersal syndrome and the maximum height in the fragment were also described for these species. The results of maximum height and wood density suggest the existence of a trade-off between investment of resources in height growth, ensuring access to some higher light availability, or in wood density, allowing for greater resilience and survival in a shaded understory environment. The gymnosperm species, Podocarpus lambertii and Araucaria angustifolia showed smaller leaves, while Cupania vernalis, Jacaranda puberula and Matayba elaeagnoides, all of compound leaves, had larger ones. Four functional groups stood out: 1) Evergreen with large leaves, 2) Evergreen with small leaves, 3) Deciduous with zoochoric syndrome, and 4) Deciduous with nonzoochoric syndrome. The results showed that the most abundant species of the studied Araucaria Forest fragment present functional trait variations, suggesting different life strategies.

The present study aimed to evaluate the biological contamination over time in a tree community of Montane Araucaria forest, in advanced successional stage, adjacent to a Pinus taeda L . plantation, in Lages, SC state. For this sake, a total of, 20 x 20m, 25 plots, distributed in five transects with five plots each, were allocated perpendicular to the edge in contact with the pinus plantation. In each plot, all living trees were measured (cbh ≥ 5 cm, measured at 1.30 m above soil level), collected and identified. Four years after the first inventory, the same individuals were re-inventoried, the dead individuals and survivor quantified and recruits added. For the two evaluated years, phytosociological descriptors were calculated, indicators of biological invasion quantified for all community as well as for ecological groups and the demographic rates determined. A total of 73 and 74 species were sampled in the first and second years, among of them two exotic species: Pinus taeda and Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton. Both species showed low values of the invasion indicators, but with an increment in the participation of Pinus taeda among pioneer species over time. Results of demographic rates suggest that, for different ecological groups, the invasion process is in distinct stages. We conclude that the pioneer species was the most affected component by biological invasion, which reinforces the need for analysis considering the different ecological groups.

This study aimed to survey the community organization and the phylogenetic structure of tree species component in a nebular forest, in the municipality of Urubici, Santa Catarina state. A total of 25 plots (400 m 2 ) were allocated, where all trees with circumference at breast height (cbh) equal or superior than 15.7 cm were measured (cbh) and identified. The Shannon index and phytosociological descriptors were determined. The dispersal syndromes of propagules were determined and the spatial distribution of each species was analyzed. The phylogenetic structure was evaluated by the values of ‘Mean Pairwise Distance’ (MPD) and Net Relatedness Index (NRI), determined through a phylogenetic tree built in function of the species sampled, an abundance matrix of species by plots and 1,000 simulations of a community with phylogenetic randomness organization. The spatial structure of the phylogenetic metrics was analyzed through I Moran Index. A total of 1,579 trees were sampled, belonging to 33 species, with Myrtaceae as the richest family. The low value of diversity (2.43), associated to low richness, is expected for nebular forest, where the environment is typically selective. The most representative species in the forest was Myrceugenia euosma (O.Berg) D.Legrand (VI = 24.51%). The predominant dispersal syndrome was zoochory (84.85%), followed by anemochory (15.15%); and the species showed predominantly a clustered spatial distribution. The community had variation in relation to the phylogenetic structure, with most plots showing no significant difference from the null model of complete randomness.

The present study aimed to evaluate the tree species population dynamics in a fragment of Montane Araucaria Forest, in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina (SC) state, along a period of four years (2008-2012). For this, for all species sampled, in 50 permanent plots of 10x20m, the regeneration guilds [pioneer (P), light-demanding climax (LDC) and shade-tolerant climax (STC)] and dynamics rates were determined (mortality, recruitment, loss and gain in basal area, net change in abundance and basal area). The existence of significant association between regeneration guilds and dynamic rates was verified by chisquare tests, applied to contingency tables. Changes in relative participation of regeneration guilds between years were analyzed using proportion tests. In 2008, 87 species were found (P: 9, LDC: 64, STC: 11, nonclassified: 3), 1.841 ind.ha-1 and 36.17 m².ha-1. In 2012, 86 species (P: 9, LDC: 63, STC: 11, non-classified: 3), 1.882 ind.ha-1 and 39.17 m².ha-1 were observed. Most species showed gains in basal area. Among the most abundant, the highest rates of recruitment and basal area gain were observed for Banara tomentosa Clos, with, respectively, 5.43%.year-1 and 6.08%.year-1, and the highest rates of mortality and basal area loss occurred for Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam., with, respectively, 7.75%.year-1 and 4.74%.year-1. No significant association between the dynamics patterns and regeneration guilds was observed, whose relative participations in the community, during the evaluated period, were constants. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the forest fragment is in the process of structural instability, indicated by the increment of the number of individuals and basal area, and floristic-successional stability, due to the low floristic substitution and maintenance of the relative importance of the regeneration guilds, along the evaluated period.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to model the climate niche of Cedrela fissilis Vell. and to project the contemporary and future potential spatial distribution considering different climate change scenarios. Species occurrence data were obtained from the SpeciesLink and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) databases. Altitude data, and 19 climate variables for both present and future conditions were obtained from the WorldClim database. The spatial prediction for the year 2070, considering an optimistic scenario (RCP 4.5) and a pessimistic one (RCP 8.5), was defined by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding the concentration of greenhouse gases. The climate niche modeling was performed using the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results showed that C. fissilis has a wide geographic distribution, occurring in most South American countries. Its distribution showed a high correlation associated with the isothermal and precipitation variables in the humid month. In future scenarios, impacts on the climatic suitability of the areas in which the species occur, will not be spatially homogeneous. Indeed, reductions of about 47% (RCP4.5) and 63% (RCP8.5) are expected. It is recommended the creation and expansion of Conservation Units (CU) in areas that will remain climatically suitable for this species. The areas that will not have a favorable climate in the future should be considered strategic for genetic rescue and establishment of germplasm banks. Areas changing into a favorable climate should be considered as new areas of ecological and forestry interest.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to characterize the demographic structure and spatial pattern of Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg, Myrcianthes gigantea (D. Legrand) D. Legrand and Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg. Within one hectare of Ombrophilous Mixed Forest, all the three populations' individuals were counted and measured with regard to their height and diameter. From the collected data, the assessment of the demographic structure was realized after the individual's size classification. Spatial pattern was determined by applying the Standardized Morisita's Index. C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula showed an inverted-J frequency distribution in the individuals size classes, which differed from M. gigantea that did not follow the same pattern. The spatial pattern of C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula populations was found mainly to be aggregated; whereas, M. gigantea showed spatial randomness. The three Myrtaceae populations responded differently with regard to structure and spatial distribution in sites with the same environmental filters.

In order to identify the floristic and structure patterns of the tree component and to determine the environmental variables that influence these patterns in a sector of montane Araucaria Forest remnant, 50 plots of 10 × 20 m were allocated, using systematic sampling, 30m apart from each other, in Campos Novos, SC. Within the plots, all living trees with cbh (circumference at breast height) ≥ 15,7 cm were identified and measured (cbh and total height). Environmental data related to chemical and physical properties of soils and topography were also collected from each sampled plot. To describe the tree vegetation richness, diversity and structure, the Shannon-Wiener index (H’), the Pielou evenness index (J’) and the phytosociological estimates were obtained. The floristic and structural organization of the fragment was analyzed through a NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling). The environmental variables were fitted a posteriori in the produced ordination, being those significant (p < 0.05) plotted as vectors. A total 1.027 individuals were sampled, which represented a basal area of 43.57 m 2 , distributed in 88 species and 41 families. The diversity of the fragment studied was relatively high (H’=3.59) with low dominance (J’=0.80). The specie with higher VI was Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (14.44%). The NMDS indicated a floristic-structural gradient related to the mean elevation (altitude), soil base saturation, soil pH and P soil content.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the floristic and structure of the tree component in Upper Montane Araucaria Forest fragment and to evaluate the influence of the edge effects on tree species organization, structure, richness and diversity. For this, a total of 50, 10 x 20 m, permanent plots divided in five transects spaced, at least, 100 m from each other, were established in the a forest fragment, located in the municipality of Bom Jardim da Serra, SC. The trees with circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15,7 cm were measured (CBH and total height), identified and classified according to the regeneration guilds. The data were analyzed through the index of importance values (IVI), a NMDS analysis (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling), a generalized additive model and simple linear regressions. A total of 1,457 individuals, distributed in 29 families, 43 genera and 55 species were surveyed. The most relative important species was Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. There was no influence of edge effect on tree community organization, structure (average diameter, average height and density) and guilds participation. However, values of diversity, richness and evenness were higher at edge areas. We conclude that part of the variation in values related to tree species diversity in the Upper Montane Araucaria Forest was determined by edge distance.

The present study aimed to verify the relationships between tree species organization and environmental variables in a fragment of Araucaria Forest. To do so, in the locality of Coxilha Rica, in the region called “Planalto Sul Catarinense” region, a total of 50 plots of 200 m2 were allocated in a forest fragment, where all living trees with CAP (circumference at breast height, measured at 1.30 m above ground) greater than or equal to 15.7 cm were sampled, measured and identified. Environmental variables related to the terrain, canopy cover and soil chemical and physical properties were obtained for each plot. Phytosociological estimators were calculated and the plots ordinated in function of species abundance by NMDS analyze (Nonmetric multidimensional scalling). Then, the environmental variables were fitted to the produced ordination, being those significant variables (p ≤ 0.01) plotted as vectors. A total of 1,447 individuals, distributed in 69 species were sampled. Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. was the most relative important species (10.43% of IV). Drimys brasiliensis Miers stood out in steeper areas, with higher elevation and with less fertile soils, with greater values of OM, Al and Na. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) LB Sm & Downs and others stood out in flat areas, with more fertile soils and low content of OM, Al and Na. We concluded that terrain and soil chemical properties represent an important source of floristic-structural heterogeneity in the study fragment.

Buscou-se caracterizar a composição florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo de uma área contaminada por Hovenia dulcis Thunb., determinar a relação da distribuição da espécie invasora com o estágio sucessional e verificar a relação da presença da espécie invasora com padrões de diversidade e de estruturação da comunidade. O estudo foi realizado em uma área ciliar do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Machadinho, em Santa Catarina. O levantamento foi conduzido em 48 parcelas de 200 m2 cada, dispostas em oito blocos. Dentro das parcelas, todos os indivíduos arbóreos com Circunferência Medida à Altura do Peito (CAP) igual ou superior a 15,7 cm foram medidos (CAP) e identificados. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos descritores fitossociológicos, Índice de Invasão Biológica (IIB), índices de diversidade, escalonamento multidimensional não métrico, análise de variância multivariada permutacional, análise de espécies indicadoras e o índice de c-score. Foram amostradas 66 espécies, com a de maior Valor de Importância (VI) Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees (10,79%). H. dulcis ocupou a sétima posição em VI (4,04%), e o IIB foi de 0,47. Os blocos foram classificados em grupos sucessionais médios e avançados, com diferenças florístico-estruturais entre eles (p = 0,001). H. dulcis associou-se com áreas em estágio sucessional mais inicial, com menor diversidade de espécies arbóreas e ausência de estruturação da comunidade, referente à segregação das espécies nas parcelas. Conclui-se que a invasão por H. dulcis não ocorreu de forma espacialmente homogênea, sendo determinada pelas características ecológicas da comunidade residente.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the vegetation and environmental variable of fragments at different successional stages in a secondary riparian forest in the municipality of Ponte Alta, Santa Catarina state, Brazil (27°29’00” S and 50°17’11” W, WGS84), aiming to list priority variables for monitoring forest succession in riparian forests. For this, two areas were identified: “Reference” (conserved secondary forest) and “Restoration” (secondary forest under passive restoration). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the existence of differences in the arboreal community diversity with lower values for the “Restoration” synthesized by PC1. The ground coverage by Ocellochloa rudis (Nees) Zuloaga & Morrone (Poaceae) was mainly in places with higher pH values and ability for effective cation exchange, with no preference of occurrence in either evaluated site. The composition of arboreal diversity was a relevant variable for monitoring passive restoration in this environment.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to characterize the floristic-structural heterogeneity of the tree species in an alluvial forest remnant considering three sectors: forest-river edge, forest interior and forest/non-forest matrix edge. Forty-eight plots of 200 m 2 were allocated and all tree individuals with a diameter at breast height (dbh) equal to or greater than 5 cm were measured and identified. Data was analyzed by Shannon’s diversity index, Pielou evenness and phytosociological descriptors. Plots were ordered through NMDS. Sixty-six species were sampled and Myrtaceae was found to be the richest family. Diversity and evenness reached 2.96 and 0.71, respectively. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B.Sm. & Downs presented the highest importance value (21.22%). The NMDS showed that tree components are spatially partitioned according to sectors, therefore indicating floristic-structural heterogeneity.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to understand the dynamics of an Upper Montane Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in the municipality of Painel, Santa Catarina, Brazil, where low-level but chronic disturbances, such as extensive cattle grazing and exploitation of non-timber products, are common practices. In 2008, permanent plots were allocated and all tree species with circumference at breast height (CBH) equal to or greater than 15.7 cm were measured. A second survey was conducted in 2014 by the same methodology. Mortality, recruitment, and basal area gain and loss rates were then determined. The tree species were classified into regeneration guilds and proportion tests were conducted to verify the associations between dynamics patterns and guilds. The community has shown a 2.3%.year-1 average mortality rate, a 2.2%.year-1 average recruitment rate, a 3.0%.year-1 average basal area gain rate and a 1.8%.year-1 average basal area loss rate. Species number has decreased from 55 to 48. Regeneration guilds have shown different dynamics patterns, where the pioneers have shown the greatest mortality (19.9%) and recruitment (15.6%) proportion and reduced representativeness in shade-tolerant climax species. Therefore, floristic impoverishment and higher representativeness reduction of late species have been observed. We have concluded that despite disturbances do not result in structural deterioration, they have the potential to slow the succession process and cause a floristic homogenization in the area under study.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in an ecotonal area between the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and the Deciduous Seasonal Forest (DSF) in Santa Catarina, Brazil, to identify the impact of the water reservoir of the Garibaldi hydroelectric power plant on the mortality and floristic-structural composition of the tree component in a riparian forest adjacent to it. One year after the reservoir water filling, 48 200 m2 plots were systematically allocated in three sectors: adjacent to the water reservoir, intermediate slope and upper slope. The tree species individuals with circumference at breast height (CBH) > 15.7 cm were identified and measured (CBH); dead individuals were quantified. The geographic coordinates of each plot were obtained. Species diversity was analyzed by Shannon and Pielou indexes and the floristic-structural organization was evaluated through phytosociological estimates, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Mantel test. Variations on mortality and floristic-structural organization regarding environmental sectors were tested with Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). 70 species have been found in the community with Shannon and Pielou values of 3.10 and 0.73, respectively. Dead individuals have shown the second highest importance value (9.59%) with the highest mortality in the lower sector (p < 0.05), which may be associated with its proximity to the water surface. The community organization has shown spatial structure; however, the NMDS and GLMs have shown no floristic-structural differentiation among sectors, probably on account of the short period of exposure to reservoir filling impacts.

RESUMOEste estudo teve por objetivo analisar como a distribuição e riqueza de espécies raras em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista ocorrem ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal. Para isso, espécies arbóreas (diâmetro à altura do peito > 5 cm) foram amostradas em 10 fragmentos florestais localizados em diferentes pisos altitudinais do Planalto Sul-Catarinense, em uma área total de 10 ha. As espécies que apresentaram número de indivíduos igual ou inferior a 2 em pelo menos um fragmento foram classificadas como raras. A distribuição das espécies foi verificada por meio de dendrograma construído a partir do índice de distância florística de Jaccard e do algoritmo de agrupamento UPGMA. A riqueza total de espécies por fragmento e o número de espécies raras foram comparados entre as subformações montana e alto-montana, por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney (U). As relações entre altitude e os valores de riqueza total e número de espécies raras em cada fragmento foram determinadas por regressões lineares simples. Os resultados indicaram a formação de dois grandes grupos de espécies raras em função do piso altitudinal. Apesar de a riqueza total das comunidades reduzir com o aumento da altitude, o número de espécies raras não apresentou alterações significativas. Conclui-se que na região do Planalto Sul-Catarinense os fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista apresentam diferentes conjunto de espécies arbóreas raras de acordo com a altitude e que a diminuição da riqueza das comunidades com o aumento do piso altitudinal não é acompanhada pela redução do número de espécies raras.

The present study aimed to analyze the floristic and structural descriptors of tree species natural regeneration in a forest sector with synchronized bamboo (Merostachys multiramea Hackel ) die-off (CT) and an adjacent area with continuous canopy cover (ST) in an araucaria forest fragment in the municipality of Lages, Santa Catarina state. A total of 14, 5x5m, plots (six plots in CT sector and eight in ST sector) were allocated, where all tree species regenerative individual with circumference at breast height smaller than 15cm and height higher than 25cm was measured (diameter at soil level) and identified. The richest families were: Myrtaceae (nine), Solanaceae (six) and Aquifoliaceae (four). The Shannon Diversity Index in ST and CT sectors were respectively 2.73 and 2.31. The species with the highest importance values in CT sector were Solanum variabile, Piptocarpha angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella, Jacaranda puberula and Solanum pseudoquina. In ST sector, the species with highest importance values were Myrsine lorentziana, Casearia decandra, Cinnamodendron dinisii, Drimys brasiliensis and Ilex paraguariensis. The results showed that the synchronized bamboo die-off influenced the spatial variation in the floristic and structural descriptors of the tree species natural regeneration.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou inventariar o componente arbóreo regenerante em uma floresta no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina e compará-lo ao componente adulto da mesma área. Foram alocadas 25 parcelas, onde os regenerantes e adultos foram identificados e quantificados. Foi calculado o Índice de Regeneração Natural Total (RNT) de cada espécie. Para verificar a similaridade entre os componentes, foi utilizada a Análise de Similaridade e o índice de Jaccard. Foram amostrados 503 regenerantes, pertencentes a 58 espécies e 29 famílias. Myrtaceae foi a família de maior riqueza (13). Leandra regnelli (Triana) Cogn., Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. e Miconia cinerascens Miq. apresentaram os maiores valores de RNT. Houve elevada dissimilaridade entre regenerantes e adultos, sendo que 37,5% das espécies do componente adulto não tiveram representantes na regeneração natural. Conclui-se que existe uma baixa capacidade regenerativa da maior parte das espécies, o que pode estar associado à presença de gado na área.

ABSTRACT Studies on the natural regeneration of tree species communities are important for providing information on forest development capacity. This research aimed to evaluate the floristic-structural variations of the tree regenerative component along a topographic gradient in an ecotonal area between a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and a Deciduous Seasonal Forest of Santa Catarina, Brazil. 30 sampling units of which all regenerating tree species individuals have been identified were allocated in the forest fragment. The sampling units were then distributed along a topographic gradient into lower, intermediate and upper sectors. Abundance, richness, Shannon's diversity index (H') and Pielou's evenness index (J) have been determined for both the whole community as for each sector. The community floristic-structural organization was verified by the means of the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), the indicator species analysis and the permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Abundance differences among sectors were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc multiple nonparametric test while richness differences were verified through rarefaction. Regenerating individuals density in the upper sector [129 (21.300 ind.ha-1)] was lower than both in the lower [401 (63.800 ind.ha-1)] and intermediary [241 (36.300 ind.ha-1)] sectors. There was variation in the floristic-structural composition (p < 0.001) among topographic positions; the lower sector was the most distinct one and showed the highest number of indicator species.

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a similaridade florística do componente arbóreo de 39 remanescentes de florestas superomontanas no domínio atlântico, Brasil, e analisar a influência de variáveis geográficas e climáticas sobre os padrões observados. Foi utilizada uma matriz binária de presença e ausência das espécies arbóreas compiladas dos 39 levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos. Para conhecer a relação da composição florística das áreas com variáveis ambientais e espaciais, foram extraídas as coordenadas geográficas e os dados climáticos de cada área. Com o objetivo de avaliar a similaridade florística dos remanescentes, foi utilizado um dendrograma e, para determinar a influência de variáveis ambientais e espaciais sobre os padrões florísticos, foi utilizada a análise multivariada NMDS. O dendrograma e a NMDS demonstraram a formação de agrupamentos, predominantemente entre remanescentes localizados em uma mesma unidade fitogeográfica. Observou-se a existência de um gradiente ambiental ligado às condições climáticas. Em áreas com maiores valores de sazonalidade térmica, amplitude térmica anual, precipitação, latitude e longitude, ocorreram florestas superomontanas com matriz ombrófila e, em áreas com maiores valores de temperatura média, amplitude térmica diária, isotermalidade, sazonalidade da precipitação e temperatura mínima no mês mais frio, ocorreram predominantemente florestas com matriz estacional.

Este trabalho teve como proposta analisar as variações espaciais, florísticas e estruturais do componente arbóreo de um sistema de fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no Planalto catarinense. Para isso, foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 200 m² (10 x 20 m) em quatro fragmentos, cujos indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) > 5 cm foram identificados e medidos. Foi calculado o Índice de Valor de Importância e realizada a comparação florístico-estrutural entre os fragmentos, por meio de Análise de Variância Multivariada Não Paramétrica (NPMANOVA). Espécies indicadoras de cada fragmento foram determinadas por meio da Análise de Espécies Indicadoras (ISA). Foram identificadas 73 espécies, sendo a de maior valor de importância Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze. Houve diferença na estrutura do componente arbóreo dos fragmentos (p = 0,001), sendo possível identificar espécies indicadoras para os fragmentos 1, 2 e 3. Este estudo demonstrou que fragmentos próximos entre si podem apresentar variações florístico-estruturais, que devem ser consideradas na definição de estratégias de manejo e conservação florestal.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a invasão por espécies arbóreas exóticas em dois fragmentos (F1 e F2) de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) em Lages, SC. Foram alocadas 25 parcelas por fragmento, distribuídas em cinco transeções de 20 x 100 m, perpendiculares às bordas e com distância de 100 m entre si, onde foram avaliados os indivíduos dos estratos adulto (DAP - diâmetro à altura do peito > 5 cm) e regenerante (DAP < 5 cm e altura >10 cm). Esses foram identificados e mensurados (circunferência e altura). Foi calculado, para as espécies de cada estrato e de cada fragmento, o Índice de Invasão Biológica (IIB). A relação entre o IIB e a distância da borda foi verificada por meio de regressões lineares simples. O agrupamento de espécies exóticas e nativas foi determinado por meio de correlações de Spearman e de dendrogramas. Foram amostrados 3.701 indivíduos distribuídos em 105 espécies, sendo cinco espécies invasoras. No F1 houve valores de IIB relativamente baixos (0,05 e 0,54), com Pinus taeda L., obtendo-se a maior participação na invasão, e esse esteve agrupado com espécies nativas pioneiras. Os IIB´s no F2 foram altos (0,61 e 1,96), principalmente pela elevada participação de Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton., que ficou agrupado a espécies típicas da FOM. Não foi observada relação entre a distância da borda e a intensidade da invasão biológica. Os resultados indicaram que os fragmentos apresentaram diferentes padrões de invasão biológica, determinados pela natureza da matriz de entorno e pelas características ecológicas das espécies invasoras.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509814580The relationship vegetation-soil can contribute to understand the forest structure, supporting biodiversity conservation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the existence of spatial partition of the tree species community in an Araucaria forest fragment in function of soil drainage. For this sake, an environmental characterization (soil drainage, physical and chemical soil properties, topography, compression of soil, depth of soil and canopy cover) was realized in 25 plots of 20 x 20m, where tree individuals, with circumference at breast height ≥15.7 cm were previously counted, measured and identified. The data were analysed by Mann-Withney test, non-parametric multivariate ANOVA (NPMANOVA), multivariate analysis (NMDS) and indicator species analysis. In this small spatial scale there were two drainage classes, corresponding to well and moderately-drained soils, with environmental differences that determined the richness, the spatial partition of the tree community and the occurrence of indicator species. Thus, we conclude that in the study forest fragment soil drainage spatial variations were determinant in the floristic-structural heterogeneity observed in tree community.

The relationship vegetation-soil can contribute to understand the forest structure, supporting biodiversity conservation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the existence of spatial partition of the tree species community in an Araucaria forest fragment in function of soil drainage. For this sake, an environmental characterization (soil drainage, physical and chemical soil properties, topography , compression of soil, depth of soil and canopy cover) was realized in 25 plots of 20 x 20m, where tree individuals with circumference at breast height ≥15.7 cm were previously counted, measured and identified. The data were analysed by Mann-Withney test, non-parametric multivariate ANOVA (NPMANOVA), multivariate analysis (NMDS) and indicator species analysis. In this small spatial scale there were two drainage classes, corresponding to well and moderately-drained soils, with environmental differences that determined the richness, the spatial partition of the tree community and the occurrence of indicator species. Thus, we conclude that in the study forest fragment soil drainage spatial variations were determinant in the floristic- structural heterogeneity observed in tree community.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812338This study aimed to evaluate the influence of bioclimatic variables and tree species migration routes onthe phytogeographic pattern of different forest physiognomy in southern Brazil. For this proposal, floristiccheck-lists of tree species of Araucaria Forest (AF), Subtropical Rain Forest (SRF), Seasonal DeciduousForest (SDF) and Seasonal semi-deciduous Forest (SSF) were extracted from the scientific literature.The vegetation matrix went through a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and, subsequently, theenvironmental matrix was adjusted to the ordination axes. The significant environmental variables (p ≤0.001) were plotted as vectors in the ordination diagram. A Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT) was used inorder to analyze the floristic relationship among areas in function of bioclimatic variables. The eigenvaluesfor axis 1 and 2 of the DCA were, respectively, 0.49 and 0.25, which indicated high species turnover alongaxis 1, strongly associated with mean temperature of the wettest quarter, minimum temperature of thecoldest month, altitude and annual average temperature. The results allowed the conclusion that (i) thereis greater floristic similarity between Araucaria Forest and Seasonal Forests, and (ii) the tree component ofsouthern Brazil forests shows physiognomic and floristic variation in response to bioclimatic heterogeneityand migration routes.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812342The understanding of floristic and structure of tree communities is essential to subside the strategies offorest restoration. In this sense, a phyto-sociological survey was conducted in a forest fragment situated along a tributary of Caeté river, in Alfredo Wagner, state of Santa Catarina, in order to: i) know the structureof trees and flora in this forest, ii) classify the species found according to ecological groups and iii) comparethe flora of the study area with other studies in Araucaria forest (FOM), Atlantic Rain Forest (FOD) andthe transition area between FOM-FOD of Santa Catarina state. In this fragment, 10 plots of 400 m2 wereallocated, where all individual trees with the circumference at breast height (CBH, measured at 1.30 mabove the ground) greater than or equal to 15.7 cm were measured, marked and identified. The species wereclassified into the following succession groups: pioneer, climax light-demanding or climax shade-tolerant.The Rectified Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used for the floristic comparison. The structure of thetree component was described by the density, frequency, dominance and importance value (VI). The resultsshowed elevated species richness (98 species). It was found typical species of FOM, such as Araucariaangustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze, and species characteristics of FOD such as Byrsonima ligustrifolia A.Juss.,confirming the study fragment as an area of ecological tension between FOM and FOD. The species withmost elevated VI were Psychotria vellosiana Benth., Alsophila setosa Kaulf. and Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil. The species with elevated VI, for their considerable representation in the area, are important in therestoration of degraded riparian forests in the region. The species seedlings plantation should be plannedobserving the group successional of each species, planting pioneer and light-demanding climax speciesfirst (e.g. Psychotria vellosiana), followed by, after the shading of the area, shade-tolerant species (e.g.Alsophila setosa e Guatteria australis).

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988449A Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana é uma formação pouco estudada que ocorre em altitudes acima de 1.000 m. Os objetivos deste estudo foram conhecer os padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo de um fragmento desta floresta na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense e determinar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam esses padrões. O levantamento da composição florística e estrutural e a coleta das variáveis ambientais foram conduzidos em 50 parcelas de 200 m2. Nelas, todos os indivíduos arbóreos com CAP (circunferência medida a altura do peito) ≥ 15,7 cm foram medidos (CAP e altura) e identificados. Foram coletadas, em cada parcela, variáveis ambientais relacionadas às características químicas e físicas dos solos, topográficas e de cobertura do dossel. Foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos e a estrutura diamétrica da comunidade e das populações com valor de importância (VI) acima de 5 %. A similaridade florístico-estrutural entre as parcelas foi analisada pela NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling) e os vetores das variáveis ambientais significativas (p < 0,05) foram plotados a posteriori. Foram identificadas 50 espécies arbóreas distribuídas em 33 gêneros e 20 famílias botânicas. As espécies com maior VI foram: Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (17,32 %), Myrceugenia euosma (O.Berg) D.Legrand (15,24 %) e Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret (7,84 %). A estrutura diamétrica de toda a comunidade e das populações estudadas (exceto Dicksonia sellowiana Hook.) teve distribuição próxima ao “J invertido”. A análise NMDS demonstrou maior porcentagem de argila nas parcelas com maior densidade de Araucaria angustifolia e menor porcentagem, nas parcelas com maior densidade de Dicksonia sellowiana, Inga lentiscifolia Benth. e Ocotea pulchella Mart. As parcelas de maior declividade tiveram maior densidade de Drimys brasiliensis Miers e aquelas de menor declividade, maior cota e maior cobertura do dossel, tiveram maior ocorrência de Drimys angustifolia Miers, Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb., Calyptranthes concinna DC. e Myrceugenia oxysepala (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel.

The understanding of floristic and structure of tree communities is essential to subside the strategies of forest restoration. In this sense, a phyto-sociological survey was conducted in a forest fragment situated along a tributary of Caeté river, in Alfredo Wagner, state of Santa Catarina, in order to: i) know the structure of trees and flora in this forest, ii) classify the species found according to ecological groups and iii) compare the flora of the study area with other studies in Araucaria forest (FOM), Atlantic Rain Forest (FOD) and the transition area between FOM-FOD of Santa Catarina state. In this fragment, 10 plots of 400 m2 were allocated, where all individual trees with the circumference at breast height (CBH, measured at 1.30 m above the ground) greater than or equal to 15.7 cm were measured, marked and identified. The species were classified into the following succession groups: pioneer, climax light-demanding or climax shade-tolerant. The Rectified Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used for the floristic comparison. The structure of the tree component was described by the density, frequency, dominance and importance value (VI). The results showed elevated species richness (98 species). It was found typical species of FOM, such as Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze, and species characteristics of FOD such as Byrsonima ligustrifolia A.Juss., confirming the study fragment as an area of ​​ ecological tension between FOM and FOD. The species with most elevated VI were Psychotria vellosiana Benth., Alsophila setosa Kaulf. and Guatteria australis A.St.- Hil. The species with elevated VI, for their considerable representation in the area, are important in the restoration of degraded riparian forests in the region. The species seedlings plantation should be planned observing the group successional of each species, planting pioneer and light-demanding climax species first (e.g. Psychotria vellosiana), followed by, after the shading of the area, shade-tolerant species (e.g. Alsophila setosa e Guatteria australis).

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of bioclimatic variables and tree species migration routes on the phytogeographic pattern of different forest physiognomy in southern Brazil. For this proposal, floristic check-lists of tree species of Araucaria Forest (AF), Subtropical Rain Forest (SRF), Seasonal Deciduous Forest (SDF) and Seasonal semi-deciduous Forest (SSF) were extracted from the scientific literature. The vegetation matrix went through a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and, subsequently, the environmental matrix was adjusted to the ordination axes. The significant environmental variables (p ≤ 0.001) were plotted as vectors in the ordination diagram. A Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT) was used in order to analyze the floristic relationship among areas in function of bioclimatic variables. The eigenvalues for axis 1 and 2 of the DCA were, respectively, 0.49 and 0.25, which indicated high species turnover along axis 1, strongly associated with mean temperature of the wettest quarter, minimum temperature of the coldest month, altitude and annual average temperature. The results allowed the conclusion that (i) there is greater floristic similarity between Araucaria Forest and Seasonal Forests, and (ii) the tree component of southern Brazil forests shows physiognomic and floristic variation in response to bioclimatic heterogeneity and migration routes.