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Introduction: Ten years ago, Revista de Neurologia published the validation of a new free tool: the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI), from which an abbreviated version (PSI-20) was subsequently extracted. Over this decade, authors have demonstrated its excellent psychometric properties and clinical usefulness. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, aims to analyse the body of research that has used the PSI or PSI-20 in order to assess its relevance in other research teams, other clinical populations and even other cultures., Materials and Methods: A search was conducted to find articles written in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese that have used the inventory to carry out empirical research. Finally, 56 articles were selected., Results: The results show that the PSI and the PSI-20 have been widely used in Spain as well as in other Spanish-speaking countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador or Venezuela) and employed to a moderate extent in non-Spanish-speaking countries (Belgium, Brazil, Sweden or Switzerland). The clinical populations in which they have been used range from acquired brain injury and degenerative dementias to chronic pain, fibromyalgia, addictive behaviours or personality disorders. Given their versatility, they have also been used with the general population, including prison inmates, women in rural areas, university students or to study cognitive reserve., Conclusions: The PSI and PSI-20 are useful instruments for research and clinical use, and the next challenge is to validate an English version, which is currently being worked on.

Introduction: Few tools exist to objectively measure dysfunctions of prefrontal origin self-reported by the general population. The Prefrontal Symptom Inventory (PSI) is a test with excellent psychometric properties that allows such assessment and so far, no robust analysis of its abbreviated version in Spanish for Latin America has been performed., Aims: To analyze the psychometric properties of the abbreviated PSI in terms of reliability and validity in the general population in the Venezuelan context., Subjects and Methods: 300 subjects from the general population participated. The factor structure of the abbreviated ISP was determined through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); construct validity was assessed by contrasting groups with no risk of MCI and the convergence of scores with the domains that make up the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Likewise, internal consistency was estimated through McDonald's ? and Cronbach's a., Results: Five factorial models were contrasted and a version of the PSI composed of 18 items was obtained, which presented excellent indicators of goodness of fit (?2 (132) = 200.057, p < 0.001, CFI=0.955, TLI=0.948, SRMR=0.042, RMSEA=0.041) and internal consistency (? = 0.90; a = 0.89). Likewise, statistically significant differences between groups and inverse correlations were evidenced with the sections evaluated in the MoCA except for abstraction., Conclusion: The PSI-18 is a valid and reliable measure to be used in the studied population. Consistently, previous studies show its versatility to be used in research and health contexts.

Objectives: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods have proven their high safety and efficacy for pregnancy prevention and they are specially indicated in young and vulnerable population, but their use encounter barriers both between providers and users due to lack of information or to the economic cost. The aim of this study was to assess the use of two LARC methods, intrauterine device (IUD) and implant, in minors under 26 years old after giving an adequate contraceptive advice and subsidizing them in vulnerability situations. To analyze the population that chooses them, the side effects, the reasons for abandoning and the permanence time., Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of IUD and implants inserted to minors under 26 years old from January 2016 to December 2019 at the Municipal Health Center of Usera belonging to Madrid Salud. Data is collected from n=266 women who started using IUD or implant. 87 copper IUD, 37 medicated IUD and 142 implants have been placed., Results: Increased prescription of both methods, with significant implant use in the last year of the study. There has been vulnerability in 91.7% of women. The average age of IUD users is about 21.4 years, almost 2 years older than that of the implant and they have more children. The side effects frequency has been similar with both methods, being abnormal bleeding as the most frequent side effect. 31% of copper IUD, 32% of medicated IUD and 12% of implants have been removed early. The average permanence time was 19.3 months (SD=13.3), 89.1% remained at the end of the first year, 81.2% at two years and 77.4% at three years., Conclusions: An adequate contraceptive advice and free access are essential keys for increasing the LARC methods use in this particularly vulnerable population. Few and minor side effects and high continuity rate have been found, especially for the implant., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) are considered predictor of cognitive impairment, but are also associated with other factors; social and lifestyle have been the least studied., Aim: To evaluate SMC and their association with epidemiological, health, social and lifestyle variables., Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological study of the randomly selected population of Madrid. Telephone interview., Target Population: 1,775 over 55 years of age. We asked about QSM, social, economic, health and lifestyle aspects. The Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the COOP-Wonca Quality of Life Questionnaire were administered., Results: We found statistically significant association of SMC with age, temporal orientation, all variables related to mental health (depression), anxiety, sleep, mental health/GHQ, and quality of life. Association was found with all pain variables and with loneliness. There was no association with specific diseases, except chronic allergy and those linked to pain. The predictors of the SMC were temporal orientation, multimorbidity, mental health/GHQ, anxiety, pain and feeling lonely., Conclusions: SMC is a multi-caused symptom. They are associated with lower memory performance, but also with variables related to health, social aspects and lifestyle. When faced with a patient with SMC, which may be due to cognitive impairment because of Alzheimer's disease, these associations should be taken into account to assess this risk and know when follow-up is most needed.

Complications after unilateral acquired brain injury (ABI) can affect various areas of expertise causing (depending on the location of the lesion) impairment in occupational performance. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the concepts of occupational performance and functional independence, both before and after a multicomponent intervention including occupational therapy, in persons with unilateral brain damage. This was a longitudinal quasi-experimental pretest post-test study in a sample of 58 patients with unilateral brain injury (28 with traumatic brain injury and 30 with ischemic stroke). The patients' level of independence was measured using the short version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. We also measured quality of performance using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. The findings of this study showed that patients with injury in the right hemisphere improved more than those with left hemisphere damage (p<0.001). All the patients with ABI, especially those with right-sided injury, derived benefit from the multicomponent intervention, except in the area of motor skills. More research is needed on the specific techniques that might address such skills.

Introduction: Most individuals who have survived an acquired brain injury present consequences affecting the sensorimotor, cognitive, affective or behavioural components. These deficits affect the proper performance of daily living activities. The aim of this study is to identify functional differences between individuals with unilateral acquired brain injury using functional independence, capacity, and performance of daily activities., Method: Descriptive cross-sectional design with a sample of 58 people, with right-sided injury (n=14 TBI; n=15 stroke) or left-sided injury (n = 14 TBI, n = 15 stroke), right handed, and with a mean age of 47 years and time since onset of 4 ± 3.65 years. The functional assessment/functional independence measure (FIM/FAM) and the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) were used for the study., Results: The data showed significant differences (P<.000), and a large size effect (dr=0.78) in the cross-sectional estimates, and point to fewer restrictions for patients with a lesion on their right side. The major differences were in the variables 'speaking' and 'receiving spoken messages' (ICF variables), and 'Expression', 'Writing' and 'intelligible speech' (FIM/FAM variables). In the linear regression analysis, the results showed that only 4 FIM/FAM variables, taken together, predict 44% of the ICF variance, which measures the ability of the individual, and up to 52% of the ICF, which measures the individual's performance. Gait alone predicts a 28% of the variance., Conclusions: It seems that individuals with acquired brain injury in the left hemisphere display important differences regarding functional and communication variables. The motor aspects are an important prognostic factor in functional rehabilitation., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Aims: There are different studies that suggest a relationship between frontal symptoms and substance addiction. The Frontal System Behavior Scale is a questionnaire used to consider the manifestations of three frontal syndromes: executive dysfunction, apathy and lack of inhibition., Subjects and Methods: The Spanish version of the Frontal System Behavior Scale (FrSBe-Sp) is administered to 215 addicted individuals starting treatment and to 267 nonclinical participants. The FrSBe-Sp is a self-administered questionnaire of 46 items that evaluate the three syndromes afore- mentioned, in an estimation of baseline (before substance use) and in a present estimation (after substance consumption)., Results: The questionnaire shows suitable psychometric properties and convergent validity with another similar questionnaire (DEX-Sp). Statistically significant differences appear between the scores of the addicted individuals compared with the group control at the baseline, as well as, specially, the present time., Conclusions: The results point out the fact that possibly the alterations of frontal character were previous. Maybe they acted as some kind of risk factors at the beginning of substance use. Also, they have significantly increased during the phase of active substance use. The FrSBe-Sp seems to be a good instrument to explore, both synchronically and diachronically, symptoms of frontal type related to addictive behaviors. New hypotheses of special relevance for treatment of addictive behaviors are suggested.

Introduction and Aims: Dysexecutive syndrome has traditionally been related to alterations affecting the functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain. Different studies suggest that this syndrome is present in addicts to substances and, hence, the use of a brief questionnaire has been put forward as a way of carrying out an initial screening for the condition, prior to a thorough assessment of the executive functions by a neuropsychologist., Subjects and Methods: The Spanish version of the dysexecutive questionnaire (DEX-Sp) was administered to 176 addicts who were beginning treatment and to 213 non-clinical (control) participants. The DEX is a 20-item self report that evaluates a wide range of dysexecutive symptoms., Results: Statistically significant differences appeared between the scores of addicts and those obtained by the control group. Whereas males showed differences in the types of symptoms they reported, female addicts displayed more intense dysexecutive clinical features, which affected all the areas under frontal control. No significant differences were observed as regards the main drug of abuse., Conclusions: It can be established that a total score of 24 points or more on the complete DEX-Sp scale suggests the existence of dysexecutive symptoms that are clinically relevant. Likewise, scores of 33 points or more indicate a probable moderate or severe dysexecutive syndrome. The DEX seems to be an instrument that is sensitive, fast and easy to apply in the initial assessment of addicts who are seeking treatment.