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Peanut optimal planting density is necessary to obtain the maximum yield. Also, peanut as heavy feeder of nutrients needs to be supplemented through foliar application and bio-fertilizer (BF) plays an important role in food safety and sustainable production. This experiment was done in Rasht, Iran, during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 cropping seasons and carried out as split-factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three planting densities including 83,333 (PD1), 100000 (PD2) and 125,000 (PD3) plants ha−1 in main plot, four levels of BF including no application of BF as control (Z0) as check, Rhizobium spp. (RB), Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the combined application of RB + AMF and three treatments of magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo) and Mg + Mo as factorial 4 × 3 in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The tripartite interaction of PD2 × (RB+AMF) × (Mg+ Mo) produced the greatest seed yield (3515 kg ha−1), pod yield (4472 kg ha−1), biological yield (9380 kg ha−1), oil yield (1515 kg ha−1) and protein yield (793 kg ha−1). Also, the application of AMF along with Mo fertilizer increased the content of OA (58.51%) and SA (4.43%) in PD1 treatment. According to the results of this experiment, the inoculation of RB + AMF along with foliar application of Mg + Mo in PD2 treatment enhanced the SY of peanut and combined application of AMF and Mo improved oil quality in PD1 treatment and be recommended to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut under similar climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study displays the adsorption characteristics of dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D) on biomass-based peanut shell (BPC) carbon. Experiments were conducted by varying some parameters like concentration, pH, and temperature. 2,4-D adsorption uptake was increased from 0.504 to 3.826 mg/g with rising concentration from 1 µg/mL to 5 µg/mL and giving the highest adsorption at acidic pH. 1.605 mg/g uptake was obtained at pH 2.7. The data were in good harmony with Langmuir, Freundlic, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), and Generalized isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 42.62 ± 0.3257 mg/g. The kinetic was governed by the first-order kinetic. Various kinetic models were employed and particle diffusion was predominated for 2,4-D adsorption. Thermodynamics were explained in detail. The mean adsorption energy (E) was shown by the physical sorption, and Gibbs energy was the indicator of the spontaneous nature of the adsorption. Standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs values were recorded as 5.064 ± 139.84, 18.849 ± 0.148, and 0,7414 ± 0.0943 J/mol. The results showed that BPC was an eco-friendly and cost-effective material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further understand the species and occurrence dynamics of major pests in peanut fields in Yantai area of Shandong Province, from 2017 to 2020, the pests in peanut fields in Yantai area of Shandong Province were systematically monitored by color plate trapping method. The results showed that the dominant populations of pests in peanut fields in Yantai area were mainly Frankliniella occidentalis, peanut aphids, leafhoppers, Liriomyza and Tabanid. F. occidentalis mostly broke out in July and August, and the number of insects was higher than that in other months. The population density of F. occidentalis was positively correlated with average temperature, average ground temperature and sunshine time, and was significantly correlated with average temperature and average ground temperature. It was negatively correlated with average relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed, but not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress is a major concern in regions where irrigation relies on saline water. This study aimed to investigate the relative water content (RWC), electrolytic leakage (EL), total chlorophyll content, free amino acid content, and total soluble sugar content were analyzed in different groundnut species subjected to various salinity treatments. The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced the RWC in groundnut leaves, with A. duranensis (wild type) exhibiting higher RWC values compared to the Arachis hypogaea species. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during salt stress. A total of 9079 DEGs were identified, with 1372 genes upregulated and 2509 genes downregulated. Genes belonging to transcription factor families, such as WRKY, MYB, bHLH, E2F, and Auxin efflux carrier proteins, were induced under salt stress in the tolerant genotype. Conversely, genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, protein kinases, UDP-glycosyltransferase, and peroxidase were downregulated. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed several enriched categories and metabolic pathways associated with salt stress response, including catalytic activity, response to salt stress, ATP-dependent activity, and oxidative phosphorylation. The findings of this study provide insights into the physiological and molecular responses of groundnut to salinity stress. A. duranensis exhibited better salinity tolerance than Arachis hypogaea , as indicated by higher RWC values, lower electrolytic leakage, and differential gene expression patterns. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in groundnut and may guide future efforts to develop salinity-tolerant groundnut species, ultimately improving crop yield in saline-affected regions. • Salinity stress decreases crop yield by affecting water content and leaf damage in groundnut plants. • A. duranensis variety shows higher tolerance to salinity stress compared to GG20. • Salinity stress reduces chlorophyll levels in groundnut leaves, with A. duranensis being more resilient. • Salinity stress triggers the accumulation of free amino acids and soluble sugars, especially in A. duranensis. • RNA-seq analysis reveals key genes involved in groundnut's response to salt stress, providing valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The application of agricultural film mulching technology has significantly contributed to increasing crop yield and income, but the pollution caused by residual film has seriously affected agricultural production and the natural environment. Agricultural film is commonly employed to enhance the yield of peanuts; its use may lead to excessive dibutyl phthalate (DBP) residues in peanut kernels. But, limited investigations have been conducted on the regulatory mechanism of peanut leaves in response to DBP exposure throughout the entire growth period. Methods: To bridge this knowledge gap, we investigated the differences in transcriptome and metabolome of peanut leaves under DBP stress. Results: According to visual observations, the results of morphological response showed that the growth of peanut plants was significantly inhibited from seedling to pod stage under DBP treatment. Transcriptomic analysis results showed that the genes AH19G05510 (LRR receptor-like serine threonine-protein kinase) and AH20G31870 (disease resistance), belonging to the FAR1 family and bZIP family respectively, may be key genes involved in the resistance to DBP stress throughout its growth stages. Metabolomic analysis results showed that during the initial stage of DBP stress, the key metabolites in peanut leaves response to stress were carboxylic acids and derivatives, as well as fatty acyls. As peanut growth progressed, flavonoids gradually became more prominent in the resistance to DBP stress. By integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, we have identified that purine metabolism during seedling and flowering stages, as well as the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways during pod and maturity stages, played a crucial role in response to DBP stress. Discussion: These findings not only provide valuable key gene and metabolic information for studying anti-plasticizer pollution throughout the entire growth period of peanuts, but also offer reference for enhancing crop resistance to plasticizer pollution through genetic modification and metabolic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental environments have profound consequences for offspring fitness through transgenerational transmission of resources and epigenetic factors. Locomotor activity is a functional trait of considerable ecological importance, as it determines the ability of animals to find food and mates and to disperse to more favourable environments. Although there have been studies demonstrating that animals can plastically increase their locomotor capacity in response to nutritionally stressful environments, it remains largely unexplored whether and how parental diet can adjust offspring locomotor capacity and its related traits. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the parental intake of a nutritionally suboptimal diet would induce hyperactivity in the offspring and that this transgenerational effect could lead to improved offspring performance in an insect herbivore, the bean bug (Riptortus pedestris Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). We compared the locomotor activity, metabolic phenotype and performance traits of two groups of R. pedestris nymphs born to parents raised on soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr, Fabaceae; standard diet] or peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Fabaceae; high‐fat diet). Despite being smaller at birth, the offspring of peanut‐fed parents moved faster and more frequently than those of soybean‐fed parents during their early development. The newly hatched offspring born to peanut‐fed parents had higher relative energy reserves in somatic tissues than those born to soybean‐fed parents, indicating that differential parental provisioning could underpin this parental effect on offspring locomotor activity. Possibly through increased foraging activity, the hyperactive offspring of peanut‐fed parents grew faster into heavier adults than the offspring of soybean‐fed parents, implying that parentally induced increase in offspring locomotor activity is adaptive. This study provides experimental evidence for diet‐mediated transgenerational plasticity of locomotor activity in invertebrates and sheds novel insights into the role of parental diet history in shaping offspring phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oil and food crop frequently grown in arid, semi-arid, or dryland environments. Improving drought tolerance is a key goal for peanut crop improvement efforts. Here, we present the genome assembly and gene model annotation for "Line8," a peanut genotype bred from drought-tolerant cultivars. Our assembly and annotation are the most contiguous and complete peanut genome resources currently available. The high contiguity of the Line8 assembly allowed us to explore structural variation both between peanut genotypes and subgenomes. We detect several large inversions between Line8 and other peanut genome assemblies, and there is a trend for the inversions between more genetically diverged genotypes to have higher gene content. We also relate patterns of subgenome exchange to structural variation between Line8 homeologous chromosomes. Unexpectedly, we discover that Line8 harbors an introgression from A.cardenasii , a diploid peanut relative and important donor of disease resistance alleles to peanut breeding populations. The fully resolved sequences of both haplotypes in this introgression provide the first in situ characterization of A.cardenasii candidate alleles that can be leveraged for future targeted improvement efforts. The completeness of our genome will support peanut biotechnology and broader research into the evolution of hybridization and polyploidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving non-destructive detection of aflatoxin in peanuts can prevent the processing of aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts into food products. A potential non-destructive electrical impedance spectroscopy method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanuts is proposed. To research the relationship between electrical parameters and aflatoxins, this study analyzed the effects of improper storage duration on the content of aflatoxins and conducted experiments using impedance spectroscopy and NMR with different content of AFB1. Results showed that the aflatoxin content was proportional to the number of days of improper storage. The impedance Z could as an indicator for characterizing AFB1. The parameters of electrical impedance spectrum under multi-frequency (1000 Hz and 4 MHz) were better than those under the single frequency (1000 Hz or 4 MHz), and the combination of Z and θ showed the best correlation (R2 = 0.998). The detection mechanism was accurate under improper storage conditions, and aflatoxin production was accompanied by moldy kernel, leading to changes in endosperm structure and impedance. Our study informs the development of non-destructive detection devices for aflatoxins in peanuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyhalite-based POLY4, a multi-nutrient source containing potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur, is increasingly recognised for its potential to improve crop yields and soil health in agricultural systems. It is also been considered as a feasible approach for addressing the deficiency in potassium, calcium, and sulphur within a single application source. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of polyhalite-based POLY4 application, either as a complete or partial substitute for traditional potassium fertiliser and gypsum supplement, on the improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) growth and soil quality. An extensive field study was conducted from 2021 and 2022, employing ten distinct nutrient management treatments with three replications in a randomised complete block design. The findings of the study indicated that the application of polyhalite (POLY4) in conjunction with only NP fertilisers resulted in a higher yield advantage (approximately 150-200 kg ha-1) than in plots treated with NPK + gypsum (at 500 kg ha-1) and control plots. The application of polyhalite-based fertiliser (POLY4) at a rate that was 100% equivalent to K along with NP fertilisers resulted in a significant increase in pod yield (5.3-12.8%) over NPK + gypsum and control plots. Thus, the increased crop yield led to an increase in gross returns of 4.88% and in net returns of 4.28% with the application of POLY4 (100%) + NP fertilisers over other treatments. Likewise, variable rates of conventional fertilisers along with POLY4 (100% recommended) + NP + gypsumat 310 kg/ha significantly increased the linoleic acid content (38.5%), oleic acid content, and oil content (48.1%) by reducing palmitic acid (11.96%) content in the groundnut seed. Interestingly, POLY4 use at the 50% recommended rate also resulted in yields that were comparable with those obtained with 100% NPK. Therefore, applying POLY4, a polyhalite fertiliser, in either a 100% or 50% equivalent of essential K can be an effective way of increasing the production of peanut crops and promoting agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut is rich in edible vegetable oil and protein, which is one of the important sources of edible vegetable oil in China. To clarify the relative advantages of peanut production in various cities and to optimize the layout of peanut production and further improve the total production capacity of oil crops in Henan Province, we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of peanuts by using concentration and comparative advantage based on the production data of oil crops in Henan Province since 2001. Annual peanut yield showed an increase of 1.09 times in 2001-2022, accounted for 73.6% -90.7% of the total oil crop production in Henan Province. Since 2001, the distribution of peanuts had become more concentrated, with Nanyang and Zhumadian ranking among the top two production regions in the province. The concentration ratio (CR2) steadily increased from 28.1% to 53.0%. The peanut efficiency advantage indices of Nanyang, Zhoukou and Shangqiu were 1.031.35, 1.03-1.31 and 0.97-1.35, respectively. Nanyang, Zhumadian and Kaifeng had relatively obvious scale advantages, with the indices of 1.07-1.91, 1.56-2.14 and 1.39-1.83, respectively. In 2001-2022, Kaifeng had the comprehensive advantage index of 1.12-1.50 in peanut production. Over the same period, the advantage index rose from 1.08 to 1.41 in Nanyang, and increased from 0.81 to 1.44 in Zhumadian. As the most important oil crop in Henan Province, peanuts displayed a concentrated distribution trend. Nanyang and Zhumadian were the two core peanut production areas in Henan Province, with the peanut yield accounting for more than half of that in Henan Province. Kaifeng had obviously comprehensive advantages in peanut production, which however mainly relied on its prominent planting scale. In addition, both Zhoukou and Shangqiu showed a high level of peanut yield per unit area, but the relatively reduced planting areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oil and food legume crops worldwide. ASR (abscisic acid, stress, ripening) plays extremely important roles in plant growth and development, fruit ripening, pollen development, and stress. Here, six ASR genes were identified in peanut. Structural and conserved motif analyses were performed to identify common ABA/WDS structural domains. The vast majority of ASR genes encoded acidic proteins, all of which are hydrophilic proteins and localized on mitochondria and nucleus, respectively. The cis-element analysis revealed that some cis-regulatory elements were related to peanut growth and development, hormone, and stress response. Under normal growth conditions, AhASR4 and AhASR5 were expressed in all tissues of peanut plants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that peanut ASR genes exhibited complex expression patterns in response to abiotic stress. Notably, under drought and cadmium (Cd) stress, the expression levels of AhASR4 and AhASR5 were significantly upregulated, suggesting that these genes may play a crucial role in the peanut plant's resistance to such stressors. These results provide a theoretical basis for studying the evolution, expression, and function of the peanut ASR gene family and will provide valuable information in the identification and screening of genes for peanut stress tolerance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum greacum, is an ancient medicinal plant native to the eastern Mediterranean that later spread to Asia; it is used as a medicinal herb, spice, or food. It is a component of spice mixes, such as curry, and it is also used as a supplement in wheat and corn flour for bread making. Fenugreek appears to have many health benefits and potential medicinal properties; for this reason, it is increasingly being used in nutraceutical formulations. This study aimed to describe patients who visited our operative unit for a suspected adverse reaction after ingestion of fenugreek and to highlight possible cross-reactivity between fenugreek and other legumes or other foods. Methods: A total of 13 patients (5 males and 8 females; mean age: 30.6; range: 20–42 years) visited our outpatient clinic with a clinical history suggestive of an allergic reaction to spices or legumes. They underwent a skin prick test for fenugreek, fresh foods, and food extracts. Results: A total of 6 out of 13 patients positive for fenugreek had experienced allergic symptoms after ingesting foods containing spices, and 10 patients presented polysensitization with other legumes, of which 8 also presented sensitization to pistachios. Conclusions: Given the increasing use of novel spices in Mediterranean cuisine and the possible spread of fenugreek-based nutraceuticals, it is relevant to draw attention to possible allergic reactions. Further studies are also needed to be able to establish its cross-reactivity pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic film mulching technology occupies a prominent position in China's agricultural production and plays an important role in improving crop yields, which can increase farmers' income and ensure national food security. As the current residual film recycling mechanism is incomplete, the accumulation of residual film in the soil has gradually increased, and the problem of residual film pollution has posed a serious threat to agricultural production and the natural environment. Ridge mulching cultivation is one of the main planting patterns for grain and oil crops, such as peanuts, potatoes, and maize, in China. In this paper, the planting patterns, mulching conditions, characteristics, and distribution of residual film of the typical ridge mulching crops, such as peanut and potato, were analyzed. The merits and demerits of various kinds of residual film recycling machines and the application status and operation quality of peanut and potato residual film recycling machines are summarized. Problems and suggestions for the mechanized recycling of residual film were raised. This study may provide ideas for the development of residual film mechanization recycling of ridge mulching crops. The aim of this study is to propose practical solutions by analyzing the current status and existing problems of mechanized residual film recovery in order to reduce residual film pollution, protect the environment, and achieve sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The application of agricultural film mulching technology has significantly contributed to increasing crop yield and income, but the pollution caused by residual film has seriously affected agricultural production and the natural environment. Agricultural film is commonly employed to enhance the yield of peanuts; its use may lead to excessive dibutyl phthalate (DBP) residues in peanut kernels. But, limited investigations have been conducted on the regulatory mechanism of peanut leaves in response to DBP exposure throughout the entire growth period. Methods: To bridge this knowledge gap, we investigated the differences in transcriptome and metabolome of peanut leaves under DBP stress. Results: According to visual observations, the results of morphological response showed that the growth of peanut plants was significantly inhibited from seedling to pod stage under DBP treatment. Transcriptomic analysis results showed that the genes AH19G05510 (LRR receptor-like serine threonine-protein kinase) and AH20G31870 (disease resistance), belonging to the FAR1 family and bZIP family respectively, may be key genes involved in the resistance to DBP stress throughout its growth stages. Metabolomic analysis results showed that during the initial stage of DBP stress, the key metabolites in peanut leaves response to stress were carboxylic acids and derivatives, as well as fatty acyls. As peanut growth progressed, flavonoids gradually became more prominent in the resistance to DBP stress. By integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, we have identified that purine metabolism during seedling and flowering stages, as well as the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways during pod and maturity stages, played a crucial role in response to DBP stress. Discussion: These findings not only provide valuable key gene and metabolic information for studying anti-plasticizer pollution throughout the entire growth period of peanuts, but also offer reference for enhancing crop resistance to plasticizer pollution through genetic modification and metabolic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The growth habit (GH), also named the branching habit, is an important agronomic trait of peanut and mainly determined by the lateral branch angle (LBA). The branching habit is closely related to peanut mechanized farming, pegging, yield, and disease management. Objectives However, the molecular basis underlying peanut LBA needs to be uncovered. Methods In the present study, an erect branching peanut mutant, eg06g, was obtained via 60Co γ-ray-radiating mutagenesis of a spreading-type peanut cultivar, Georgia-06G (G06G). RNA-seq was performed to compare the transcriptome variation of the upper sides and lower sides of the lateral branch of eg06g and G06G. Results In total, 4908 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 5833 DEGs were identified between eg06g and G06G from the lower sides and upper sides of the lateral branch, respectively. GO, KEGG, and clustering enrichment analysis indicated that the carbohydrate metabolic process, cell wall organization or biogenesis, and plant hormone signal transduction were mainly enriched in eg06g. Conclusions Further analysis showed that the genes involved in starch biosynthesis were upregulated in eg06g, which contributed to amyloplast sedimentation and gravity perception. Auxin homeostasis and transport-related genes were found to be upregulated in eg06g, which altered the redistribution of auxin in eg06g and in turn triggered apoplastic acidification and activated cell wall modification-related enzymes, leading to tiller angle establishment through the promotion of cell elongation at the lower side of the lateral branch. In addition, cytokinin and GA also demonstrated synergistic action to finely regulate the formation of peanut lateral branch angles. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation of peanut LBA and present genetic materials for breeding peanut cultivars with ideotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Roasted peanuts (OPs) are more often used in daily life than boiled peanuts (BPs); the main reason may be related to the pleasurable flavor in OPs. This study comparatively investigated the effects of boiling and roasting on nutritional components contents, taste, and aroma to reveal the advantages of roasting in terms of the nutrition and flavor of peanuts. Results showed that boiling increased fat content to 54.47% of peanuts, diluted or reduced sugar content to an undetectable level, noticeably changed the contents of poly/monounsaturated fatty acids, and significantly decreased the content of free amino acid (FAA, 1.05 mg/g peanuts) in peanuts. Roasting simply decreased the contents of sugar and FAA to 2.78 and 1.82 mg/g peanuts, respectively. Compared with roasting, boiling had more discernible effects on fatty acids and FAAs. Both BPs and OPs have good dietary lipid quality. In terms of flavor, OPs had more FAAs (2 types) that contributed remarkably to the taste of peanuts than BPs (0 types), more volatile substances (40 types) than BPs (12 types), and a higher number of key volatile aroma components (8 types) than BPs (3 types). That is, roasting induced a relatively small effect on nutritional components and gave peanuts a richer taste and stronger aroma than boiling; therefore, roasting is an ideal peanut processing method. This study proved the different changes in peanuts caused by boiling and roasting on a material basis and corroborated the irreplaceability of roasting in peanut processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut allergy, one of the most frequently occurring allergies, usually starts in childhood and rarely subsides—often persisting throughout adult life. Accidental exposure to peanuts can often result in adverse reactions ranging from mild to life-threatening, such as anaphylactic shock. Historically, food avoidance and the use of rescue drugs have remained a fundamental management mechanism for dealing with food allergy. However, prevention of adverse reactions to food allergy is playing an increasing role. This is possible through the early introduction of peanuts into the diet, especially in infants at risk of this allergy. In recent years, specific immunotherapy has been used to develop desensitisation and, in some patients, tolerance—defined as a persistent state of clinical non-reactivity to the allergen after therapy is finished. The aim of this article is to summarise the current state of knowledge on the prevention and treatment of peanut allergy, with a focus on clinical trials, current guidelines, and recent experimental studies. This review may be particularly useful for paediatricians and general practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol has been found to stimulate the growth of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and protect them from oxidative damage. The topical application of resveratrol effectively enhanced hair growth and stimulated the transition of the hair cycle from the resting phase (telogen) into the active growth phase (anagen phase). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resveratrol-rich peanut callus and sprout extracts on promoting hair growth and anti-hair loss effects in hDPCs and then select the most effective extract (callus) for further assessment in clinical applications. The peanut sprout and callus were produced from plant seeds and extracted with ethanol. Resveratrol was identified as the major constituent in the extracts obtained using the HPLC approach, although no resveratrol was found in the original seed extract. Hair cell proliferation, growth factor expression, and 5α-reductase (5-AR) inhibition assays were used to examine the extracts' promotion of hair growth and inhibition of anti-hair loss in an in vitro hDPCs model, and standard resveratrol served as a positive reference. Initially, the cytotoxicity of the samples was assessed, revealing that 2.5% of all extracts and 0.02% of resveratrol exhibited a non-cytotoxic effect to hDPCs. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of peanut callus extract (15.50 ± 0.05%) was significantly less cytotoxic to hDPCs than sprout (12.30 ± 0.14%) and seed (11.69 ± 0.26%) extracts (p < 0.05). In vitro experiments indicated that peanut callus extract had the greatest proliferated hDPCs (20.44 ± 0.78%), increased the expression of growth factors (IGF-1, KGF, and HGF) and inhibited 5AR (27.83 ± 2.48%). Then, the callus extract and resveratrol as the positive standard were separately incorporated into a hair serum base and assessed for anti-hair loss effect in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 60 subjects, and the daily hair shedding count, one-minute combing, and forcible hair pluck tests were monitored for 12 weeks. The clinical study showed that the hair serum containing peanut callus extract and resveratrol were effective in reducing hair shedding (66.98% and 61.47%), decreased hair fall from combing by (83.92% and 68.19%), and increased the ratio of the anagen/telogen by (3.3 and 2.8, respectively). The results suggest that peanut callus extract has a significant amount of resveratrol and the potential to stimulate hair growth and prevent hair loss, making it an alternative bioactive option for cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector relates to changes in the suitability of areas that are used for planting crops. Since peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important sources of protein, an assessment of the potential shifts in peanut crop planting areas is critical. In this study, we evaluated the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of peanut crops in Australia. The current and potential future distributions of peanut crops were modeled using Species Distribution Models (SDMs) of CLIMatic indEX (CLIMEX). The future potential peanut crop distributions in Australia for 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100 were modeled by employing CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H Global Climate Models (GCMs) under SRES A2 climate change scenarios from CliMond 10' database. The results indicated an increase in unsuitable areas for peanut cultivation in Australia throughout the projected years for the two GCMs. The CSIRO-Mk3.0 projection of unsuitable areas in 2100 was higher (i.e. 76% of the Australian continent) than the MIROC-H projection (i.e. 48% of the Australian continent). It was found that the projected increase in dry stress in the future could cause limitations in areas that are currently suitable for peanut crop cultivation. Looking into the future suitability of existing peanut cultivation areas, both GCMs agreed that some areas will become unsuitable, while they disagreed with the suitability of other areas. However, they agreed on the important point that only a small number of existing peanut cultivation areas would still be suitable in the future. Using CLIMEX, the present study has confirmed the effects of climate change on the shifts in areas suitable for peanut cultivation in the future, and thus may provide valuable information relevant to the long-term planning of peanut cultivation in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of particle size, temperature and ethanol–water solvent ratio on the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from peanut, coconut, and macadamia nutshells. Using an I-optimal design, the maximum TPC extraction obtained from the shells ranged from 63.5 ± 1.6 to 76.2 ± 3.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g dry weight (dw) of nutshell. Next, a response surface model (RSM) was developed to describe the relationship between the process parameters and the extracted TPC concentration, in order to predict the optimal extraction conditions. For all of the examined biomasses, the optimal conditions for extraction were predicted at a particle size of 1 mm, temperature of 75 °C and ethanol/water mixture of 54, 53 and 65% ethanol, for peanut, coconut and macadamia nutshells respectively. Particle size seems to be the most important parameter, while temperature appears to be of lesser importance. Besides, the extraction kinetics were assessed by fitting kinetic models on the experimental data. The combined second-order diffusional model provided the best goodness of fit. This model revealed that, at the boundary layer, the effect of washing mechanism of extraction is more important than extraction due to diffusion kinetics. This study provides an understanding of the mass transfer mechanism involved in the TPC extraction process from nutshells, which yields valuable insights that could facilitate the industrial biorefinery of nutshells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current climate change has a profound impact on agricultural production. Despite the unanimous efforts of several nations to prevent further increase in global temperatures, developing adaptive strategies by imparting heat tolerance in crop plants is essential to ensure global food security. This study demonstrates the impact of heat stress on the morphological, physiological and biochemical properties of different groundnut genotypes derived from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (JL 24 × 55–437). The plants were grown in controlled conditions and a high-temperature stress of 45 °C was gradually imposed by placing the plants in an environmental chamber during peak reproductive stage [25 days after sowing (DAS) to 60 DAS]. Heat tolerant genotypes had better biochemical machinery to withstand the heat stress-induced oxidative burst with higher activity of catalase and peroxidase. Also, the tolerant genotypes had lesser membrane damage as indicated by lower malondialdehyde levels. Greater expression of heat shock proteins (HSP17) transcripts alongside elevated levels of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity was observed when exposed to high temperature, indicating their potential association with heat stress tolerance in groundnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Food allergy (FA) affects approximately 6–8% of young children, with a peak prevalence at approximately one year of age. Tree nut and peanut allergies are among the main causes of anaphylaxis in the world. The gold standard for the diagnosis of FAs is the oral food challenge (OFC). Other diagnostic tests used in the clinical practice are skin prick tests (SPTs) and laboratory tests to measure out the presence of serum specific IgE (sIgE). In this narrative review, we collect the current evidence of the predictive value (PV) of SPTs and sIgE for the outcome of the OFCs. In literature, data are conflicting as to whether increasing sIgE concentration and wheal size in SPTs correlate with OFC outcomes. Most studies included in our review have shown that in vivo and in vitro tests may predict OFC outcomes with variable PV, but data are not conclusive; therefore, the OFC currently remains the gold standard for FA diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing pod yield and plant phosphorus demand can provide theoretical guidance for fertilization management of high yielding peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ). Following this rationale, a large dataset was collected from field experiments (n = 265) across the main peanut planting regions of China for a period spanning from 1990 to 2021 to evaluate nutrient uptake behavior of peanut under current optimum fertilization management. Across the entire dataset, the results showed that average peanut pod yield and harvest index (HI) were 4 642 kg / hm² and 0. 54. The average peanut phosphorus (P) requirement was 6. 45 kg / t. Across five ranges of pod yields (<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-6, and >6 t/ hm² ), both nutrient uptake and HI increased with increasing pod yield. The P requirement increased with yield, attributed to an increase in straw P concentration as P luxury uptake occurs under high pod yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Gowon1’ is a large-sized and high-yielding peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea), which was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Miryang, and approved for release in 2019. For the harvest of vegetable peanuts, a large-sized pod and comparatively early maturation with high fresh-pod yield are required. ‘Gowon1’ was developed through pedigree selection from a single cross between the large-grain, short-stem variety ‘Pungsan’ and ‘Miryang47’, the early-maturing elite line. ‘Gowon1’ has 11 branches with the main stem and branch lengths of 43 cm and 49 cm, respectively. Each pod contains two seeds with a brown testa and a long ellipse-shape. ‘Gowon1’ exhibits 42 pods per plant, a 100-seed weight of 98 g and 80% mature pod ratio. Seed composition includes 30.2% protein, 47.0% crude fat, and 45% oleic acid, among other fatty acids. In regional yield trials conducted at four locations (2016-2018), ‘Gowon1’ demonstrated enhanced productivity, with an average fresh pod yield of 12.25 MT per hectare, which was 28% higher than the reference variety, ‘Palkwang’. It also exhibited higher resistance to early and late leaf spot and lodging compared to the reference variety in trials (Registration No. 9196). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) solubilization is one of the major traits for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria since P is easily rendered insoluble in soil. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can be harnessed as an environment-friendly strategy to enhance the mobilization and acquisition of P by crops. Utilization of such microorganisms as microbial inoculants in agriculture serves as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and an approach for more efficient P fertilization. Hence, this study aims to characterize a phosphate-solubilizing isolate and evaluate its potential as a microbial inoculant. Morphological, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the isolate were performed. Then, the mineral phosphate solubilization ability of the isolate was evaluated. Lastly, this study evaluated the plant growth promotion of the isolate as a single inoculant in rice or as a co-inoculant with rhizobia in peanuts. On the basis of biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis, the isolate was identified as Enterobacter sp. Also, it can solubilize P from tricalcium phosphate or aluminum phosphate. Simultaneous with P solubilization, medium acidification, and gluconic acid secretion were observed. Lastly, the Enterobacter sp. isolate could potentially be developed as a biofertilizer in reducing P resource input or to enhance the performance of a rhizobia inoculant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil properties, including soil compaction and the nutrient content, influence the composition and functions of rhizosphere microbial communities. There is limited information on how soil compaction and phosphorus application affect phosphate-solubilizing (PSB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB). This study aimed to examine the responses of PSB and NFB in the rhizosphere of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants under varying soil compaction and phosphorus application levels. To address this, pot experiments were conducted to assess the composition and assembly processes of rhizosphere PSB and NFB in peanut cultivar Hua Yu 22 under two soil compaction levels (T1, 1.25 g/cm3 compaction, and T2, 1.00 g/cm3 compaction) and two phosphorus (P) levels (P0, no P applied, and P1, 1.2 mM P/kg soil applied). The results showed that PSB community shifts were closely correlated with the content of soil available phosphorus, soil acid phosphatase activity, soil nitrogenase activity, and soil compaction. Additionally, the content of soil available phosphorus and soil compaction were correlated with changes in operational taxonomic units of NFB. A network analysis revealed that the complexities of PSB were significantly higher than those of NFB. A stronger negative relationship was identified among NFB communities. The assembly of PSB communities was primarily driven by drift processes, whereas NFB communities were influenced by a combination of homogenizing selection and drift. Both PSB and NFB community compositions were significantly affected by phosphorus limitations and soil compaction. These findings enhance our understanding of the impacts of soil compaction and phosphorus application on PSB and NFB communities, with implications for optimizing peanut crop production. Our results will provide reference for crop cultivation in compacted and low-phosphorus soils. The important phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria screened in the interaction network in this study will become candidate microbial agents for alleviating soil compaction and low phosphorus levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut, as an oilseed, have high nutritional value for humans and livestock and poultry. The seed yield (SY) of peanut decreases under drought stress conditions, and the zinc (Zn) nano-fertilizer can reduce the negative impacts of water deficiency on peanut plants and improves its SY. This experiment carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astara, Iran, during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Three irrigation regimes at 50 mm (IR50), 75 mm (IR75) and 100 mm (IR100) evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plot and three levels of Zn nano-chelate, including 0.5 g. l−1; (Zn0.5), 1 g. l−1; (Zn1) and 1.5 g. l−1; (Zn1.5) in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The results indicated that the highest pod yield (PY), SY, oil yield (OY) and protein yield (PRY) of peanut (3633, 2900, 1582 and 826 kg. ha−1, respectively) were obtained in response to Zn nano-chelate with a dose of 1.0 g. l−1 in IR50 treatment. Nonetheless, under foliar spraying of Zn1 and severe drought stress conditions (IR100) were observed the highest proline (14.84 µmol g−1 FW), superoxide dismutase (53.42 Unit mg−1proteinmin−1), catalase (72.87 nmol mg−1proteinmin−1), peroxidase (64.17 nmol mg−1protein min−1), soluble sugar content (172.04 mg g−1 FW), soluble protein content (114.16 mg g−1 DW) and anthocyanin pigments (11.20 µmol g−1 FW). Generally, application of Zn1 treatment, through increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants, improved peanut SY. Hence, foliar application of Zn nano-chelate could be recommended to enhance peanut yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a great plant protein source for human diet since it has high protein content in the kernel. Therefore, seed protein content (SPC) is considered a major agronomic and quality trait in peanut breeding. However, few genetic loci underlying SPC have been identified in peanuts, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown, limiting the effectiveness of breeding for high-SPC peanut varieties. In this study, a major QTL (qSPCB10.1) controlling peanut SPC was identified within a 2.3 Mb interval in chromosome B10 by QTL-seq using a recombinant inbred line population derived from parental lines with high and low SPCs, respectively. Sequence comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and annotation analysis of the qSPCB10.1 locus were performed. Six differentially expressed genes with sequence variations between two parents were identified as candidate genes underlying qSPCB10.1. Further locus interaction analysis revealed that qSPCB10.1 could not affect the seed oil accumulation unless qOCA08.1XH13 was present, a high seed oil content (SOC) allele for a major QTL underlying SOC. In summary, our study provides a basis for future investigation of the genetic basis of seed protein accumulation and facilitates marker-assisted selection for developing high-SPC peanut genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of heat treatment on the nutritional components and antioxidant activity of peanuts, aiming to optimize the utilization of phenolics and key nutrients in peanuts. The peanuts available in the market are categorized into those with red skins and those without. They underwent three different heat treatments: boiling, frying, and baking. The effects of these treatments on the nutritional components (protein, fat, carbohydrates, and moisture), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPPH free radical scavenging ability of the peanuts were measured and compared with those of untreated peanuts. The results indicated that three heat treatments differentially affected the nutritional components of peanuts, particularly causing significant losses in protein, carbohydrates, and minerals. Boiling had an inhibitory effect on the TPC and antioxidant activity of peanuts, causing reductions of TPC by 39.85% and 25.25% for peanuts with and without skins, respectively. Conversely, frying and baking had a promoting effect on the TPC and antioxidant activity (increasing TPC by 8.30%, 19.43% and 6.08%, 44.14% for peanuts with and without skins, respectively). This research provides valuable insights into the processing conditions and consumption methods of peanuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine, develop mathematical models, and optimize the in-row seed distribution uniformity performance of a vacuum-type seed metering unit in peanut seeding under different operating conditions. The greased belt stand trials based on the Central Composite Design (CCD) were. Quality of feed index, multiple index, miss index, precision, and coefficient of precision were examined as dependent variables, while the peripheral speed of the seed plate, hole diameter of the seed plate, and vacuum pressure were selected as independent variables. Based on the analysis of experimental data from five different levels of each independent variable, performed using the CCD, a meaningful mathematical model was developed in cubic form for the quality of feed index for peanut seeding, and the model was optimized. The ideal conditions were determined from the model as 0.079 ms−1, 6.94 mm, and 7.07 kPa for peripheral speed of the seed plate, hole diameter, and vacuum pressure, respectively. Based on the findings, quality in seeding by selecting the parameters that affect the performance of precision peanut seeding can be enhanced, resulting in valuable information that can be used as a useful guide to farmers, machine manufacturers, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the Review: In the last decade, an increasing trend towards a supposedly healthier vegan diet could be observed. However, recently, more cases of allergic reactions to plants and plant-based products such as meat-substitution products, which are often prepared with legumes, were reported. Here, we provide the current knowledge on legume allergen sources and the respective single allergens. We answer the question of which legumes beside the well-known food allergen sources peanut and soybean should be considered for diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Recent Findings: These "non-priority" legumes, including beans, pea, lentils, chickpea, lupine, cowpea, pigeon pea, and fenugreek, are potentially new important allergen sources, causing mild-to-severe allergic reactions. Severe reactions have been described particularly for peas and lupine. An interesting aspect is the connection between anaphylactic reactions and exercise (food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis), which has only recently been highlighted for legumes such as soybean, lentils and chickpea. Most allergic reactions derive from IgE cross-reactions to homologous proteins, for example between peanut and lupine, which is of particular importance for peanut-allergic individuals ignorant to these cross-reactions. Summary: From our findings we conclude that there is a need for large-scale studies that are geographically distinctive because most studies are case reports, and geographic differences of allergic diseases towards these legumes have already been discovered for well-known "Big 9" allergen sources such as peanut and soybean. Furthermore, the review illustrates the need for a better molecular diagnostic for these emerging non-priority allergen sources to evaluate IgE cross-reactivities to known allergens and identify true allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Effective utilization of plant protection UAVs in peanut cultivation management necessitates a comprehensive grasp of how application volume rates and pesticides influence peanut leaf spot and rust control. This study aimed to compare the effects of application volume rates and pesticides on droplet deposition, disease, leaf retention rate and peanut yield. A T20 plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer was used to apply four various pesticide doses. In comparison, a knapsack sprayer was used to spray with an application volume rate of 450 L ha−1. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in droplet deposition between the plant protection UAVs and the electric knapsack sprayer. In the pesticide treatment with an application volume rate of 15.0 L ha−1, there was no significant difference in the deposition on the peanut canopy of each pesticide treatment, but there was a significant difference in the deposition on the ground in the treatment with adding vegetable oil adjuvant. The treatment with added vegetable oil additives showed the worst performance. The treatment with an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 showed the best performance, with the leaf spot control effect being only 0.3% lower than that of the electric knapsack sprayer. CONCLUSION: Plant protection UAV spraying is feasible to control peanut diseases. Considering the operational effectiveness of the plant protection UAV and application volume rate, it is recommended to use an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 without adding vegetable oil adjuvants for field operations. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested the impact of priming peanut seeds from the VD01-2 cultivar with either 6 mg/L of abscisic acid or 20 mg/L of sodium nitroprusside to prevent damage from drought stress. Throughout the development of peanuts under drought-stress conditions, various morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes were analyzed. According to the study, it was determined that priming with SNP had a more significant effect than priming with ABA. The use of sodium nitroprusside priming resulted in an improvement in both the yield and quality of peanuts when grown under drought conditions. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the use of sodium nitroprusside priming showed an increase in chlorophyll content, gas exchange capacity, and antioxidant activities while reducing lipid peroxidation.

旨在为挖掘油料作物增产潜力、提升油料产能、保障国内食用植物油供给安全等政策制定提供参考，通过集中度和比较优势分析，研究了1979—2019年我国5种主要油料作物（花生、油菜、向日葵、芝麻和胡麻）的时空分布变化。结果显示：1979—2019年花生种植集中度呈减小趋势，油菜和胡麻集中度升高，向日葵和芝麻集中度则先降低后升高；2019年河南、山东、广东、辽宁、河北 5省花生综合优势指数大于1，其中河南为我国花生第一生产大省，综合优势指数从0.80增加至1.93；湖南、四川、湖北、贵州、安徽5省具有稳定的油菜生产综合优势，2019年川渝地区（四川和重庆）、湖北、湖南油菜籽产量居前三位；1979—2019年内蒙古和新疆向日葵综合优势指数分别为214~3.38和1.64~3.06，且在2019年它们分别是我国葵花籽生产第一、第二大主产地；河南、湖北两省一直是我国芝麻生产核心区域，综合优势指数分别为1.50~2.13和2.17~2.39；甘肃、宁夏、山西、内蒙古具有胡麻生产综合优势，2019年甘肃、内蒙古和宁夏胡麻籽产量居前三位。综上，当前河南、川渝地区、内蒙古、甘肃分别是我国花生（和芝麻）、油菜籽、葵花籽、胡麻籽等核心油料生产区域。To provide reference for exploring the potential for increasing oil crops yield, improving oil production, and ensuring the safety of domestic food and vegetable oil supply, the temporal and spatial changes of five major oil crops (peanut, rape, sunflower, sesame and flax) from 1979 to 2019 were studied through analysis of distribution concentration and comparative advantage. The results showed that from 1979 to 2019, the distribution concentration had a decreasing trend in peanut production, but an increase trend in rape and flax, while for sunflower and sesame the distribution concentration firstly decreased and then increased. In 2019, the comprehensive advantage indexes of peanut in Henan, Shandong, Guangdong, Liaoning, Hebei exceeded 1. Among them, Henan Province was the first producer of peanut in China, with the gradually increasing comprehensive advantage indexes from 0.80 to 193. Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou and Anhui had stable comprehensive advantages in rape production, and of them the Sichuan-Chongqing region, Hubei and Hunan ranked in the top three in rapeseed production. In 1979-2019, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang displayed the comprehensive advantage in sunflower production with the index of 2.14-3.38 and 1.64-3.06, respectively. In 2019, they were the first and the second major sunflower seed production regions. Henan and Hubei were the two core regions of sesame production in China, with comprehensive advantage indexes ranging from 1.50 to 2.13 and 2.17 to 239, respectively. Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia showed comprehensive advantages in flax production, among which Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia ranked in the top three in flaxseed production in 2019. In summary, Henan, Sichuan-Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu are currently the core oilseed production areas for peanut (and sesame seed), rapeseed, sunflower seed and flaxseed, respectively in China.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and harvest date on the yield and biochemical and physiological characteristics of peanuts in different humidity conditions, which is the novelty of this research. For this purpose, a split-plot factorial design during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara, Iran. Humidity regimes included rain-fed conditions (no irrigation), irrigation at the 10% flowering stage, 10% pod formation stage, and 10% flowering stage +10% pod formation stage in the main plots, and three salicylic acid levels (100, 200, and 300 µmol/l), and harvest dates (August 22, September 6, and September 21), were placed in subplots. Drought stress reduced the Chlorophyll Index, relative water content, seed, and pod yield but increased proline, Antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar content, and H2O2 content. Conversely, Supplementary irrigation decreased proline, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar content, and H2O2 content, which increased the Chlorophyll Index, relative water content, seed, and pod yield. Also, salicylic acid foliar application enhanced guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activity, mitigating the undesirable impacts of water deficiency. The maximum pod and seed production was obtained in all humidity conditions with 300 µmol/l salicylic acid. Under Humidity stress conditions, if water resources are available, two supplementary irrigations at 10% flowering and 10% pod formation stage are recommended. Also, for humid climates such as Astara and similar regions, in terms of climate, with limited rainfall in June and July (rainfall less than 10 mm during flowering and podding stages), one supplementary irrigation at 10% pod formation stage is recommended.

Nothopassalora personata, the causal agent of late leaf spot, is an economically important fungus that poses a significant threat to peanut production worldwide. Currently, studies on N. personata are focused on epidemiology, host resistance, early environmental detection, and molecular studies based on a limited number of genes for classification. A high-quality whole-genome sequence can be a valuable tool for studying complex species and identifying molecular mechanisms in pathogenicity and adaptation. This study reports a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly for N. personata with a total length of 54.6 Mb, an N50 of 2.54 Mb, a longest contig length of 4.47 Mb, and a BUSCO genome completeness score of 99.5% with mostly single-copy genes. Genome annotation revealed 11,295 protein-encoding genes and 12,121 transcripts in which 411 of the 995 predicted proteins were putative effectors. Genome comparison with the closely related fungi Dothistroma septosporum NZE10 and Fulvia fulva (syn. Passalora fulva, Cladosporium fulvum) isolate Race 5 revealed 13 chromosomes. This genome sequence resource can be used as a reference for aligning sequences of multiple isolates to provide relevant information on the diversity and population genetic structure of N. personata to further inform peanut resistance breeding programs and devise the best disease management strategies. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for increasing photosynthesis and crop yields. The study aims to evaluate the photosynthetic regulation and yield formation mechanisms of different nodulating peanut varieties with N fertilizer application. Method The present work explored the effect of N fertilizer application rates (N0, N45, N105, and N165) on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of four peanut varieties. Results The results showed that N application increased the photosynthetic capacity, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of peanuts. The measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that the K-phase, J-phase, and I-phase from the OJIP curve decreased under N105 treatment compared with N0, and WOI, ET0/CSM, RE0/CSM, ET0/RC, RE0/RC, φPo, φEo, φRo, and Ψ0 increased, whereas VJ, VI, WK, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, and φDo decreased. Meanwhile, the photosystem activity and electron transfer efficiency of nodulating peanut varieties decreased with an increase in N (N165). However, the photosynthetic capacity and yield of the non-nodulating peanut variety, which highly depended on N fertilizer, increased with an increase in N. Conclusion Optimized N application (N105) increased the activity of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, improved the electron and energy transfer performance in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and reduced the energy dissipation of leaves in nodulating peanut varieties, which is conducive to improving the yield. Nevertheless, high N (N165) had a positive effect on the photosystem and yield of non-nodulating peanut. The results provide highly valuable guidance for optimizing peanut N management and cultivation measures.

Introduction: Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding. Objectives: This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program. Methods: Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes. Results: The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1(ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1(XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07. Conclusion: Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs.

Phosphorus (P) solubilization is one of the major traits for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria since P is easily rendered insoluble in soil. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can be harnessed as an environment-friendly strategy to enhance the mobilization and acquisition of P by crops. Utilization of such microorganisms as microbial inoculants in agriculture serves as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and an approach for more efficient P fertilization. Hence, this study aims to characterize a phosphate-solubilizing isolate and evaluate its potential as a microbial inoculant. Morphological, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the isolate were performed. Then, the mineral phosphate solubilization ability of the isolate was evaluated. Lastly, this study evaluated the plant growth promotion of the isolate as a single inoculant in rice or as a co-inoculant with rhizobia in peanuts. On the basis of biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis, the isolate was identified as Enterobacter sp. Also, it can solubilize P from tricalcium phosphate or aluminum phosphate. Simultaneous with P solubilization, medium acidification, and gluconic acid secretion were observed. Lastly, the Enterobacter sp. isolate could potentially be developed as a biofertilizer in reducing P resource input or to enhance the performance of a rhizobia inoculant.

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers has led to farmland degradation and reduced crop yields. To address this drawback, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant are the optimal cultivation method. The impact of different N rates (0, 20, and 40 kg ha-1) combined with the Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant on soil chemical properties, growth, development, and peanut yield was designed in the field in Phuoc Hung commune, An Phu district from May to August 2023. The field experiment was designed with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The research results showed that different N rates adequately augmented soil chemical traits such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), total N, available phosphorous (AP), and exchangeable potassium (EK). Furthermore, different N fertilizers rates combined with Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant adequately augmented plant height, number of leaves, total chlorophyll, nodulous number and weight per groundnut plant. Reducing N fertilizer application by 50% (20 kg N ha-1) was the optimal N reduction rate when combined with the Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20, which resulted in 17.6% higher peanut yield compared to no N application and no difference compared to 100% of recommended N application (P

In an effort to provide a theoretical basis and data reference for the efficient processing and utilization of peanuts, changes in the moisture content, browning degree, particle texture parameters, water state and distribution, and protein denaturation degree of peanuts before and after microwave pretreatment were investigated, as well as the effect of microwave pretreatment on the yield of screw-pressed peanut oil. The results were compared with those obtained using vacuum oven drying. Meanwhile, for each pretreatment, the Pearson correlation between oil yield and moisture content, browning index (BI), particle texture parameters, water state, and protein denaturation degree was determined. The results showed that after microwave treatment for 7 min at 900 W or vacuum oven treatment at 85 ℃ for 89 min, the moisture content of peanuts decreased from 5.25% to 2.27%, with the highest oil yields of 45.85% and 45.76% being obtained, respectively. Under these conditions, the shear stress formed between peanuts and the oil press was moderate, peanuts were fully squeezed and deformed, with a large amount of oil flowing out, and peanuts had the best plasticity, the most ideal moisture state and a moderate degree of protein denaturation, so that not only a large amount of oil flowed out, but also peanuts were not easily broken, thus not affecting the formation of peanut cake.

This study investigated the effect of magnesium application on peanut growth and yield under two nitrogen (N) application rates in acidic soil in southern China. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of the N-sensitive cultivar decreased under reduced N treatments, whereas no effect was observed on the relevant indicators in the N-insensitive variety GH1026. Mg application increased the net photosynthetic rate by increasing the expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and Rubisco activity in the leaves during the pegging stage under 50%N treatment, while no effect on the net photosynthetic rate was observed under the 100%N treatment. The rate of dry matter accumulation at the early growth stage, total dry matter accumulation and pod yield at harvest increased after Mg application under 50%N treatment by increasing the transportation of assimilates from stems and leaves to pods in both peanut varieties, whereas no effect was found under 100%N treatment. Moreover, Mg application increased the NUE under 50%N treatment. No improvement of NUE in either peanut variety was found under 100%N treatment, while Mg application under the 50%N treatment can obtain a higher economic benefit than the 100%N treatment. In acidic soil, application of 307.5 kg ha−1 of Mg sulfate fertilizer under 50% reduced nitrogen application is a suitable fertilizer management measure for improving carbon assimilation, NUE and achieve high peanut yields in southern China.

Abstract Background Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), a vital oil and food crop globally, is susceptible to web blotch which is a significant foliar disease caused by Phoma arachidicola Marasas Pauer&Boerema leading to substantial yield losses in peanut production. Calcium treatment has been found to enhance plant resistance against pathogens. Results This study investigates the impact of exogenous calcium on peanut resistance to web blotch and explores its mechanisms. Greenhouse experiments revealed that exogenous calcium treatment effectively enhanced resistance to peanut web blotch. Specifically, amino acid calcium and sugar alcohol calcium solutions demonstrated the best induced resistance effects, achieving reduction rates of 61.54% and 60% in Baisha1016, and 53.94% and 50% in Luhua11, respectively. All exogenous calcium treatments reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) levels in peanut leaves, mitigating pathogen-induced cell membrane damage. Exogenous calcium supplementation led to elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and superoxide anion (O2 ∙-) production in peanut leaves, facilitating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) crucial for plant defense responses. Amino acid calcium and sugar alcohol calcium treatments significantly boosted activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in peanut leaves. Activation of these antioxidant enzymes effectively scavenged excess ROS, maintaining ROS balance and mitigating cellular damage. Conclusions In summary, exogenous calcium treatment triggered ROS production, which was subsequently eliminated by the activation of antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing cell membrane damage and inducing defense responses against peanut web blotch.

ABSTRACT Investigating the inheritance and genetic variation of luteolin content in peanut shells is pivotal for developing improved cultivars with high luteolin content. In this study, we developed a genetic map spanning 976.8 cM using 115 highly advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and the Axiom_Arachis array containing 58K single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was then performed using phenotype data from 2‐year field trials. From these analyses, we identified three significant QTLs with 4.1%–11.7% phenotypic variation explained (PVE) for luteolin content in peanut shells. We further identified five candidate genes with putative functions suggesting possible involvement in plant flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in peanut luteolin biosynthesis. Additionally, two new peanut inbreeding lines with high luteolin and oleic acid levels were selected and are expected to be used as multifunctional genomic backgrounds for future breeding and research programs. The information on the QTL regions and candidate genes from the present study could be very useful for developing new peanut cultivars with high luteolin content and for identifying the genetic/genomic determinants of luteolin content in peanut shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging persistent pollutants, and heavy metals are typical environmental pollutants, with their coexistence potentially compounding pollution and ecological risks. However, the interactive impacts and the relevant mechanisms of heavy metal and different types of MPs in plant-soil systems are still unclear. This study investigated the differential impacts of polyethylene MPs (PE MPs) and biodegradable polybutylene adipate MPs (PBAT MPs) on chromium (Cr) uptake in peanuts, focusing on plant performance and rhizosphere soil microenvironment. Compared with nondegradable PE-MPs, biodegradable PBAT MPs produced less significant influences on plant phytotoxicity, soil Cr bioavailability, and soil properties such as pH, CEC, DOC, and MBC, with the exception of MBN in Cr-contaminated soils. Compared to the control, soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) decreased by MPs, while soil-soluble carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon, and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) increased by MPs. Compared to the control, soil-bioavailable Cr increased by 11.8–177.8% under PE MPs treatments, while increased by 5.1–156.9% under PBAT MPs treatments. The highest Cr content in shoots and roots was observed at 500.0 mg·kg−1 Cr level, which increased by 53.1% and 79.2% under 5% PE MPs treatments, respectively, as well as increased by 38.3% and 60.4% under 5% PBAT MPs treatments, respectively, compared with the control. The regression path analysis indicated that pH, MBC, MBN, and soil-bioavailable Cr played a vital role in the changes of soil properties and Cr uptake by peanuts induced by MPs. Soil bacterial community analysis revealed that Nocardioides, Proteobacteria, and Sphingomonas were reduced by the inhibition of MPs, which affected Cr uptake by peanuts. These results indicated that the peanut soil microenvironment was affected by PBAT and PE MPs, altering the Cr bioavailability and plant Cr uptake in Cr-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for increasing photosynthesis and crop yields. The study aims to evaluate the photosynthetic regulation and yield formation mechanisms of different nodulating peanut varieties with N fertilizer application. Method: The present work explored the effect of N fertilizer application rates (N0, N45, N105, and N165) on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of four peanut varieties. Results: The results showed that N application increased the photosynthetic capacity, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of peanuts. The measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that the K-phase, J-phase, and I-phase from the OJIP curve decreased under N105 treatment compared with N0, and WOI, ET0/CSM, RE0/CSM, ET0/RC, RE0/RC, φPo, φEo, φRo, and Ψ0 increased, whereas VJ, VI, WK, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, and φDo decreased. Meanwhile, the photosystem activity and electron transfer efficiency of nodulating peanut varieties decreased with an increase in N (N165). However, the photosynthetic capacity and yield of the non-nodulating peanut variety, which highly depended on N fertilizer, increased with an increase in N. Conclusion: Optimized N application (N105) increased the activity of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, improved the electron and energy transfer performance in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and reduced the energy dissipation of leaves in nodulating peanut varieties, which is conducive to improving the yield. Nevertheless, high N (N165) had a positive effect on the photosystem and yield of non-nodulating peanut. The results provide highly valuable guidance for optimizing peanut N management and cultivation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important row crop rich in oil, protein, vitamins and other micro-nutrients. The intensive selection of the cultigen, a cultivated plant deliberately altered by humans through cultivation, has resulted in favourable changes in yield and biochemical composition. Nevertheless, it has generated a narrow genetic basis that limits the development of new varieties with resistance to pests, diseases and environmental stresses. In this study, we address this limitation by characterizing the proximate and fatty acid composition of a multi-disease-resistant interspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from three wild Arachis species and a cultivated elite peanut line that is being used to widen the genetic basis of the crop. The population was also genotyped with the Axiom Arachis 48K SNP array and used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for oil, protein content and oleic and linoleic fatty acid percentages. A wide range of proximate composition was found in the RIL population. Eighteen and 11 individuals had high oil and protein content, respectively, and no undesirable traits related to oil quality had been introduced into the population from wild species. The fatty acid composition of oleic and linoleic acids was found to be regulated by two major QTL. The discovery of markers within the major effect QTL for the most significant chemical traits provides new opportunities for the creation of resistant and extremely nutrient-dense peanut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of excessive soil lumps, broken branches and seedlings in pods and difficulty in removing impurities in the harvested pods of peanuts in the hilly areas of southern China, which is due to the high soil viscosity and easy hardening, and to improve the soil removal effect of the peanut half-feed pod picker in hilly areas of China, this article designed a half-feed peanut-cleaning picker suitable for southern clay hilly areas and provided a detailed introduction to the overall structure, working principle, and adjustment methods of various operating parameters. Through field measurement experiments, the influencing factors and laws of soil removal performance indicators, such as the comprehensive soil removal rate and POD drop rate, were studied. The results showed that the comprehensive soil removal rate gradually increased with increasing soil patting frequency, soil patting amplitude, and picking roller speed, first increased and then decreased with increasing picking roller gap and gradually decreased with increasing soil patting plate gap and clamping conveyor chain speed. The comprehensive soil removal rate of the soil patting plate using the opposite patting method was greater than that of the swinging patting method. The soil removal pod drop rate increased gradually with increasing soil patting frequency and amplitude and decreased with increasing soil patting plate gap and clamping conveyor chain speed. The soil removal pod drop rate of the soil patting plate using swing patting was lower than that using the opposite patting method. The speed and gap of the picking roller had no effect on the soil removal pod drop rate. The frequency, amplitude, form, and gap of the soil patting plate had extremely significant impacts on the rate of decrease in the number of soil removal pod drop rate. The clamping conveyor chain speed had a significant impact, while the speed and gap of the picking roller had no significant impact. The influence of all factors on the comprehensive soil removal rate was extremely significant. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for parameter optimization research on peanut-cleaning picking machines in the clay hilly areas of southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]