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Objective: Metacognition has been conceptualized as the ability to reflect on self and others' mental states and representations, including affects, beliefs, and intentions. The Metacognition Self-Assessment Scale (MSAS) was developed to assess various aspects of metacognition, aiming to leverage its potential applications in fields like clinical psychology and psychotherapy. However, a concern associated with MSAS is whether individuals can accurately self-report difficulties in identifying and describing mental states, both their own and others', when they lack these abilities. In response to this challenge, we aimed to develop and validate an alternative reporting tool, the Metacognition Brief Rating Scale (MBRS), which serves as an informant form of MSAS. Method: The MBRS was administered to 384 individuals randomly recruited from the general population. We employed a methodological strategy based on three successive steps. In the preliminary step, items from the MSAS were rewritten into a third-person version by the authors. In the second step, we examined whether the fourfactor structure was congruent between the informant-report (MBRS) and the selfreport (MSAS) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the last step, we examined and compared the psychometric properties of the MBRS and MSAS items, including item characteristics and internal reliability analyses. Results: The psychometric properties (items and scales) of both versions were found to be adequate, and the four-factor structure of the MBRS was supported. The correlation between the two versions was statistically significant, and the factor structures were similar. Conclusions: The results support the psychometric properties of the MBRS. However, further research is needed, especially in larger non-clinical and clinical samples, to replicate and extend these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narcissistic personality disorder is a heterogeneous and complex pathology which manifests itself very differently in individuals. The aim of the present study was to analyze differences and similarities in morality and sensitivity to feelings of guilt among grandiose narcissism (GN), vulnerable narcissism (VN), and malignant self-regard (MSR). We expected that MSR and VN would be most sensitive to deontological and altruistic guilt, and that MSR and VN would have higher levels of moral standards than GN. A nonclinical sample of 752 participants was evaluated. Results showed a significant association among MSR, VN, and GN. According to our hypothesis, GN turned out to be the one with the lowest association values to guilt measures. Our results demonstrated that MSR is strongly associated with all types of guilt, GN is associated with a substantial lack of guilt, and VN is associated with deontological guilt and self-hate, but not altruistic guilt. Results confirm the relevance of considering and understanding guilt when differentiating GN, VN, and MSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980 the devastating earthquake in Irpinia, caused a complete disruption of the everyday life order in small towns, leaving only fragments of memories standing that stagger in the minds of those who have suffered a loss. Hence, the desire to collect, pass on and disseminate the memory of these places in the silence of these landscapes, imagining a possible cultural reconstruction, through artistic expressions of identity that endure over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]