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Tempol catalyzes the formation of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] from superoxide and relaxes blood vessels. We tested the hypothesis that the generation of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] by tempol in vascular smooth muscle cells during oxidative stress contributes to the vasorelaxation. Tempol and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) both metabolize superoxide in vascular smooth muscle cells, but only tempol generates [H.sub.2][O.sub.2]. Rat pressurized mesenteric arteries were exposed for 20 min to the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor agonist, U-46619, or norepinephrine. During U-46619, tempol caused a transient dilation (22 [+ or -] 2%), whereas NBT was ineffective (2 [+ or -] 1%), and neither dilated vessels constricted with norepinephrine, which does not cause vascular oxidative stress. Neither endothelium removal nor blockade of [K.sup.+] channels with 40 mM KCl affected the tempol-induced dilation, but catalase blunted the tempol dilation by 53 [+ or -] 7%. Tempol, but not NBT, increased [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] in rat mesenteric vessels detected with dichlorofluorescein. To test physiological relevance in vivo, topical application of tempol caused a transient dilation (184 [+ or -] 20%) of mouse cremaster arterioles exposed to angiotensin II for 30 min, which was not seen with NBT (9 [+ or -] 4%). The vasodilation to tempol was reduced by 68 [+ or -] 6% by catalase. We conclude that the transient relaxation of blood vessels by tempol after prolonged exposure to U-46619 or angiotensin II is mediated in part via production of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] and is largely independent of the endothelium and potassium channels. superoxide dismutase; hypertension; angiotensin II; thromboxane

The article tells about the international law of genocide and its implications on the humanitarian goals. Topics discussed include convictions adopted for reducing genocide such as International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Iraqi High Tribunal; relationship between mass graves, forensic science and humanitarianism in genocidal operations; and transitional justice measures implemented redress legacies of victims family.

This article briefly addresses three issues that practitioners handling counterterrorism issues may encounter. First, whether there are limits on the force that can be used in an operation to rescue hostages held by a terrorist organization (such as the group that has alternatively been referred to as ISIS, ISIL, and IS). Second, how the detention policies and practices of the United States, specifically with respect to those detained at Guantanamo Bay, compare to the evolving approach of the international community. Finally, it describes military commissions as a mode of prosecuting alleged war criminals, and how United States and international law relate to one another in this context under present law, mindful that litigation in this area is ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thge articles presents a study which examines the blowback from the international legal and policy communities under the two presidential administrations who handled the matters of detainees who were captured during an Operation Enduring Freedom and who were later sent to Guantanamo Bay (GTMO).

The article discusses the application of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMI) to contractors in contingency operations in the U.S.

The article examines the failure of the U.S. to defend its position of holding Operation Enduring Freedom captives at Cuba's Guantanamo Bay without hearings in civilian courts. Topics discussed include the history of habeas and military detention law that served as the basis for the U.S. strategy to detain terror suspects without habeas review, the development of the law of counterterrorism detection, and international law developments that spurred by U.S. detention policies and practices.

Tempol catalyzes the formation of H2O2 from superoxide and relaxes blood vessels. We tested the hypothesis that the generation of H2O2 by tempol in vascular smooth muscle cells during oxidative stress contributes to the vasorelaxation. Tempol and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) both metabolize superoxide in vascular smooth muscle cells, but only tempol generates H2O2. Rat pressurized mesenteric arteries were exposed for 20 rain to the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor agonist, U-46619. or norepinephrine. During U-6619, tempol caused a transient dilation (22 ± 2%), whereas NBT was ineffective (2 ± 1%), and neither dilated vessels constricted with norepinephrine, which does not cause vascular oxidative stress. Neither endothelium removal nor blockade of K+ channels with 40 mM KCl affected the tempol-induced dilation, but catalase blunted the tempol dilation by 53 ± 7%. Tempol, but not NBT, increased H2O2 in rat mesenteric vessels detected with dichlorofluorescein. To test physiological relevance in vivo, topical application of tempol caused a transient dilation (184 ± 20%) of mouse cremaster arterioles exposed to angiotensin II for 30 rain, which was not seen with NBT (9 ± 4%). The vasodilation to tempol was reduced by 68 ± 6% by catalase. We conclude that the transient relaxation of blood vessels by tempol after prolonged exposure to U-46619 or angiotensin II is mediated in part via production of H2O2 and is largely independent of the endothelium and potassium channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]