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Studies are being conducted to develop strategies to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the interactive effects of salinity stress with biochar on plant growth-the physiological and biochemical attributes of forage peas (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.). Salt applications were carried out with irrigation water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three applications [control: 0 (B0), 2.5% biochar (B1), and 5% biochar (B2)], five salt doses [0 (S0), 25 (S1), 50 (S2), 75 (S3), and 100 (S4) mM NaCl], and three replications, arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B1. The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments. A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels. Specifically, lower H2O2, MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels. Furthermore, in the study, it was observed that the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels. There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels. The findings of the study indicate that biochar amendment can enhance forage peas' growth by modulating the plant physiology and biochemistry under salt stress. Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application. Therefore, application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic bacteria from pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants play important roles in regulating plant growth, health, and nutrition. To enhance the understanding of endophytic bacteria in peas, twenty pea cultivars, two chickpeas, and two broad bean cultivars were planted into artificial soils for 4 weeks. Leaves and roots were collected from plants and sterilized. Endophytic bacterial DNAs were isolated from sterilized materials (leaves, roots, and seeds) and used as templates to detect the bacterial diversity by amplifying the 16S V3–V4 region. The Remel Tryptose Soya Agar (TSA) medium, the aluminum sec-butoxide (ASb) medium, and the yeast extract mannitol agar (YMA) medium were used to isolate bacteria from sterilized leaves and roots, respectively. The plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of these isolated bacteria, such as the solubilization of phosphorus and potassium and the production of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, nitrogenase, pectinase, and cellulose, were studied in vitro. Bacterial isolates were processed for 16S rDNA gene sequencing and performed molecular identification by reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree using the neighborhood association approach in the software MEGA X. Results indicated that the majority of the bacterial communities were shared among leaves, roots, and seeds of pea plants. In both the leaves and roots of pea plants, the prominent phyla identified were Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Bacillota, with dominant genera such as Rhizobium, Bacteroides, Blautia, and Prevotella prevailing at the genus level. The samples from leaves and roots had unique dominant bacterial genera. In total, 48 endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from leaves and roots, of which 16 strains were from roots and 32 strains were from leaves. The majority of the isolates from leaves (78.13%) and roots (75%) had the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Moreover, isolates from roots also had greater ability to produce 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (81.25%) than those from leaves (62.5%). This study demonstrated the unique distribution of endophytes in leaves and roots of pea, which can have great potential in pea production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work evaluates starch from 29 diverse pea accessions for structural (amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution), granule size distribution, thermal, pasting, and retrogradation properties. Amylose content and the proportion of amylopectin chains with the degree of polymerization (DP) of 6–10, 11–20, and >20 vary in the range from 21.4% to 57.0%, 17.9% to 25.8%, 64.0% to 66.5%, and 9.4% to 16.7%, respectively. Starches with a higher proportion of small granules (<5 µm) have a greater proportion of amylopectin chains with DP > 10 and exhibit higher transition temperatures/enthalpy and vice versa. Retrogradation in starch pastes relates negatively to the proportion of amylopectin chains with DP < 10. Paste viscosities relate negatively with amylopectin chains with DP > 10, amylose content, and retrogradation while positively with transition temperatures/enthalpy and the potential of granules to swell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphanomyces root rot (ARR), caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, is one of the most devastating diseases that affect the production of peas. Several control strategies such as crop rotation, biocontrol, and fungicides have been proposed, but none provides a complete solution. Therefore, the deployment of resistant cultivars is fundamental. ARR resistance breeding is hampered by the moderate levels of resistance identified so far. The available screening protocols require post-inoculation root assessment, which is destructive, time-consuming, and tedious. In an attempt to address these limitations, we developed a non-destructive screening protocol based on foliar symptoms and used it to identify new sources of resistance in a Pisum spp. germplasm collection. Accessions were root inoculated separately with two A. euteiches isolates, and leaf symptoms were assessed at 5, 10, 14, 17, and 20 days after inoculation (DAI). Although the majority of accessions exhibited high levels of susceptibility, thirty of them exhibited moderate resistance. These thirty accessions were selected for a second experiment, in which they were inoculated with both A. euteiches isolates at two inoculum doses. The objective of this second trial was to confirm the resistance of these accessions by evaluating root and biomass loss, as well as foliar symptoms, and to compare root and foliar evaluations. As a result, a high correlation (R2 = 0.75) between foliar and root evaluations was observed, validating the foliar evaluation method. Notably, accessions from P.s. subsp. humile exhibited the lowest symptomatology across all evaluation methods, representing valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at developing pea varieties resistant to ARR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three pea varieties (Pisum sativum), including one field pea variety 'Dodoni', and two varieties of garden peas 'Early Onward' and 'Rondo', were irradiated with 100 Gy gamma rays. The irradiated seeds were then cultivated in the experimental field of the Plant Breeding and Agricultural Experimentation Laboratory of the Agricultural University of Athens, in the period of 2021–2022, affording them the chance to reveal their full potential under natural environmental conditions. The M1 generation plants were compared to non-irradiated plants in terms of their agro-morphological traits. The results indicate a statistically significant difference on several traits: plant height, plant weight, dry biomass, pod length, and the number of seeds per pod. On the other hand, no significant difference was detected in: plant growth rate, the number of shoots and leaves per plant, pods and seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight. However, the three pea varieties did not seem to respond in the same way. The M1 generation plants of the two garden pea varieties ('Early Onward' and 'Rondo') showed a shorter plant height and pod length than their corresponding non-irradiated plants. Likewise, the number of seeds per pod for both 'Early Onward' and 'Dodoni' was lower for the mutant plants than it was for the plants used as the control. In contrast, mutant plants of the 'Dodoni' variety indicated a greater plant weight and dry biomass per plant compared to non-irradiated plants. Finally, the correlation found between agronomic traits was the same regardless of the treatment (control and mutant plants). The number of seeds per plant indicated a positive correlation with the pods per plant and plant weight. Similarly, the dry biomass was positively correlated with plant weight, while being negatively correlated with pod length. Thus, the results obtained in the present study clearly indicate that there were differences between seeds irradiated with gamma rays and non-irradiated seeds in terms of their overall performance and various quantitative pea traits, which should to be further investigated in M2 and the following generations. Peas have gathered a significant market interest and demand. Given their narrow genetic base, we employed gamma irradiation technology, which can be effectively integrated with omics technologies in future generations. This study underscores the necessity to explore performance characteristics and integrate them with quality traits. Our findings reveal that each generation exhibits unique attributes, and specifically, provide a valuable foundation for identifying valuable characteristics for future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a critical review of a foundational article in neuroscience (Boyatzis & Jack, 2018) which set out to provide the neuroscientific foundations of Coaching to the PEA, a coaching model. Our critique questions the validity of the underpinning neuroscientific research; the appropriateness of selectively stimulating specified brain networks; the problematic positioning of the coach working with the brain; the rhetorical effects and paradigmatic challenges of integrating neuroscientific findings alongside other sources of knowledge; the risk of reductionism and of generalising findings from limited empirical research. Our critique questions how far neuroscience can be applied in coaching.

Abstract Background Effective population size (N e ) is a pivotal parameter in population genetics as it can provide information on the rate of inbreeding and the contemporary status of genetic diversity in breeding populations. The population with smaller N e can lead to faster inbreeding, with little potential for genetic gain making selections ineffective. The importance of N e has become increasingly recognized in plant breeding, which can help breeders monitor and enhance the genetic variability or redesign their selection protocols. Here, we present the first N e estimates based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the pea genome. Results We calculated and compared N e using SNP markers from North Dakota State University (NDSU) modern breeding lines and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) diversity panel. The extent of LD was highly variable not only between populations but also among different regions and chromosomes of the genome. Overall, NDSU had a higher and longer-range LD than the USDA that could extend up to 500 Kb, with a genome-wide average r 2 of 0.57 (vs 0.34), likely due to its lower recombination rates and the selection background. The estimated N e for the USDA was nearly three-fold higher (N e = 174) than NDSU (N e = 64), which can be confounded by a high degree of population structure due to the selfing nature of pea. Conclusions Our results provided insights into the genetic diversity of the germplasm studied, which can guide plant breeders to actively monitor N e in successive cycles of breeding to sustain viability of the breeding efforts in the long term.

Abstract Pea, member of the plant family Leguminosae, play a pivotal role in global food security as essential legumes. However, their production faces challenges stemming from the detrimental impacts of abiotic stressors, leading to a concerning decline in output. Salinity stress is one of the major factors that limiting the growth and productivity of pea. However, biochar amendment in soil has a potential role in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by salinity stress. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential role of biochar amendment in soil that may mitigate the adverse effect of salinity stress on pea. The treatments of this study were, (a) Pea varieties; (i) V1 = Meteor and V2 = Green Grass, Salinity Stress, (b) Control (0 mM) and (ii) Salinity (80 mM) (c) Biochar applications; (i) Control, (ii) 8 g/kg soil (56 g) and (iii) 16 g/kg soil (112 g). Salinity stress demonstrated a considerable reduction in morphological parameters as Shoot and root length decreased by (29% and 47%), fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root by (85, 63%) and (49, 68%), as well as area of leaf reduced by (71%) among both varieties. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents decreased under 80 mM salinity up to (41, 63, 55 and 76%) in both varieties as compared to control. Exposure of pea plants to salinity stress increased the oxidative damage by enhancing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content by (79 and 89%), while amendment of biochar reduced their activities as, (56% and 59%) in both varieties. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were increased by biochar applications under salinity stress as, (49, 59, and 86%) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants as, anthocyanin and flavonoids improved by (112 and 67%). Organic osmolytes such as total soluble proteins, sugars, and glycine betaine were increased up to (57, 83, and 140%) by biochar amendment. Among uptake of mineral ions, shoot and root Na+ uptake was greater (144 and 73%) in saline-stressed plants as compared to control, while shoot and root Ca2+ and K+ were greater up to (175, 119%) and (77, 146%) in biochar-treated plants. Overall findings revealed that 16 g/kg soil (112 g) biochar was found to be effective in reducing salinity toxicity by causing reduction in reactive oxygen species and root and shoot Na+ ions uptake and improving growth, physiological and anti-oxidative activities in pea plants (Fig. 1). Figure 1 A schematic diagram represents two different mechanisms of pea under salinity stress (control and 80 mM NaCl) with Biochar (8 and 16 g/kg soil).

Biological nitrogen fixation in legume plants depends on the diversity of rhizobia present in the soil. Rhizobial strains exhibit specificity towards host plants and vary in their capacity to fix nitrogen. The increasing interest in rhizobia diversity has prompted studies of their phylogenetic relations. Molecular identification of Rhizobium is quite complex, requiring multiple gene markers to be analysed to distinguish strains at the species level or to predict their host plant. In this research, 50 rhizobia isolates were obtained from the root nodules of five different Pisum sativum L. genotypes ("Bagoo", "Respect", "Astronaute", "Lina DS", and "Egle DS"). All genotypes were growing in the same field, where ecological farming practices were applied, and no commercial rhizobia inoculants were used. The influence of rhizobial isolates on pea root nodulation and dry biomass accumulation was determined. 16S rRNA gene, two housekeeping genes recA and atpD, and symbiotic gene nodC were analysed to characterize rhizobia population. The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that 46 isolates were linked to Rhizobium leguminosarum; species complex 1 isolate was identified as Rhizobium nepotum, and the remaining 3 isolates belonged to Rahnella spp., Paenarthrobacter spp., and Peribacillus spp. genera. RecA and atpD gene analysis showed that the 46 isolates identified as R. leguminosarum clustered into three genospecies groups (B), (E) and (K). Isolates that had the highest influence on plant dry biomass accumulation clustered into the (B) group. NodC gene phylogenetic analysis clustered 46 R. leguminosarum isolates into 10 groups, and all isolates were assigned to the R. leguminosarum sv. viciae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important legume grown all over the world with its varied uses as vegetables and other processed products. Its production and productivity in recent times have witnessed a diminishing graph due to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. With unexploited use of synthetics in legume crops number of nodule formation have reduced to lowest levels. VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) inoculation in soil have been observed in enhancing number of nodules, levels of NPK uptake and yield in pea. Methods: Considering the importance of above facts and experiment was laid in 2022 with RBD with three replications containing 7 treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (75% RDF + 25% PSB), T3 (50% RDF + 50% PSB), T4 (75% RDF + 25% VAM), T5 (50% RDF + 50% VAM), T6 (75% RDF + 12.5% VAM + 12.5% PSB) and T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB). Result: Investigations indicated that the treatment T7 (50% RDF + 25 % VAM + 25% PSB) showed significantly high growth, yield and quality like plant height (113.90 cm), number of leaves (87.09), number of branches (20.2), number of nodules (90.56), numbers of pod/plant (19.1), pod length (8.97 cm), number of seeds per pod (8.23), green pod yield/plot (4.80 kg), green pod yield/ha (80.12 q) compared to control. Hence, T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB) evidently exhibited a conglomeration of bio nutrient uptake enhancers resulting in maximum yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase Europe's self-sufficiency for protein sources, boosting plant protein production is a prerequisite. Yield variability is one of the main problems regarding the cultivation of protein crops. In this light, cereal–legume intercropping can offer a solution, as well-balanced intercropping systems are less prone to yield variations. Therefore, in this study the effects of (i) species/genotype combination, (ii) intercropping sowing densities and (iii) fertilizer regime were evaluated under Belgian (Northwestern European) conditions over three years (i.e., the 2020–2021, 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 seasons). Regarding the species combinations, winter barley x winter pea, winter wheat x winter faba bean and winter triticale x winter faba bean, it was observed that the best-performing combination varied from year to year depending on the prevailing weather conditions. A reduced sowing density (i.e., 130 seeds/m2 for the cereal partner and 20 seeds/m2 in the case of faba bean or 40 seeds/m2 in the case of pea) was sufficient to achieve competitive yields under the prevailing conditions. Inoculation with commercial Rhizobium strains did not result in an increased yield. Fertilization with one or two nitrogen fractions significantly increased the total yield thanks to a yield increase in the cereal partner; however, as a consequence, the proportion of legumes in the mixture decreased. In conclusion, it can be stated that with the investigated cereal–legume combinations, a competitive yield and qualitative protein yield can be achieved with a reduced fertilizer input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To learn more about the nutritional composition and health benefits for human consumers of peas, we used a widely targeted metabolomics-based approach to reveal the metabolite components from three main varieties, and a total of 1095 metabolites were identified. A comparison of 487 differentially accumulated metabolites shared among three varieties of fresh and dried peas found most of the amino acids and derivatives were downregulated and most of the lipids and flavonoids were upregulated in dried peas. Furthermore, comparing the main nutrient profiles exclusively showed that there were few differences in free fatty acids, sugars, vitamins, and alkaloids between dried and fresh peas. Peas are especially enriched with B-group vitamins. Through detailed identification and classification, the flavonoid pathway of peas was revealed; a variety of glycosylated derivatives from kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin were confirmed to be abundant in peas. It was also found that isoflavones are richer in peas than in many other plants, and putatively the isoflavone synthesis pathway originates from liquiritigenin and naringenin. Our study not only offers guidance for understanding the nutritional components of peas, but also provides the basis for healthy diet analysis of the edible value and health benefits of peas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A properly designed crop rotation contributes to the equilibrium of the agro-ecosystem and the volume and quality of the yield. The cultivation of spelt in crop rotations enriches its biodiversity and provides grains with many different types of nutritional value. The aim of this current study was to investigate how the distribution of winter spelt in different positions and after different forecrops in four-field crop rotations would affect the technological quality of the grain, the nutrient content of the grain, and the grain yield. A 6-year field experiment, designed in a randomised block, was conducted from 2012 to 2018 in north-eastern Poland (53°35′47″ N, 19°51′20″ E). This study provides the results from a 6-year (2013–2018) field experiment. The spelt was cultivated in four crop rotations: CR1—winter rape + catch crop (blue tansy), spring barley, field pea and winter spelt; CR2,—winter rape, winter spelt + catch crop (blue tansy), field pea and winter spelt; CR3—winter rape + catch crop (blue tansy), field pea, winter spelt and winter spelt; and CR4—winter rape, winter spelt + catch crop (blue tansy), spring barley and winter spelt. This study evaluated grain yield and the following grain parameters: the total protein, wet gluten and starch contents, the Zeleny index, the falling number, the weight of 1000 grains, the N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn contents, and the grain yield. The results were assessed at the significance level p < 0.05. It was demonstrated that the cultivation of spelt in all four crop rotations after winter rape and after field pea was characterised by higher protein and wet gluten contents, Zeleny index value and falling number, a greater weight of 1000 grains, higher N, P, Fe and Zn contents, and greater grain yield than those harvested from the crop rotations CR3 and CR4 after spelt and after barley. It was demonstrated that the cultivation of spelt in crop rotations CR3 and CR4, in succession after spelt and after barley, caused deterioration in grain quality (lower protein and gluten contents, a lower Zeleny index value, a lower falling number, and a smaller weight of 1000 grains, and the N, P, Fe and Zn contents). In addition, a smaller grain yield was obtained from these crop rotation fields. Regardless of the type of crop rotation, the cultivation of spelt after winter rape and after pea produced a high yield and a good quality yield of this cereal. Due to the lower yield of grain and its lower quality, it is not recommended that winter spelt is grown after each other or after spring barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop diversification and the reduction of nitrogen (N) inputs are key issues in the EU for more sustainable agriculture. An experiment was set up in a semiarid rainfed Mediterranean system. Our hypothesis was that these challenges could be addressed by introducing new crops and using pig slurries (PSs). The experimental factors were N fertilization at sowing (with or without PS) combined (according to a split-block design) with N fertilization as topdressing (the control, two N mineral rates, and two N rates from PS). Barley, rapeseed, and pea performances were evaluated in two different crop sequences: (i) barley–rapeseed or rapeseed–barley after a fallow season, and (ii) barley–pea or pea–barley after a fallow season followed by a non-fertilized barley crop. The results of the four-year study demonstrated that under a spring drought risk, barley performed better than peas in terms of relative crop yield maintenance. After fallow, N can be saved while maintaining the yields and total biomass of barley and rapeseed. In the second crop sequence, maximum pea and barley yields were associated with a minimum topdressing of 60 or 120 kg mineral N ha−1, respectively. However, slurry fertilization at sowing also allowed the highest yields for barley. Rapeseed and peas can be introduced to reduce N fertilization inputs. However, the obtained yield plateau for pea and rapeseed (3 and 4 Mg ha−1, respectively) and the effect of a yield spring drought on pea yields (50% reduction) might be a constraint for the success of EU policies on crop diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The mature seed in legumes consists of an embryo and seed coat. In contrast to knowledge about the embryo, we know relatively little about the seed coat. We analyzed the gene expression during seed development using a panel of cultivated and wild pea genotypes. Gene co‐expression analysis identified gene modules related to seed development, dormancy, and domestication. Oxidoreductase genes were found to be important components of developmental and domestication processes. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that domestication favored proteins involved in photosynthesis and protein metabolism at the expense of seed defense. Seed coats of wild peas were rich in cell wall‐bound metabolites and the protective compounds predominated in their seed coats. Altogether, we have shown that domestication altered pea seed development and modified (mostly reduced) the transcripts along with the protein and metabolite composition of the seed coat, especially the content of the compounds involved in defense. We investigated dynamic profiles of selected identified phenolic and flavonoid metabolites across seed development. These compounds usually deteriorated the palatability and processing of the seeds. Our findings further provide resources to study secondary metabolism and strategies for improving the quality of legume seeds which comprise an important part of the human protein diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic microorganisms represent promising solutions to environmental challenges inherent in conventional agricultural practices. This study concentrates on the identification of endophytic bacteria isolated from the root, stem, and leaf tissues of four Artemisia plant species. Sixty-one strains were isolated and sequenced by 16S rDNA. Sequencing revealed diverse genera among the isolated bacteria from different Artemisia species, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Lysinibacillus. AR11 and VR24 obtained from the roots of A. absinthium and A. vulgaris demonstrated significant inhibition on Fusarium c.f. oxysporum mycelial growth. In addition, AR11, AR32, and CR25 exhibited significant activity in phosphatase solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and indole production, highlighting their potential to facilitate plant growth. A comparative analysis of Artemisia species showed that root isolates from A. absinthium, A. campestris, and A. vulgaris have beneficial properties for inhibiting pathogen growth and enhancing plant growth. AR11 with 100% similarity to Bacillus thuringiensis, could be considered a promising candidate for further investigation as microbial biofertilizers. This finding highlights their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, thereby contributing to sustainable crop protection practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding resilient cultivars with increased tolerance to environmental stress and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases demands pre-breeding efforts that include understanding genetic diversity. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of 265 pea accessions. The diversity arrays technology (DArT) genotyping method was employed to identify singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and silico markers. After stringent filtering, 6966 SNP and 8,454 silico markers were selected for diversity analysis. Genetic diversity was estimated by grouping accessions based on plant material type, geographic origin, growth habit, and seed color. Generally, diversity estimations obtained using SNPs were similar to those estimated using silico markers. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the SNP markers ranged from 0.0 to 0.5, with a quarter of them displaying PIC values exceeding 0.4, making them highly informative. Analysis based on plant material type revealed narrow observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.02-0.03) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.26-0.31), with landrace accessions exhibiting the highest diversity. Geographic origin-based diversity analysis revealed Ho = 0.02-0.03 and He = 0.22 to 0.30, with European accessions showing the greatest diversity. Moreover, private alleles unique to landrace (4) and European (22) accessions were also identified, which merit further investigation for their potential association with desirable traits. The analysis of molecular variance revealed a highly significant genetic differentiation among accession groups classified by seed color, growth habit, plant material types, and geographic origin (p < 0.01). Principal coordinate analysis and neighbor-joining cluster analysis revealed weak clustering of accessions at different grouping levels. This study underscores the significance of genetic diversity in pea collections, offering valuable insights for targeted breeding and conservation efforts. By leveraging genomic data and exploring untapped genetic resources, pea breeding programs can be fortified to ensure sustainable plant protein production and address future challenges in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Powdery mildew is one of the major diseases of pea which leads to severe crop losses and also affects the quality of pods and seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to screen for resistant sources and introduce the resistant gene into cultivars. So, for marker-assisted pea breeding, rapid screening of pea germplasm for powdery mildew resistance is required. Methods: A total of twenty-eight pea lines were generated using half-diallel mating design with eight pea lines (AP-3, Kashi Nandini, Arkel, VL-7, PMR-53, Kashi Uday, PC-531 and AP-1). These hybrids and parental lines were screened for powdery mildew resistance phenotypically by PDI and genotypically by SSR and SCAR markers. Result: Based on screening for powdery mildew resistance, the genotypes PMR-53, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Uday, VL-7, AP-1 and hybrids Kashi Nandini X VL-7, Kashi Nandini x PMR-53, Kashi Nandini x Kashi Uday, Kashi Nandini x AP-1, VL-7 x PMR-53, VL-7 x Kashi Uday, VL-7 x AP-1, PMR-53 x Kashi Uday, PMR-53 x AP-1 and Kashi Uday x AP-1 were found relatively resistant to powdery mildew disease. Two SSR markers (AD237 and AD141) showed polymorphism between resistant and susceptible lines and can be used for genetic improvement of pea germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms are of great importance in agriculture in terms of plant nutrients by reducing the need for chemical fertilization. In recent years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely used as biological fertilizers (BF) in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the development of pea plants. Firstly the phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation potentials of the bacteria used in this study were determined. In the study, the effects of 4 different combinations, F1 [(Rhizobium sp. (FR-13) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (FDG121)], F2 [(Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG-7), Rhizobium sp. (FR-18) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B(FDG-134)], F3 [Arthrobacter oxydans (FDG-72), Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B (FDG-146), Rhizobium sp. (FR-11)] and F4 [Acinetobacter genospecies 9 (FDG-116), Brevibacillus agri (FDG-118), Methylobacterium zatmanii (FDG-123) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup A (FDG-153)] were investigated. Formulations made with bacteria that were found to be the best in terms of the properties specified among these strains were tested against pea plants under greenhouse conditions and their effects on the plant's total fresh and dry weight were investigated. The study was set up to have 3 replications. As a result of the statistical analysis made with the data obtained, the formulations used compared to the control; F2, F3 and F1 applications were important in total fresh weight, respectively, and F2 and F3 applications were important in total dry weight. As a result, these 3 formulations are especially effective on the yield of pea plants and can be used as potential biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea shoots is a popular vegetable in certain regions of the world due to their unique taste and abundance of health-promoting phytochemicals. The perishable nature and susceptibility to root rot of pea shoots necessitate a new soilless production system located close to the market. This study compared the growth of pea shoots using various cultivation methods in an LED plant factory. The results showed that early topping (4 days after transplanting, ET) promoted early harvest compared to later topping (20 days after transplanting, LT) and increased the number of harvested shoots by extending the harvest time to 2.8 times, ultimately resulting in a substantial yield improvement. Moreover, the yield of ET with a lower planting density (72 plants m−2, ET-LD) was 8.7% higher than ET with a higher planting density (126 plants m−2, ET-HD). Particularly, the average shoot fresh weight (AFW) under ET-LD exceeded that of ET-HD by 48.9%. It is advisable to consider adopting ET-LD for the cultivation of pea shoots in LED plant factories. Based on ET-LD, the yield, nutritional quality, and light use efficiency of pea shoots were further explored at different stages under three levels of light intensity (50, 100, and 150 μmol m−2·s−1). Contrasted against a light intensity of 50 μmol m−2·s−1, AFW, number of harvested shoots, and total fresh yield under a light intensity of 150 μmol m−2·s−1, increased by 60.2%, 62.8%, and 165.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, AFW, photosynthetic capacity, soluble sugar and vitamin C levels in leaves, as well as light use efficiency and photon yield, initially increased and then decreased with the extension of the planting period. Among these, soluble sugar, light use efficiency, and photon yield started to decrease after reaching the maximum value at 60–70 days after transplanting. In conclusion, a light intensity of 150 μmol m−2·s−1 with a photoperiod of 16 h d−1 using LEDs, combined with early topping within a planting period of 60–70 days, proves to be suitable for the hydroponic production of pea shoots in LED plant factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea, member of the plant family Leguminosae, play a pivotal role in global food security as essential legumes. However, their production faces challenges stemming from the detrimental impacts of abiotic stressors, leading to a concerning decline in output. Salinity stress is one of the major factors that limiting the growth and productivity of pea. However, biochar amendment in soil has a potential role in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by salinity stress. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential role of biochar amendment in soil that may mitigate the adverse effect of salinity stress on pea. The treatments of this study were, (a) Pea varieties; (i) V1 = Meteor and V2 = Green Grass, Salinity Stress, (b) Control (0 mM) and (ii) Salinity (80 mM) (c) Biochar applications; (i) Control, (ii) 8 g/kg soil (56 g) and (iii) 16 g/kg soil (112 g). Salinity stress demonstrated a considerable reduction in morphological parameters as Shoot and root length decreased by (29% and 47%), fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root by (85, 63%) and (49, 68%), as well as area of leaf reduced by (71%) among both varieties. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents decreased under 80 mM salinity up to (41, 63, 55 and 76%) in both varieties as compared to control. Exposure of pea plants to salinity stress increased the oxidative damage by enhancing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content by (79 and 89%), while amendment of biochar reduced their activities as, (56% and 59%) in both varieties. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were increased by biochar applications under salinity stress as, (49, 59, and 86%) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants as, anthocyanin and flavonoids improved by (112 and 67%). Organic osmolytes such as total soluble proteins, sugars, and glycine betaine were increased up to (57, 83, and 140%) by biochar amendment. Among uptake of mineral ions, shoot and root Na+ uptake was greater (144 and 73%) in saline-stressed plants as compared to control, while shoot and root Ca2+ and K+ were greater up to (175, 119%) and (77, 146%) in biochar-treated plants. Overall findings revealed that 16 g/kg soil (112 g) biochar was found to be effective in reducing salinity toxicity by causing reduction in reactive oxygen species and root and shoot Na+ ions uptake and improving growth, physiological and anti-oxidative activities in pea plants (Fig. 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effect of different sowing dates (5 March and 26 March) in early spring and plant densities (40, 60, 80, 100 seeds/m²) on plant growth and development under rainfed conditions in semiarid areas over six harvest times on pea. The research was carried out during March-June 2022 in the Dicle University, Faculty of Agriculture, in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Plants were harvested after emergences in every 10 days, and plant height, number of nodes, leaves, stipules and leaflets per plant and leaf area were measured. Absolute growth rate (agr), leaf area ratio (lar), leaf area index (lai), leaf area duration (lad), specific leaf weight (slw), specific leaf area (sla) values were calculated. Maximum absolute growth rate (AGR) was in 100 seeds per m² and in 55 DAE for the first sowing time and in 40 seeds per m² and in 35 DAE for the second sowing time. Maximum leaf area index (LAI) was in 100 seeds per m² and in 55 DAE for the first sowing time and in 100 seeds per m² and in 35 DAE for the second sowing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical characteristics-size (3.12 – 8.98 mm), shape (1.13 – 1.33), test weight (194.66 – 209.66 g), sphericity (0.80 – 0.81) and engineering properties- bulk density (740.33 – 772.20 kg m-3 ), porosity (22.13 – 30.10 %), angle of repose (42.0 – 43.66°) of commonly grown pea varieties (Arkel, PB-89 and PB-1100) were measured at 8.5 – 9.5 % moisture content to select the design parameters of working components of two row pea planter. The moisture content of the pea varieties ranged from 8.5 – 9.5 per cent. The pea planter comprised of seed hopper, metering disc, handle, furrow opener, row marker and ground wheel. The pea planter was evaluated in terms of variety (Arkel, PB – 89, PB – 1100), metering disc (cup shaped flute metering disc and grooves on periphery metering disc) and depth of seed in the seed hopper (¾, ½ and ¼ full). The optimization of the parameters through response surface methodology (RSD) using design expert 13.0 revealed that operating the pea planter with cup shaped flute metering disc (M1), variety P3 (PB-1100) at ¾th depth of seed in the seed hopper resulted in average seeding spacing of 11.37 cm, missing index 3.45%, multiple index 12.46%, quality of feed index 84.08% and rate of work 0.04 hectare per hour. At optimum condition, the efficiency of the developed prototype of two row pea planter was found to be 82.0 percent. The economic analysis through bill of material revealed the cost of the machine as Rs. 1456, operating cost of 84.20 Rs h-1, benefit cost ratio of 1.30, break-even point of 0.02 ha and pay back period of 57.77 hours. The low-cost portable pea planter can serve as the panacea to pea sowing in the hilly terrain of Kashmir valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Rhizobial attachment to host legume roots is the first physical interaction of bacteria and plants in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The pH-dependent primary attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae 3841 to Pisum sativum (pea) roots was investigated by genome-wide insertion sequencing, luminescence-based attachment assays, and proteomic analysis. Under acid, neutral, or alkaline pH, a total of 115 genes are needed for primary attachment under one or more environmental pH, with 22 genes required for all. These include components of cell surfaces and membranes, together with enzymes that construct and modify them. Mechanisms of dealing with stress also play a part; however, exact requirements vary depending on environmental pH. RNASeq showed that knocking out the two transcriptional regulators required for attachment causes massive changes in the bacterial cell surface. Approximately half of the 54 proteins required for attachment at pH 7.0 have a role in the later stages of nodule formation. We found no evidence for a single rhicadhesin responsible for alkaline attachment, although sonicated cell surface fractions inhibited root attachment at alkaline pH. Our results demonstrate the complexity of primary root attachment and illustrate the diversity of mechanisms involved.IMPORTANCEThe first step by which bacteria interact with plant roots is by attachment. In this study, we use a combination of insertion sequencing and biochemical analysis to determine how bacteria attach to pea roots and how this is influenced by pH. We identify several key adhesins, which are molecules that enable bacteria to stick to roots. This includes a novel filamentous hemagglutinin which is needed at all pHs for attachment. Overall, 115 proteins are required for attachment at one or more pHs.

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the effects of low protein diets with different starch sources and starch to protein ratio on growth, digestibility, intestinal health, caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), serum cholesterol and triglycerides in broiler chickens. Eight hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to one of 4 dietary treatments with 10 repeats and 20 birds in each repeat. The dietary treatments included 1) a standard protein corn-SBM based diet (SP), 2) a low protein corn-SBM based diet (LPI) without reduced starch: protein ratio, 3) a low protein corn-SBM based diet (LPII) with reduced starch: protein ratio, and 4) a low protein corn-SBM-peas based diet (LPP) and reduced starch: protein ratio. Soy hulls were added in the LPII and LPP diets to reduce starch: protein ratio. During the experiment period from 11 to 24 d, FI was not affected by the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The BWG was significantly reduced in the LPI diet compared to the SP diet (P < 0.05). Likewise, FCR deteriorated in LPI and LPII but was better in the SP diet followed by the LPP diet (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) varied significantly among the dietary treatments (P < 0.01). While ATTD of starch was similar for all the diets except the LPP diet wherein the ATTD of starch was significantly lower (P < 0.001). Ether extract digestibility was also significantly different between the SP and LPII dietary treatments (P < 0.01). The AME and AMEn values were significantly lower in the LPP diet compared with other dietary treatments (P < 0.001). Nitrogen retention (%) was increased in all the LP diets compared with the SP diet (P < 0.001), but it was significantly better in both LPII and LPP diets compared to the LPI diet. The data showed that cecal SCFAs production was increased in the LPII and LPP compared to the SP and LPI diets (P < 0.001). Further, the production of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids was substantially higher in the LPP diet (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in gene expression of Claudin-1 and ZO-1 (P > 0.05). However, MUC-2 and GLUT-1 gene expression were significantly downregulated in the LPI diet (P < 0.05). The concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was significantly increased in the LPI diet (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the addition of peas as a slowly digestible starch source combined with soy hulls in low protein diet helped to partly recover the growth performance and improved cecal SCFAs production compared to other low protein diets with and without reduced starch: protein ratio in broiler chickens.

Studies are being conducted to develop strategies to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the interactive effects of salinity stress with biochar on plant growth—the physiological and biochemical attributes of forage peas (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.). Salt applications were carried out with irrigation water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three applications [control: 0 (B0), 2.5% biochar (B1), and 5% biochar (B2)], five salt doses [0 (S0), 25 (S1), 50 (S2), 75 (S3), and 100 (S4) mM NaCl], and three replications, arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B1. The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments. A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels. Specifically, lower H2O2, MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels. Furthermore, in the study, it was observed that the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels. There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels. The findings of the study indicate that biochar amendment can enhance forage peas’ growth by modulating the plant physiology and biochemistry under salt stress. Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application. Therefore, application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest chronic infectious diseases globally. Early diagnosis not only prevents the spread of TB but also ensures effective treatment. However, the absence of non-sputum-based diagnostic tests often leads to delayed TB diagnoses. Inflammation is a hallmark of TB, we aimed to identify biomarkers associated with TB based on immune profiling. We collected 222 plasma samples from healthy controls (HCs), disease controls (non-TB pneumonia; PN), patients with TB (TB), and cured TB cases (RxTB). A high-throughput protein detection technology, multiplex proximity extension assays (PEA), was applied to measure the levels of 92 immune proteins. Based on differential analysis and the correlation with TB severity, we selected 9 biomarkers (CXCL9, PDL1, CDCP1, CCL28, CCL23, CCL19, MMP1, IFNγ and TRANCE) and explored their diagnostic capabilities through 7 machine learning methods. We identified combination of these 9 biomarkers that distinguish TB cases from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.89–0.99, with a sensitivity of 82–93% at a specificity of 88–92%. Moreover, the model excels in distinguishing severe TB cases, achieving AUROC exceeding 0.95, sensitivities and specificities exceeding 93.3%. In summary, utilizing targeted proteomics and machine learning, we identified a 9 plasma proteins signature that demonstrates significant potential for accurate TB diagnosis and clinical outcome prediction.

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of substituting wheat flour with varying levels (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of flour derived from field bean, chickpea, lentil, and pea seeds. The investigation focused on assessing the physical properties of wheat dough and the physicochemical characteristics of bread samples. The addition of legume seed flours significantly influenced the dough's development time, particularly with chickpea flour causing a notable increase in this parameter. While dough stability was generally shorter for mixtures containing wheat flour and legume seed flour, chickpea flour was an exception, significantly prolonging dough stability time. Furthermore, the inclusion of legume flours resulted in increased protein, ash, fiber, fat, and phenolic contents in the enriched bread, while the carbohydrate content decreased. Additionally, the crumb exhibited increased redness and yellowness and decreased lightness due to the enrichment of the bread. Notably, the antioxidant activity of bread containing legume flour also increased, with the most significant increase observed when pea flour was utilized. Conversely, negative effects on bread volume, crumb density, and texture parameters were noted with the incorporation of legume additives. Taking into consideration the results of both physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation, it is recommended that the incorporation of the specified legume flours should not exceed 15% in relation to the quantity of wheat flour used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase in their life. Therefore, flower and fruit production are restricted to the length of this period. This reproductive strategy involves the regulation of flowering cessation by a coordinated arrest of the growth of the inflorescence meristems, optimizing resource allocation to ensure seed filling. Flowering cessation appears to be a regulated phenomenon in all monocarpic plants. Early studies in several species identified seed production as a major factor triggering inflorescence proliferative arrest. Recently, genetic factors controlling inflorescence arrest, in parallel to the putative signals elicited by seed production, have started to be uncovered in Arabidopsis, with the MADS-box gene FRUITFULL (FUL) playing a central role in the process. However, whether the genetic network regulating arrest is also at play in other species is completely unknown. Here, we show that this role of FUL is not restricted to Arabidopsis but is conserved in another monocarpic species with a different inflorescence structure, field pea, strongly suggesting that the network controlling the end of flowering is common to other plants. Moreover, field trials with lines carrying mutations in pea FUL genes show that they could be used to boost crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important physiological and biological effects of green synthesis ZnO nanoparticles at a size of 65 nm, biostimulant (Folcare) and interaction biostimulant ZnO NPs on plant growth and metabolism. As our understanding of biostimulants' preventive and restorative modes of action has increased, it is critical to maintain the best crop output and quality possible. The reduction of fertilizers must be substituted by strategies that improve the nutrients uptake or their utilization by the plants. New processing methods are required as an efficient green process or an integrated (hybrid) process for different new technologies of interest. The effects of NPs, biostimulant, and combination ZnO NPs biostimulant on plant cell metabolism were examined in cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria of cells from the stems, roots, and leaves. The interaction NPs/biostimulant had a beneficial effect on the morphological and physiological indicators of plant health than when nanoparticles and biostimulant are applied separately. Folcare biostimulant coupled with zinc oxide nanoparticles improved pea crops growth. The improved of the quality of pea plants can be explained at least, in part, by increase in antioxidant activities during plant growth phenophase. 1. Highlighting the environmental effect the risk management of biostimulants based on ZnO bionanoparticles on the growth of pea - Identification of specific responses of plants to nano stresses: Analyzes of metabolites Antioxidants enzymes 2. Folcare coupled with zinc oxide bionanoparticles has a significant favorable influence on environmental conservation management by assisting plants in more effectively using nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pressing need for efficacious therapies in the field of respiratory diseases and infections. Lipid nanocarriers, administered through aerosols, represent a promising tool for maximizing therapeutic concentration in targeted cells and minimizing systemic exposure. However, this approach requires the application of efficient and safe nanomaterials. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endocannabinoid-like endogenous lipid, plays a crucial role in providing protective mechanisms during inflammation, making it an interesting material for preparing inhalable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). This report aims to preliminarily explore the in vitro behavior of LNPs prepared with PEA (PEA-LNPs), a new inhalable inflammatory-targeted nanoparticulate drug carrier. PEA-LNPs exhibited a size of about 250 nm, a rounded shape, and an marked improvement in PEA solubility in comparison to naked PEA, indicative of easily disassembled nanoparticles. A twin glass impinger instrument was used to screen the aerosol performance of PEA-LNP powders, obtained via freeze-drying in the presence of two quantities of mannose as a cryoprotectant. Results indicated that a higher amount of mannose improved the emitted dose (ED), and in particular, the fine particle fraction (FPF). A cytotoxicity assay was performed and indicated that PEA-LNPs are not toxic towards the MH-S alveolar macrophage cell line up to concentrations of 0.64 mg/mL, and using coumarin-6 labelled particles, a rapid internalization into the macrophage was confirmed. This study demonstrates that PEA could represent a suitable material for preparing inhalable lipid nanocarrier-based dry powders, which signify a promising tool for the transport of drugs employed to treat respiratory diseases and infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of disposable facemasks during the COVID‐19 pandemic has led to environmental concern due to microplastic pollution. Biodegradable disposable facemasks are a first step to reducing the environmental impact of pandemics. Here, high‐performance facemask components based on novel poly(ester amide)s (PEA) grades synthesized from biosourced materials and processed into nonwoven facemask components are presented. PEA‐based polymers present an excellent compromise between mechanical performance and biodegradability. Importantly, the properties of the PEA can easily be tuned by changing the ratio of ester and amide, or by varying diol and diacid parts. Seven polymers are synthesized which are optimized for biodegradability and processability. Among them, two grades combines 1) electrospinning process compatibility with 2) full degradation within 35 days, using a normalized biodegradation test. The ultra‐thin filters thus developed are evaluated for performance on a custom‐made characterization bench. The filters achieve microparticle capture efficiency and air permeability comparable to commercial filters. Another PEA grade is optimized to reach optimal viscothermal properties that made it compatible with solvent‐free melt‐spinning process as demonstrated with continuous fiber production. Overall, this environmentally friendly solution paves the way for the fabrication of high‐performance fibers with excellent biodegradability for the next‐generation facemasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive agriculture that is used in many countries has led to a reduction in biodiversity and the deterioration of the environment. Therefore, it is important to increase the adoption of cropping systems with high biodiversity. The objectives of the present study were the following: 1. assess the performance and sustainability of novel highly diversified production systems compared to the current traditional system and 2. provide quantitative economic and ecosystem service information for farmers, extension workers, and policy makers in order to support the development of sustainable and resilient high species cultivar/landrace diversification (HSD) production systems. The rotation of wheat–pea–barley was a system with low energy inputs and high outputs, significantly increasing the energy efficiency. Also, the same system demonstrated better economic and environmental indices, making it a suitable cropping system for Mediterranean areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the viromes of three symptomatic Fabaceae plants, i.e., red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), using high-throughput sequencing revealed complex infections and enabled the acquisition of complete genomes of a potyvirus, bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Slovak BYMV isolates belong to two distinct molecular groups, i.e., VI (isolate FA40) and XI (isolates DAT, PS2). Five commercial pea genotypes (Alderman, Ambrosia, Gloriosa, Herkules, Senator) were successfully infected with the BYMV-PS2 inoculum and displayed similar systemic chlorotic mottling symptoms. Relative comparison of optical density values using semi-quantitative DAS-ELISA revealed significant differences among virus titers in one of the infected pea genotypes (Ambrosia) when upper fully developed leaves were tested. Immunoblot analysis of systemically infected Alderman plants showed rather uneven virus accumulation in different plant parts. The lowest virus accumulation was repeatedly detected in the roots, while the highest was in the upper part of the plant stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature causes several morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in crop plants, and garden pea is highly sensitive to a higher temperature than other legume crops. This study assessed garden pea genotypes' physiological and biochemical responses during a reproductive stage in regular and heat stress season at the Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (India). Forty-five garden pea genotypes, including 15 tolerant, 15 moderately tolerant, and 15 susceptible genotypes, were analyzed for three physiological, six biochemical, and 11 quantitative morphological traits under regular and heat stress seasons. Our results showed a considerable decrease in leaf water content, greenness index, and membrane stability index in heat stress season and a substantial increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes in heat stress season compared to the regular season. The 15 heat-tolerant genotypes showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes compared to the 15 heat-susceptible genotypes, which impart thermotolerance by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated in high-temperature stress conditions. Further, correlation and biplot analysis of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits indicated that physiological and biochemical traits were important in determining yield and related traits under heat stress conditions in garden pea genotypes. Thus, estimating critical physiological and biochemical traits could facilitate in differentiating thermotolerant genotypes from susceptible genotypes in garden peas and aid in heat-tolerant breeding programs of similar cool-season legume crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cabbage is an annual vegetable crop species cultivated throughout the year. The development of high-yielding cabbage hybrids and the optimization of several agronomic management practices such as fertilization and crop rotation have resulted in increased soil fertility, crop yield and product quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the farming system (organic and conventional) and the applied rotation scheme on soil nutrient content, head yield and the nutrient content of cabbage. The preceding crops included either pea (P), faba bean (F) or cabbage (C), and thus, the rotation schemes were P-C, F-C and C-C. Sheep manure was applied in the organic farming system, and the inorganic fertilizer 11-15-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) was applied to the conventionally cultivated plants. The results reveal an interaction between the farming system and the preceding crop for the head yield, with the lowest values (57.00 t ha−1 and 53.87 t ha−1 in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, respectively) recorded in plots where cabbage was cultivated as a preceding crop under the organic farming system. The N, P and K contents in head tissues were affected only by the farming system, with the greatest values recorded in the conventional farming system. Both factors affected the nutrient content in the soil. Specifically, the highest values of NO3− and total N content in the soil were recorded in the P-C and F-C rotations, and the K content was higher in the continuous cabbage cropping system (C-C). Moreover, the NO3−, P and K contents in the soils were higher in the conventional farming system compared to the organic system. To conclude, combining inorganic fertilization in a crop rotation scheme with legume species such as pea and faba bean as preceding crops for cabbage can result in increased soil fertility and head yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]