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Effective conservation of wildlife requires current and accurate range maps of a species' distribution. While maintaining these resources can be challenging, especially for poorly documented species, the map is important for scientists, land managers, and decision makers alike. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species is a leading information source on the global extinction risk status of flora and fauna and provides current range maps for use in wildlife conservation and listing decisions. Chuck-wills-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis), a declining aerial insectivore whose contemporary range includes North and South America, is a near-threatened species according to IUCN, but its range map excludes areas known to support breeding populations. Here we compiled occurrence of Chuck-wills-widow within the state of Illinois across 6 data sources over a 65+ year period to highlight the occurrence of the species throughout the region. Although excluded from the current IUCN range map, we documented 947 occurrences of the species within Illinois since 1957. Through the use of minimum convex polygons (MCP), we report consistent and stable occurrence of Chuck-wills-widow, with the composite MCP ranging across the southern half of the state. Our results suggest that Chuck-wills-widow distribution within Illinois is not a result of recent colonization nor a climatic-induced shift in the species' distribution, but rather likely an underreporting of the species. This research illustrates how nocturnal or otherwise difficult to detect species may be widely underrepresented in public biodiversity databases and, as a result, have several gaps in their IUCN range maps. In addition to eBird and GBIF, we therefore encourage the inclusion of researchers and land managers along the range boundaries in the development of IUCN range maps, as local knowledge may be needed to fully describe the distribution of declining and underrepresented species. Received 22 August 2023. Accepted 17 June 2024. Key words: conservation mapping, extent of occurrence, geographic range, nightjars, species distribution, threatened species. (Spanish)--La conservacion efectiva de la vida silvestre requiere de mapas de rangos de distribucion de especies actuales y precisos. Aunque el mantenimiento de estos recursos puede ser un reto, especialmente para especies poco documentadas, el mapa es importante tanto para cientificos como para administradores de tierras y tomadores de decisiones. La Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la Union Internacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (IUCN) es una fuente de informacion de avanzada en el riesgo global de estatus de riesgo de extincion global de flora y fauna y proporciona mapas de rangos actuales para uso en conservacion de vida silvestre y toma de decisiones en listados. El chotacabras Antrostomus carolinensis, una especie aerea insectivora en declive cuyo rango contemporaneo incluye Norte y Sudamerica, es una especie casi amenazada segun la IUCN pero su mapa de rango de distribucion excluye areas conocidas por tener poblaciones reproductivas. Aqui compilamos registros de presencia de chotacabras Antrostomus carolinensis dentro del estado de Illinois usando 6 fuentes de datos en un periodo de tiempo de mas de 65 anos para resaltar los registros de presencia de la especie en la region. Aunque excluida del mapa de rango actual de la IUCN, documentamos 947 registros de la especie en Illinois desde 1957. A traves del uso de poligonos minimos convexos (MCP), reportamos presencia consistente y estable de chotacabras Antrostomus carolinensis, con el rango compuesto de MCP que cubre la mitad surena del estado. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la distribucion de chotacabras Antrostomus carolinensis en Illinois no es el resultado de colonizacion reciente ni de cambio de distribucion inducido por el cambio climatico, sino que se debe posiblemente a un subreporte de la especie. Esta investigacion ilustra como especies nocturnas o dificiles de detectar por otras razones pueden estar subrepresentadas en bases de datos publicas de biodiversidad y, como resultado, tener faltantes serios en sus mapas de rangos de la IUCN. Ademas de eBird y GBF, instamos a incluir a investigadores y adminostradores de tierras cercanas a los limites de rangos en el desarrollo de los mapas de rango de la IUCN, ya que el conocimiento local puede ser necesario para describir completamente la distribucion de especies en declive o subrepresentadas. Palabras clave: amplitud de presencia, chotacabras, distribucion de especies, especies amenazadas, mapeo de conservacion, rango geografico., Documenting the current range of a species is essential for effective wildlife conservation and management (Franklin 2010, Guisan et al. 2013). This information is vital for scientists, decision makers, and [...]

There is a dearth of research into the experience of adult diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, and targeted research is needed to understand the needs of these adults. The aim of this coproduced review was to assess existing qualitative data on the lived experience of receiving an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, identify recurring themes, and synthesize them into a visual model representing the journey through diagnosis. Using thematic analysis, we analyzed qualitative data from 24 studies of adult experiences of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis from PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL. Thirty-two "descriptive" themes and three superordinate themes were identified. These themes represented how factors relating to identity and relationships are impacted by the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and the role of adaptation and assimilation. While the diagnostic process was confusing and disappointing for many, it often led to a sense of relief and clarity regarding past experiences. It created opportunities to connect with other autistic individuals and to access services, though appropriate supports were widely lacking. Recommendations are made that the diagnosis process explicitly considers needs in relation to: the impact of the diagnosis on identity, interactions with other people, choices regarding disclosure, and whether and how to make informed adaptations.

The Holocene (beginning around 12,000 years ago) encompassed some of the most significant changes in human evolution, with far-reaching consequences for the dietary, physical and mental health of present-day populations. Using a dataset of more than 1,600 imputed ancient genomes1, we modelled the selection landscape during the transition from hunting and gathering, to farming and pastoralism across West Eurasia. We identify key selection signals related to metabolism, including that selection at the FADS cluster began earlier than previously reported and that selection near the LCT locus predates the emergence of the lactase persistence allele by thousands of years. We also find strong selection in the HLA region, possibly due to increased exposure to pathogens during the Bronze Age. Using ancient individuals to infer local ancestry tracts in over 400,000 samples from the UK Biobank, we identify widespread differences in the distribution of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age ancestries across Eurasia. By calculating ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores, we show that height differences between Northern and Southern Europe are associated with differential Steppe ancestry, rather than selection, and that risk alleles for mood-related phenotypes are enriched for Neolithic farmer ancestry, whereas risk alleles for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease are enriched for Western hunter-gatherer ancestry. Our results indicate that ancient selection and migration were large contributors to the distribution of phenotypic diversity in present-day Europeans.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Although it is known that inherited risk for MS is located within or in close proximity to immune-related genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated1. Here, by using a large ancient genome dataset from the Mesolithic period to the Bronze Age2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that the genetic risk for MS rose among pastoralists from the Pontic steppe and was brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the steppe population and later in Europe, probably driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with changes in diet, lifestyle and population density. This study highlights the critical importance of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age as determinants of modern immune responses and their subsequent effect on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.

Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1-4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5-7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1-5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Abstract Young children receiving outpatient cancer care are vulnerable to undermanaged pain. App‐based solutions that provide pain treatment advice to parents in real‐time and in all environments may improve access to quality pain care. We used a parent co‐design approach involving iterative rounds of user testing and software modification to develop a usable Pain Caregiver Resource (PainCaRe) real‐time pediatric cancer pain management app. Parents of children (2–11 years) with cancer completed three standardized modules using a PainCaRe prototype. App usability and acceptability were evaluated using the validated System Usability Scale and a thematic analysis of app testing sessions and interviews. Iterative testing sessions were conducted until data saturation. Interview themes were synthesized into action items that guided revisions to PainCaRe and additional testing rounds were conducted as necessary. Twenty‐two parents participated in three testing cycles. Overall, parents described PainCaRe as an acceptable and potentially clinically useful pain management tool. Mean system usability scores were in the acceptable scale range during each testing cycle. Usability issues identified and resolved included those related to software malfunction, complicated app navigation logic, lack of clarity on pain assessment questions, and the need for pain management advice specifically tailored to child developmental stage. Using co‐design methods, the PainCaRe cancer pain management app was successfully refined for its acceptability and utility to parents. Next steps will include a PainCaRe pilot study before evaluating the impact of the app on younger children's pain outcomes in a randomized controlled trial.

During the Cultivating Diverse Talent in STEM (CDTIS), studies were designed to identify and cultivate talent in potential innovators from low socioeconomic status (SES) and cultural groups underrepresented in the region: American Indian and Hispanic. Comparisons were made between those identified using conventional measures (CI) and those identified using performance assessments of problem solving (PSI) in STEM domains. In this study, using Q Factor Analysis, 43 students clustered on 13 factors, explaining 81.18% of the variance. Factors included high and low achievers; students from diverse groups; and 11 other clusters. Profiles are described and compared with profiles in other studies and theories. Implications for theory and practice include a paradigm shift from gifted child to talent development.

Abstract Background Melanoma progression is based on a close interaction between cancer cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling TME dynamics and composition will help improve the management of this dismal disease. Work from our and other groups has reported the requirement of an active Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling for melanoma growth and stemness. However, the role of the downstream GLI1 transcription factor in melanoma TME remains largely unexplored. Methods The immune-modulatory activity of GLI1 was evaluated in a syngeneic B16F10 melanoma mouse model assessing immune populations by flow cytometry. Murine polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were differentiated from bone marrow cells and their immunosuppressive ability was assessed by inhibition of T cells. Conditioned media (CM) from GLI1-overexpressing mouse melanoma cells was used to culture PMN-MDSCs, and the effects of CM were evaluated by Transwell invasion assay and T cell inhibition. Cytokine array analysis, qPCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to explore the regulation of CX3CL1 expression by GLI1. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were cultured in CM from GLI1-silenced patient-derived melanoma cells to assess their activation and recruitment. Blocking antibodies anti-CX3CL1, anti-CCL7 and anti-CXCL8 were used for in vitro functional assays. Results Melanoma cell-intrinsic activation of GLI1 promotes changes in the infiltration of immune cells, leading to accumulation of immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs and regulatory T cells, and to decreased infiltration of dendric cells (DCs), CD8 + and CD4 + T cells in the TME. In addition, we show that ectopic expression of GLI1 in melanoma cells enables PMN-MDSC expansion and recruitment, and increases their ability to inhibit T cells. The chemokine CX3CL1, a direct transcriptional target of GLI1, contributes to PMN-MDSC expansion and recruitment. Finally, silencing of GLI1 in patient-derived melanoma cells promotes the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), increasing cytoskeleton remodeling and invasion ability. This phenotype is partially prevented by blocking the chemokine CCL7, but not CXCL8. Conclusion Our findings highlight the relevance of tumor-derived GLI1 in promoting an immune-suppressive TME, which allows melanoma cells to evade the immune system, and pave the way for the design of new combination treatments targeting GLI1.

Seizures are common after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), with rates in the acute period approaching 5% with seizure prophylaxis in historical clinical trials. Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) are divided into categories: immediate PTS occur prior to resuscitation, typically in the field; early PTS occur from resuscitation to 7 days post-trauma; and late PTS occur thereafter. The relationship between immediate and early PTS, as well as their risk factors, are not well studied in modern cohorts. We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective database of severe TBI patients, defined as a post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale ?8, from a single institution. For the 579 patients included, rates of immediate and early PTS were 1.6% and 3.8%, respectively. We were unable to identify any clinical correlates for immediate seizures. In contrast, early PTS were associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1?2.0; p?0.01), hypoxia (3.3, 95% CI: 1.2?8.5; p?=?0.02), and subdural hematoma (SDH) (2.8, 95% CI: 1.0?2.8; p?=?0.04) in multivariable modeling. Patients with early PTS had higher rates of status epilepticus than those with immediate PTS (45% [n?=?10/22] vs. 0% [n?=?0/9]; p?=?0.03). This supports the notion of immediate PTS, which typically occur in the field and may not reliably be deciphered from pathological posturing responses, as an entity distinct from early PTS. Status epilepticus was highly morbid, associated with a 70% mortality rate. Our previously identified markers may help risk-stratify patients who may warrant longer monitoring with continuous electroencephalography to detect and treat early PTS and corresponding status epilepticus risk.

Abstract Background Intraoperative pathology consultation plays a crucial role in tumor surgery. The ability to accurately and rapidly distinguish tumor from normal tissue can greatly impact intraoperative surgical oncology management. However, this is dependent on the availability of a specialized pathologist for a reliable diagnosis. We developed and prospectively validated an artificial intelligence-based smartphone app capable of differentiating between pituitary adenoma and normal pituitary gland using stimulated Raman histology, almost instantly. Methods The study consisted of three parts. After data collection (part 1) and development of a deep learning-based smartphone app (part 2), we conducted a prospective study that included 40 consecutive patients with 194 samples to evaluate the app in real-time in a surgical setting (part 3). The smartphone app’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were evaluated by comparing the diagnosis rendered by the app to the ground-truth diagnosis set by a neuropathologist. Results The app exhibits a sensitivity of 96.1% (95% CI: 89.9–99.0%), specificity of 92.7% (95% CI: 74–99.3%), positive predictive value of 98% (95% CI: 92.2–99.8%), and negative predictive value of 86.4% (95% CI: 66.2–96.8%). An external validation of the smartphone app on 40 different adenoma tumors and a total of 191 scanned SRH specimens from a public database shows a sensitivity of 93.7% (95% CI: 89.3–96.7%). Conclusions The app can be readily expanded and repurposed to work on different types of tumors and optical images. Rapid recognition of normal versus tumor tissue during surgery may contribute to improved intraoperative surgical management and oncologic outcomes. In addition to the accelerated pathological assessments during surgery, this platform can be of great benefit in community hospitals and developing countries, where immediate access to a specialized pathologist during surgery is limited.

BackgroundKDM6A is a demethylase encoded by a gene with female-biased expression due to escape from X inactivation. Its main role is to facilitate gene expression through removal of the repressive H3K27me3 mark, with evidence of some additional histone demethylase-independent functions. KDM6A mutations have been implicated in congenital disorders such as Kabuki Syndrome, as well as in sex differences in cancer.MethodsKdm6a was knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in F1 male and female mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) derived from reciprocal crosses between C57BL6 x Mus castaneus. Diploid and allelic RNA-seq analyses were done to compare gene expression between wild-type and Kdm6a knockout (KO) clones. The effects of Kdm6a KO on sex-biased gene expression were investigated by comparing gene expression between male and female ES cells. Changes in H3K27me3 enrichment and chromatin accessibility at promoter regions of genes with expression changes were characterized by ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq followed by diploid and allelic analyses.ResultsWe report that Kdm6a KO in male and female embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from F1 hybrid mice cause extensive gene dysregulation, disruption of sex biases, and specific parental allele effects. Among the dysregulated genes are candidate genes that may explain abnormal developmental features of Kabuki syndrome caused by KDM6A mutations in human. Strikingly, Kdm6a knockouts result in a decrease in sex-biased expression and in preferential downregulation of the maternal alleles of a number of genes. Most promoters of dysregulated genes show concordant epigenetic changes including gain of H3K27me3 and loss of chromatin accessibility, but there was less concordance when considering allelic changes.ConclusionsOur study reveals new sex-related roles of KDM6A in the regulation of developmental genes, the maintenance of sex-biased gene expression, and the differential expression of parental alleles.

Building on the definition of steamers (a tasty hot milk-infused drink), we defined STEAMMERS as "a blend of diverse talents, going beyond domain-specific to domain-integrated abilities. Like steamers, they have a rich and colorful 'flavor'!" They are passionate about solving problems they and others face by honoring and blending diverse perspectives and disciplines. Gifted children and young people have the potential to become STEAMMERS, making outstanding contributions to themselves, their communities, and their world. The underlying principle is to design learning experiences beyond traditional conceptions of STEM, STEAM, and other similar combinations of disciplines in ways that uncover, ignite, cultivate, and extend these potentials. Using Real Engagement in Active Problem Solving (REAPS), an evidence-based teaching model, enables educators to recognize, cultivate, and extend the talents of the STEAMMERS we need for our future. Here, we present our new concept, describe practices, and give evidence showing how it accomplishes these purposes.

Cellular senescence is a diverse phenotype characterised by permanent cell cycle arrest and an associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which includes inflammatory cytokines. Typically, senescent cells are removed by the immune system, but this process becomes dysregulated with age causing senescent cells to accumulate and induce chronic inflammatory signalling. Identifying senescent cells is challenging due to senescence phenotype heterogeneity, and senotherapy often requires a combinatorial approach. Here we systematically collected 119 transcriptomic datasets related to human fibroblasts, forming an online database describing the relevant variables for each study allowing users to filter for variables and genes of interest. Our own analysis of the database identified 28 genes significantly up- or downregulated across four senescence types (DNA damage induced senescence (DDIS), oncogene induced senescence (OIS), replicative senescence, and bystander induced senescence) compared to proliferating controls. We also found gene expression patterns of conventional senescence markers were highly specific and reliable for different senescence inducers, cell lines, and timepoints. Our comprehensive data supported several observations made in existing studies using single datasets, including stronger p53 signalling in DDIS compared to OIS. However, contrary to some early observations, both p16 and p21 mRNA levels rise quickly, depending on senescence type, and persist for at least 8–11 days. Additionally, little evidence was found to support an initial TGFβ-centric SASP. To support our transcriptomic analysis, we computationally modelled temporal protein changes of select core senescence proteins during DDIS and OIS, as well as perform knockdown interventions. We conclude that while universal biomarkers of senescence are difficult to identify, conventional senescence markers follow predictable profiles and construction of a framework for studying senescence could lead to more reproducible data and understanding of senescence heterogeneity.

Abstract. Purpose:. To identify factors associated with delays in administration and pharmacy and nursing preparation of antibiotics for patients with open fractures. Design:. Retrospective review. Setting:. Level I trauma center. Patients:. Nine hundred sixty-three adults with open fractures administered antibiotics. Main Outcome Measurements:. Delay in antibiotic administration greater than 66 minutes from arrival and significant pharmacy-related and nursing-related delay. Results:. Isolated injury, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and transfer from another facility were associated with delay in antibiotic administration greater than 66 minutes. Injury Severity Score, transfer, and trauma team activation were associated with pharmacy-related or nursing-related delay. Conclusion:. Interventions to reduce antibiotic administration time for open fractures should focus on early identification of open fractures and standardization of antibiotic protocols to ensure timely administration even in complex or resource-scarce care situations. Level of Evidence:. Prognostic level III.