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Epigenetics refers to changes in gene function, not resulting from the primary DNA sequence, influenced by the environment. It provides a link between the molecular regulation of the genome and the environmental signals exposed during the life of individuals (including lifestyle, social behavior, development, and nutrition). Notably, early development (intrauterine or postnatal) is highly influenced by the adverse socioeconomic status that leads to malnutrition or obesity; these conditions induce changes over the fetal epigenetic programming and can be transferred by transgenerational inheritance, inducing alterations of the transcription of genes related to several metabolic and neurological processes. Moreover, obesity during pregnancy, and excessive gestational weight gain are associated with an increased risk of fatal pregnancy complications, and adverse cardio-metabolic, respiratory and cognitive-related outcomes of the future child. However, most of our knowledge in this field comes from experimental animal models, that partially resemble the nutritional effects of humans. In this context, nutritional effects implicated in historical famines represent valuable information about the transgenerational effects of undernutrition and stress. In the present review, we attempt to describe the most outstanding results from the most studied famines about the impact of malnutrition on the epigenome.

OBJECTIVES: To know the opinion of users and readers about the application of Nutriología Médica as a textbook and its use as a reference for the practice of nutritional care in Mexico.To know the opinion of users and readers about the application of Nutriología Médica as a textbook and its use as a reference for the practice of nutritional care in Mexico. METHODS: Invitation open to students and health professionals from Mexico to evaluate the content and use of the 3rd and 4th editions of Nutriología Médica through an electronic survey designed on the Google Forms platform. RESULTS: 197 students and 238 health professionals responded. 80% of the teachers considered that Nutriología Médica is a good tool for the learning of their students. 88.5% of the students considered that the text is appropriate for their level of studies. The 4th edition was better evaluated than the 3rd edition in terms of content, information and organization. CONCLUSIONS: Nutriología Médica is a book used and recognized by students and health professionals in medicine and nutrition that has favored the teaching of nutrition in Mexico. FUNDING SOURCES: Universidad Iberoamericana CDMX.

Adverse conditions in early life, including environmental, biological and social influences, are risk factors for ill-health during aging and the onset of age-related disorders. In this context, the recent field of social epigenetics offers a valuable method for establishing the relationships among them However, current clinical studies on environmental changes and lifespan disorders are limited. In this sense, the Tlaltizapan (Mexico) cohort, who 52 years ago was exposed to infant malnutrition, low income and poor hygiene conditions, represents a vital source for exploring such factors. Therefore, in the present study, 52 years later, we aimed to explore differences in clinical/biochemical/anthropometric and epigenetic (DNA methylation) variables between individuals from such a cohort, in comparison with an urban-raised sample. Interestingly, only cholesterol levels showed significant differences between the cohorts. On the other hand, individuals from the Tlaltizapan cohort with more years of schooling had a lower epigenetic age in the Horvath (p-value = 0.0225) and PhenoAge (p-value = 0.0353) clocks, compared to those with lower-level schooling. Our analysis indicates 12 differentially methylated sites associated with the PI3-Akt signaling pathway and galactose metabolism in individuals with different durations of schooling. In conclusion, our results suggest that longer durations of schooling could promote DNA methylation changes that may reduce epigenetic age, nevertheless, further studies are needed.

We describe the evidence of the effects of early life exposures on health and aging during adulthood.A narrative review of cohorts and systematic reviews of studies initiated early in life and followed up to adulthood was conducted.Most studies were carried out in developed countries. The long-term effects of birth weight and, to a lesser extent, height at birth on chronic-degenerative diseases, functionality, bone, renal and respiratory pathology, and mortality have been consistent. Breastfeeding is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and functionality. Adiposity, bone pathophysiology, functionality in old age, and high blood pressure are associated with socioeconomic status at birth.Several exposures from intrauterine life to adolescence that exert discrete but significant effects on adult health have been consistently described. It is necessary to carry out these studies in developing countries.En este artículo se describe la evidencia acerca de los efectos de las exposiciones tempranas sobre la salud y el envejecimiento en la edad adulta.Revisión narrativa de cohortes y revisiones sistemáticas de estudios iniciados en la vida temprana y seguidos hasta la edad adulta.La mayoría de los estudios se realizaron en países desarrollados. Los efectos a largo plazo del peso al nacer, y en menor medida de la talla al nacer, en las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, la funcionalidad, la fisiopatología ósea, renal y respiratoria, y la mortalidad, han sido consistentes. La lactancia materna se ha asociado con enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares, y con la funcionalidad. La adiposidad, la fisiopatología ósea, la funcionalidad en la vejez y la hipertensión arterial están asociadas con el nivel socioeconómico al nacer.Diferentes exposiciones desde la vida intrauterina hasta la adolescencia ejercen efectos discretos, pero significativos, sobre la salud de los adultos. Se requiere realizar estos estudios en las poblaciones que viven en países en desarrollo.

In the paper apossibility of using ametrology micro computed tomography (CT) to assess quality of parts made by rapid prototyping technique was presented. Additive manufacturing techniques dramatically change the approach to manufacturing process. Not long ago they allowed solely for obtaining aspatial model of apart in order to visualize its features. Nowadays, it is possible to produce elements and assembly groups with properties that make it possible to replace many parts manufactured using traditional casting or injection techniques. Polymer components created by means of 3D printing can be generated one layer of material after another. In many cases inner spaces (sections) are not fully filled in (solid), they are rather replaced by aspecially selected structure. Thanks to this it is possible to save material and reduce weight. To control these structures and to inspect joints between particular layers using anon-destructive method it is necessary to use ametrology micro CT. In the paper an application of X-ray computed tomography and assessment of measurement uncertainty regarding elements manufactured with fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using ABS 3D printing on UP! printer was presented. Inspection of both: inner structure and outer shapes as well as joints between them was performed basing on computer aided design (CAD) model.

Anthropometric reference data for older adults, particularly for the oldest old, are still limited, especially in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to describe sex- and age-specific distributions of anthropometric measurements and body composition in Mexican older adults. The methods included in the present study were assessment of height, weight, BMI, calf circumference (CC), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) as well as knee height in a sample of 8883 Mexican adults aged 60 years and above and the estimation of sex- and age-specific differences in these measures. Results of the study (n 7865, 54 % women) showed that men are taller, have higher BMI, and larger WC than women, whereas women presented higher prevalence of obesity and adiposity. Overall prevalence of underweight was 2·3 % in men and 4·0 % in women, with increasing prevalence with advancing age. Significant differences were found by age group for weight, height, WC, HC, CC, BMI and knee height (PP

Background: The Mayas of the State of Yucatan in Mexico are the only aboriginal group with obesity and diabetes data before 1997.Objective: To analyze socioeconomic trends associated with the incre...

Currently, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Non-Metal Composites (CFRC) are commonly applied in structural components of aircrafts. Frequently, these elements need to be drilled for their assembly in the final product. Chips close to powder are formed when this kind of material is machined. Because of this, drilling processes are mostly performed in absence of cutting fluids. High quality requirements are demanded for holes due to the fact than those elements are placed in key components of the aircrafts. The most relevant defects that can be produced in the dry drilling of CFRC are located in the both tool input and tool output. These defects are known as Break-IN (B-IN) and Break-OUT (B-OUT). This paper reports on the results of a comparative study of different methodologies for evaluating those defects. First of them is based on the analysis of the diameter deviation. Second procedure is based on the damaged area. Both parameters have been measured making use of image analysis techniques. Obtained results have revealed that damaged area based method is more sensitive to hole changes.

Sarcopenia has an important impact in elderly. Recently the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) defined sarcopenia as the loss of muscle mass plus low muscle strength or low physical performance. Lack of clinical sounding outcomes (ie external validity), is one of the flaws of this algorithm. The aim of our study was to determine the association of sarcopenia and mortality in a group of Mexican elderly. A total of 345 elderly were recruited in Mexico City, and followed up for three years. The EWGSOP algorithm was integrated by: gait speed, grip strength and calf circumference. Other covariates were assessed in order to test the independent association of sarcopenia with mortality. Of the 345 subjects, 53.3% were women; with a mean age of 78.5 (SD 7) years. During the three year follow-up a total of 43 (12.4%) subjects died. Age, cognition, ADL, IADL, health self-perception, ischemic heart disease and sarcopenia were associated in the bivariate analysis with survival. Negative predictive value for sarcopenia regarding mortality was of 90%. Kaplan-Meier curves along with their respective log-rank test were significant for sarcopenia. The components of the final Cox-regression multivariate model were age, ischemic heart disease, ADL and sarcopenia. Adjusted HR for age was 3.24 (CI 95% 1.55-6.78 p 0.002), IHD 5.07 (CI 95% 1.89-13.59 p 0.001), health self-perception 5.07 (CI 95% 1.9-13.6 p 0.001), ADL 0.75 (CI 95% 0.56-0.99 p 0.048) and sarcopenia 2.39 (CI 95% 1.05-5.43 p 0.037).

The aim of this review is to present scientific evidence on the biological, dietary, cultural and economic advantages of cow´s milk and dairy products intake in adults, with emphasis on the elderly. The role of milk and dairy products as part of the regular diet, as well as their contribution to a healthy diet for the aged population is described. The updated scientific references on the importance of milk and dairy products on the dietary management of the most prevalent diseases of the eldery -among these energy-protein malnutrition, sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases- are presented.

El presente suplemento tiene como propósito mostrar el contexto y una guía clínica sobre el consumo y papel de la leche de vaca en la alimentación. El contenido considera el papel de la leche y productos lácteos en diferentes estados fisiológicos, etapas de vida y patologías. Se basa en la mejor evidencia científica disponible y está dirigido a profesionales de la salud de diferentes especialidades.

A B S T R A C T Sarcopenia is an increasingly recognized problem in the elderly. Recently an algorithm to detect this condition was developed. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia in a group of elderly in Mexico City, using the European Wording Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) algorithm. A cross-sectional assessment of community dwelling elderly was performed in a sample of 345 subjects, who were 70 years or older, during the year of 2008. The data was gathered by a group of standardized interviewers. In order to determine sarcopenia, muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance were obtained from database. Muscle mass was measured by means of calf circumference, muscle strength by grip strength and physical performance by gait speed. Cut-points suggested in the EWGSOP algorithm of sarcopenia detection (ASD) were used. A total number of 116 (33.6%) subjects were detected as sarcopenic, 75 (48.5%) women and 41 (27.4%) men; with a greater prevalence in 80year or older subjects (50.4%). Sarcopenic obesity was found in five subjects (1.4%), moderate sarcopenia in 21 subjects (6%) and severe sarcopenia in 94 subjects (27.2%). The ASD of the EWGSOP is a useful tool for detecting sarcopenia prevalence; the frequency in our population was similar to other reports using other methodology.

The objective of this article is to provide information on cooking techniques used by two rural communities of Yucatán. We used a 24-hour recall method with 275 participants consuming 763 dishes. Dishes were classified according to cooking technique: 205 were lard-fried (27%), 169 oil-fried (22%), and 389 boiled/grilled (51%). The smaller more secluded community (San Rafael) consumed more fried dishes than the larger community (Uci) (54% versus 45%) and used more lard-frying than Uci (65% versus 46%). The more extensive use of lard in the smaller community appears to be due to fewer modernizing influences such as the availability and use of industrialized vegetable oils.

[EN] Ben Bocquelet’s & Mic Graves’ The Amazing world of Gumball is a TV series that since 2011 has earned a special position in the programming of Cartoon Network. Along with Pendleton Ward’s Adventure Time (2010-) and J.G. Quintel’s Regular show (2010-), the series is one of the channel’s heaviest bets. It is in this TV series, winner of numerous awards and with fans on the rise, where Juan Pedro Arroyo and Eva Figueroa have managed to get a job, as part of the team in Studio SOI (Germany) that assists the animation headquarters in London. Now they write about a day in their daily routine: from the first screening of “The Episode” that takes place in the studio, to the exclusive screening, surrounded by friends and beer, of the finished episodes of this new season., [ES] El Asombroso Mundo de Gumball (The Amazing World of Gumball, Ben Bocquelet, Mic Graves), es una serie que, desde su comienzo en 2011, se ha ganado un hueco especial en la parrilla de Cartoon Network, siendo, junto con Hora de aventuras (Adventure Time, Pendleton Ward, 2010-actualidad) e Historias corrientes (Regular Show, J.G. Quintel, 2020-actualidad), una de sus apuestas más fuertes. Y es en esta serie, ganadora de numerosos premios y con seguidores en aumento cada día, donde Juan Pedro Arroyo y Eva Figueroa han conseguido entrar a trabajar, como parte del equipo que, desde Studio SOI (Alemania), asiste a la sede de la serie en Londres. Ahora narran todo un día dentro de su rutina: desde el primer visionado de la animática que llega al estudio, hasta la proyección en exclusiva, entre amigos y cervezas, de los episodios ya terminados de su nueva temporada.

Aim: To evaluate the ability of five clinimetric instruments to discriminate between subjects >60 years of age living at home versus those living in a residency. Methods: Trained nutritionists applied five instruments (cognition/depression/functionality/nutrition/appetite) to 285 subjects with majorities of women (64%), aged

Objective: To explore trends in mother–child healthcare (MCHC) research over the past 30 years. Methods: Classifications of Medline articles were made at 5-year intervals using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) as classifiers. Papers were classified in mutually and non-mutually exclusive categories by subject (mother and four age groups of children) and type of research (clinical, basic, epidemiologic, and unclassified) and its various combinations. Results: The number of MCHC papers increased from 34,110 in 1966 to 65,028 in 1995, but the proportion of all Medline articles (18–21%) was relatively stable. There were remarkable long-term temporal stabilities in the proportions of MCHC papers of mothers and the four age groups of children. Most papers dealt with child (46%) and adolescents (45%), and only 11% studied mother and children together. Regression analysis indicated that a linear increase in number of MCHC papers in Medline (1053/year) was represented largely by single-age and combinations of age children, especially adolescence. However, the slope for mother-plus-children papers (113/year) was substantially higher than for mothers alone (64/year). Clinical papers (52%) were the dominant type of MCHC research, but the proportions of basic and epidemiologic papers and their combinations with clinical papers have increased substantially in the past decade. Conclusions: There has been a dominance of clinical and child-related papers in MCHC research, which may be a reflection of restricted outlooks of specialists in the area. This may change soon if the tendency toward increasing numbers of basic and epidemiologic papers holds.

Objective: To assess the association between previous term pregnancies and the prevalence of overweight in a group of urban women, controlling for the influence of age. Methods: One thousand twelve women, living in middle and low socioeconomic areas of Mexico City, were interviewed at home and their reproductive histories studied. Height and weight were measured in a clinical setting using controlled procedures. Overweight (BMI > 25) was the dependent variable used to calculate odds ratios and to perform a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Age and parity were significantly associated with the prevalence of overweight. Controlling for age, two or more previous pregnancies significantly increased the magnitude of the association. Conclusion: During the reproductive years parity seems to increase the risk of overweight in low and middle socioeconomic level urban women.

To describe changes in sources of energy of diets available in urban and rural households of Mexico from 1992 to 2002, according to levels of energy density (ED) and family income. Methods. Analysis of data from Income and Expenditure Surveys (National Institute of Informatics and Statistics) in representative samples (10000 households) of urban and rural populations (2500 people). Calculation of mean per capita-per day kcal of foods purchased, produced or exchanged during 7 days. Food groups were divided in three levels of DE (raw or cooked foods) (US Agriculture Dept. Tables).Mean percapita kcal of rural households was higher than urban households, and it increased as a function of family income in both cases. Energy available from vegetable oil increased during theperiod in both strata. Rural diet was less diverse, and tortilla was the main energy source. Urban diet included more energy from low-density foods, such as vegetables, soft-drinks and milk. Dietary diversity was directly associated to family income in both rural and urban households.The dietary changes described are related to urbanization and to the family economic level, and could play apart in the etiology of the epidemic of obesity.

To characterize body morphology and blood pressure of adults of the Mexican state of Yucatan.Rural-urban differences in weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were analyzed in 313 urban and 271 rural subjects.No rural-urban differences in prevalence of obesity and overweight were found. Hypertension was marginally higher in urban subjects. Rural abnormal waist circumference was higher in young men and young women. Comparison with two national surveys and a survey in the aboriginal population (rural mixtecos) showed similar prevalence of obesity as ENSA-2000 and higher than mixtecos and ENEC-1993. Abnormal waist circumference was intermediate between ENSANUT-2006 and mixtecos and hypertension was intermediate between ENEC and mixtecos.The Maya and mestizo population of Yucatan showed a high prevalence of obesity and abnormal waist circumference not accompanied by a comparable higher hypertension frequency. This finding requires further confirmation.

The authors characterized the output of MEDLINE papers by language and country of publication during a thirty-four-year time period.We classified MEDLINE's journal articles by country of publication (Anglos/Non-Anglos) and language (English/Non-English) for the years 1966 and from 1970 to 2000 at five-year intervals. Eight English-speaking countries were considered Anglos. Linear regression analysis of number of papers versus time was performed.The global number of papers increased linearly at a rate of 8,142 papers per year. Anglo and English papers also increased linearly (6,740 and 9,199, respectively). Journals of Non-Anglo countries accounted for 25% of the English language increase (2,438 per year). Only Non-English papers decreased at a rate of 1,056 fewer papers per year. These trends have led to overwhelming shares of English and Anglo papers in MEDLINE. In 2000, 68% of all papers were published in the 8 Anglo countries and 90% were written in English.The Anglo and English preponderances appear to be a consequence of at least two phenomena: (1) editorial policy changes in MEDLINE and in some journals from Non-Anglo countries and (2) factors affecting Non-Anglo researchers in the third world (publication constraints, migration, and undersupport). These are tentative conclusions that need confirmation.

Nowadays, there exist few options to support workflow and cooperation among mobile users using non-traditional computing platforms such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). Considering the growing need for mobility and the more frequent use of mobile devices, it is necessary to provide support for the integration of these to the work environments. In this work, we present the development of the SysCoor Workflow Management System (WFMS) architecture, which provides support for the semi-automatic generation of Web-based workflow systems and disconnected workflow through the use of models described in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and also considers the use of image, video and multimedia presentations as part of the workflow information entities. We present a scenario that illustrates a disconnected process and how it could benefit by this approach. We establish the requirements for supporting disconnected workflow and discuss the architecture of the system that is based in the use of XML for the specification of the workflow systems and disconnected operations. The workflow systems’ specification is generated in XML to enable interoperability with other WFMS engines. The development of the disconnection mechanism is presented in terms of a lightweight architecture for PDA devices developed using the SuperWaba programming language, however, the architecture described can be implemented using other programming tools.

Objective: 1. To estimate the prevalence of pre-obesity and obesity in a 1992 to 1993 national survey of the Mexican urban adult population. 2. To compare our findings with other national surveys and with data for Mexican Americans. Research Methods and Procedures: The national representative sample of the Mexican urban adult population included 8462 women and 5929 men aged 20 to 69 years from 417 towns of >2500 people. Body mass index (BMI), calculated from measured weight and height, was classified using the World Health Organization categories of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), pre-obesity (PreOB = BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (OB = BMI 30+ kg/m2). Estimates for Mexican Americans were calculated from U.S. survey data. Results: Overall, 38% of the Mexican urban adult population were classified as pre-obese and 21% as obese. Men had a higher prevalence of pre-obesity than women did at all ages, but women had higher values of obesity. Both pre-obesity and obesity increased with age up to the age range brackets of 40 to 49 or 50 to 59 years for both men and women. Both pre-obesity and obesity prevalence estimates were remarkably similar to data for Mexican Americans from 1982 through 1984. Comparison with other large surveys showed that countries differed more in the prevalence of obesity than of pre-obesity, leading to differences in the PreOB/OB ratio, and that countries also differed in the gender ratio (female/male) for both pre-obesity and obesity. Discussion: Pre-obesity and obesity were high in our population and increased with age. Our approach of characterizing large surveys by PreOB/OB and gender ratios appeared promising.

Abstract Data of the 1992-1993 Mexican Survey of Chronic Diseases in the Urban Adult Population were analyzed to investigate the effects of age and sex on the association between overweight and hypertension. Blood pressure, body weight, and height were measured in a group of 13 945 Mexicans aged 20 to 69 years living in towns and cities larger than 15 000 people. Hypertension was defined following the recommendations of the Joint National Committee for Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure-V. Overweight was defined following the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Consensus on Health and Obesity. The prevalence of types of hypertension was higher in men than in women, particularly in the groups of 20 to 39 years of age. Cross-classification of subjects according to the presence of hypertension and overweight confirmed the association between both variables. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals indicated that overweight was associated with systolic and diastolic hypertension and with isolated diastolic hypertension in women and, to a lesser extent, in men. This association was not found in the 60- to 69-year group in both sexes. Overweight did not show significant association with isolated systolic hypertension in both sexes. Results of a multiple logistic regression analysis of overweight on hypertension, controlling for age and sex, were consistent with these findings. It is suggested that other factors, independent of overweight, explain the observed gender-specific differences in the prevalence of hypertension in younger age groups. The hormonal environment of young women is one of the mentioned factors modifying the prevalence of hypertension in this group of the Mexican urban adult population.

Este texto es el resultado de una investigacion de tipo descriptiva-aplicativa, orientada al estudio del desarrollo del sector pesquero nacional, en la que se han identifi cado los factores de inversion y rentabilidad de los principales recursos acuicolas cultivados en las hoyas hidrografi cas del mar de Grau, del lago Titicaca y del rio Amazonas, y en los rios de la costa, sierra y selva peruanas. En la metodologia se han considerado el trabajo de gabinete para la obtencion y revision de informacion y el trabajo de campo para su contrastacion y validacion, y las generalidades sobre la acuicultura mundial y nacional. Se ha desarrollado el ejemplo del cultivo de trucha en el Peru, tanto en lo que respecta a su produccion como a su inversion y rentabilidad.

res por viabilizar economica y financieramente, mediante la titulizacion-concesion, los proyectos de infraestructura y las necesidades de las organizaciones pertenecientes al sector productivo de los gobiernos regionales y del gobierno central, para luego recurrir directamente a los ahorros de los inversionistas nacionales (inversionistas institucionales, demandantes de instrumentos de inversion) y extranjeros. En la decada pasada, esta situacion favorecio la expansion del mercado de capitales peruano. La regionalizacion, y por ende la descentralizacion, ha puesto al des cubierto un pais con grandes recursos naturales inexplotados o mal utilizados, con ciudades postergadas y ciudadanos aislados o marginados de los beneficios de la modernidad, todos a la espera de oportunidades de trabajo y crecimiento. Para que estas oportunidades se conviertan en logros es necesario que, en cada una de las regiones y municipios, se cree un clima de confianza hacia el futuro. Este clima dependera de muchos factores, entre ellos la sintonia y la coherencia entre los planes y las acciones de desarrollo que formulen y ejecuten los diversos niveles de gobierno: local, regional y nacional.

In an attempt to detect those factors which, even in very poor families, allow good child nutrition, a comparison was made of data obtained from the families of well‐nourished and of malnourished children standardized by socio‐economical level. Clear differences were found in some biological characteristics of the mother‐child pair; the well‐nourished children were more frequently males, they were older, their mothers had a better diet, and weaning was more gradual and involved a greater number of foods. There were also differences in family attitudes, showing that the families of the well‐nourished had less prejudices and a higher degree of modernization with respect to concepts and beliefs about food.