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Merodon triangulum Vujić, Radenković & Hurkmans, 2020 is a European endemic hoverfly species belonging to Merodon constans species-group, inside albifrons-lineage. The distribution of this species is known to be mostly central Europe and Balkan peninsula and it has been categorized as Near Threatened in the European IUCN red list of hoverflies; this paper cites the species for the first time in Ukraine (western Ukraine, specifically). In the present study, the preimaginal stages of this species are described and figured using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The material used for the descriptions were larvae collected in Ukraine and Serbia feeding inside underground storage organs of the spring snowflake Leucojum vernum L., 1753. This morphological description constitutes the first one inside the constans species-group, and the sixth description of the albifrons-lineage, in which there is only one species-group left to have at least one species of the preimaginal stages described (i.e., ruficornis species-group). The descriptions were compared with the rest available of the genus, stating the diagnostical characters of the present species and the shared characters inside the lineage. The novel information provided on the trophic interaction between M. triangulum larvae and Leucojum bulbs is stated for the first time and further supports the association of the constans species-group with the underground storage organs of snowflakes and snowdrops (Galantheae) in their role as host plants.

The main study objective was to build knowledge on the genus Eumerus in the Afrotropical region. The new species Eumerus rufotibialis Radenkovic et Vujic sp. nov. of the E. obliquus group is thus reported. Also presented are the preimaginal stages of the mentioned species and Eumerus compactus van Doesburg 1966 as well as Eumerus astropilops Hull 1964. The descriptions were elaborated using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy imaging; supporting images, diagnostical features and comparisons with available descriptions have been included, both for imago and preimaginal descriptions. The known host plant of the three species is indicated together with some biological notes that support their saprophagous feeding habits.

1. Pollinators play a crucial role in ecosystems globally, ensuring the seed production of most flowering plants. They are threatened by global changes and knowledge of their distribution at the national and continental levels is needed to implement efficient conservation actions, but this knowledge is still fragmented and/or difficult to access. 2. As a step forward, we provide an updated list of around 3000 European bee and hoverfly species, reflecting their current distributional status at the national level (in the form of present, absent, regionally extinct, possibly extinct or non-native). This work was attainable by incorporating both published and unpublished data, as well as knowledge from a large set of taxonomists and ecologists in both groups. 3. After providing the first National species lists for bees and hoverflies for many countries, we examine the current distributional patterns of these species and designate the countries with highest levels of species richness. We also show that many species are recorded in a single European country, highlighting the importance of articulating European and national conservation strategies. 4. Finally, we discuss how the data provided here can be combined with future trait and Red List data to implement research that will further advance pollinator conservation.

Pollinators play a crucial role in ecosystems globally, ensuring the seed production of most flowering plants. They are threatened by global changes and knowledge of their distribution at the national and continental levels is needed to implement efficient conservation actions, but this knowledge is still fragmented and/or difficult to access. As a step forward, we provide an updated list of around 3000 European bee and hoverfly species, reflecting their current distributional status at the national level (in the form of present, absent, regionally extinct, possibly extinct or non-native). This work was attainable by incorporating both published and unpublished data, as well as knowledge from a large set of taxonomists and ecologists in both groups. After providing the first National species lists for bees and hoverflies for many countries, we examine the current distributional patterns of these species and designate the countries with highest levels of species richness. We also show that many species are recorded in a single European country, highlighting the importance of articulating European and national conservation strategies. Finally, we discuss how the data provided here can be combined with future trait and Red List data to implement research that will further advance pollinator conservation., Pollinators play a crucial role in ecosystems globally, ensuring the seed production of most flowering plants. They are threatened by global changes and knowledge of their distribution at the national and continental levels is needed to implement efficient conservation actions, but this knowledge is still fragmented and/or difficult to access. As a step forward, we provide an updated list of around 3000 European bee and hoverfly species, reflecting their current distributional status at the national level (in the form of present, absent, regionally extinct, possibly extinct or non-native). This work was attainable by incorporating both published and unpublished data, as well as knowledge from a large set of taxonomists and ecologists in both groups. After providing the first National species lists for bees and hoverflies for many countries, we examine the current distributional patterns of these species and designate the countries with highest levels of species richness. We also show that many species are recorded in a single European country, highlighting the importance of articulating European and national conservation strategies. Finally, we discuss how the data provided here can be combined with future trait and Red List data to implement research that will further advance pollinator conservation.

The first data on the interaction between a phytophagous hoverfly and holoparasitic broomrape plants in Europe is reported. Description of the new species Eumerus larvatus sp. nov. Aracil, Grković et Pérez-Bañón is presented from specimens feeding within the fleshy hypogeal stems of Cistanche phelypaea in different localities of Southeast of Iberian Peninsula. Both, adult and preimaginal morphology are studied, including also a molecular analysis based on COI gene sequences. The molecular data, together with the diagnostic morphological characteristics of the adult, indicate that the species belongs to the Eumerus tricolor species-group. This paper presents the first in-depth and detailed description of the preimaginal morphology of a representative of this species group, based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.

Merodon capi Vujić et Radenković, 2020 and Merodon roni Radenković et Vujić, 2020 are two cryptic species belonging to the Merodon planifacies Bezzi, 1915 species complex that have recently been described, with the differences between them being revealed by molecular and geometric morphometry studies of adult specimens. In the present study, the preimaginal morphology of both species is described and displayed, with the material used corresponding to samples taken from bulbs of Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta plants at two locations in KwaZulu-Natal province (South Africa). The preimaginal stages were compared, looking for morphological evidence supporting species divergence. Linear and geometric morphometric analyses of the larval posterior respiratory process were conducted for the first time and the results of these analyses support the separation of the two taxa. Information about the life cycle and the relation with the host plant is also provided. In addition, we carried out a preliminary study of the adult feeding requirements of the species, based on the description of the mouthparts and an analysis of the pollen present in the gut and on the integument of adults. The results of the study supports a close relationship between the preimaginal stages and plant species of the Hyacinthaceae family.

In this study, the third-stage larva and puparium of the copper-backed fly, Platycheirus (Carposcalis) chalconota (Philippi, 1865) are fully described using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy from material collected in peach orchards of central-west Argentina. The immature stages of P. chalconota were compared with the third-stage larva and puparium of the best-studied species in the genus Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen, 1822); as well as with the only known Carposcalis immature stages description available for the Neotropical region namely Platycheirus stegnus (Say, 1829). New data on trophic interactions and larval habitats are given: P. chalconota larvae were found feeding on the aphid’s species Uroleucon sonchi (Linnaeus, 1767) (large sow thistle aphid) and Hyperomyzus lactucae (Linnaeus, 1758) (blackcurrant-sow thistle aphid) in low vegetation as Sonchus oleraceus (common sow thistle); the species was also found feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (green peach aphid) in high vegetation as Prunus persicae (L.) Stokes (Peach trees). The third larval stage and puparium of P. chalconota are described and illustrated for the first time improving substantially the knowledge about the immature stages and natural history of Neotropical Platycheirus, constituting also a baseline for future comparative morphological studies. Despite the efficiency of P. chalconota in the biological control of pests has not been assessed, we think that relevant data presented here can be used in pest management of peach orchards and suggest P. chalconota as an excellent candidate for future studies on the life cycle, prey consumption, efficiency, artificial rearing, and its potential importance as pollinators of Peach crops.

Las tecnologías de la información junto con una comunicación efectiva en las aulas fomentan el aprendizaje activo y favorecen la motivación de los alumnos, lo que contribuye a la adquisición de aprendizajes significativos. En este trabajo, se ha querido conocer la opinión de los estudiantes sobre el tipo de recursos docentes que recibe habitualmente en el Grado de Biología de las Universidades de Alicante y Salamanca, y en especial en varias asignaturas de dicho Grado a través de un cuestionario. Además, se ha introducido el uso de los códigos QR como un nuevo recurso didáctico que podría complementar los recursos docentes tradicionales utilizados en varias asignaturas del Grado de Biología de ambas universidades, que ha sido evaluado a través de la contestación del cuestionario antes mencionado. Los estudiantes consideran que los códigos QR son una herramienta útil en la docencia universitaria debido a que facilitan el acceso a la información. El alumnado se ha mostrado satisfecho con el formato de los recursos didácticos utilizados por el profesorado y han manifestado su clara preferencia por el formato pdf. Los datos obtenidos resultan de gran utilidad ya que permitirán la mejora de las herramientas usadas en nuestra docencia universitaria.

Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) is a suitable candidate for artificial rearing due to its pollination efficiency and subcosmopolitan distribution. However, the high mortality found at the larval stage of this species needs to be overcome. In this research, two different larval media were used to study the life cycle of E. aeneus: brewery spent grain (BSG) from a local craft-beer factory and soaked oat grains (SOG). The age-stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the results, which were compared using the paired bootstrap test. The greatest mortality was found at the larval stage with both media. Individuals fed on SOG presented a shorter preadult developmental time (22.05 days) than those reared with BSG (26.97 days). This fact had a direct impact on the total preoviposition period, it being shorter with SOG (34.36 days) than BSG (38.29 days), although the second provided a larger total number of eggs (19,242 eggs) and a faster adult maturation (10.67 days). The population parameters indicated that both populations will display a positive growth under the studied conditions, being the mean generation time (T) significantly shorter when using SOG (38.71 days) than BSG (45.95 days). Despite the preadult results pointing to SOG being a more efficient medium, the promising fecundity values provided by BSG, as well as it's lower cost and ecological benefits, suggest that this second medium could be improved and used as an alternative to SOG in the near future.

La integración de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en las aulas es uno de los objetivos prioritarios de las políticas educativas debido a que fomentan el aprendizaje activo y favorecen la motivación de los alumnos, lo que contribuye a la adquisición de aprendizajes significativos. En este trabajo se utiliza un cuestionario para evaluar la implantación de códigos QR como recursos didácticos para complementar a los recursos tradicionales utilizados en dos asignaturas del Grado en Biología de las Universidades de Alicante y Salamanca. A la vez se hace un análisis del grado de satisfacción del alumnado acerca de los materiales utilizados en estas asignaturas. El estudio muestra que los estudiantes consideran que los códigos QR son una herramienta útil en la docencia universitaria debido a que facilitan el acceso a la información. Además, el alumnado se ha mostrado satisfecho con el formato de los recursos didácticos utilizados por el profesorado y han manifestado su preferencia por el formato pdf, seguido por Power Point, códigos QR, vídeos y enlaces a internet. Los datos obtenidos resultan de gran utilidad ya que permitirán la mejora de las herramientas usadas en nuestra docencia universitaria, satisfaciendo los requerimientos del alumnado y mejorando sus resultados de aprendizaje.

Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli) and Eristalis tenax (L.) (Diptera: Syrphidae, Eristalini), are important pollinator species that can be artificially reared and commercialised. To achieve better control over the pupal development time and adult emergence, cold storage techniques are suitable tools. Insects were reared under controlled conditions: 25 ± 1 °C, 50% r.h., and L12:D12 photoperiod. Pupae of both species were stored at 5 °C at the beginning (early treatments) or at the end (late treatments) of their development for various periods of time (5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 days). Development stopped completely at 5 °C in both treatments, but in general, pupae stored at the beginning of the pupal stage provided better results in terms of survival (adult emergence) and quality of the adults (general morphology). The cold tolerance of E. tenax was lower than that of E. aeneus, with their pupal developmental time successfully extended up to 18 and 23 days, respectively, without compromising survival and morphology. The number and types of morphological alterations due to cold storage were recorded.

Los sírfidos eristalinos (Syrphidae, Eristalinae: Eristalini) son importantes polinizadores en su estado adulto, tanto en ecosistemas naturales como antropizados, pudiendo actuar de manera conjunta o complementaria a la de los himenópteros. Además de este importante servicio ecosistémico, los hábitos saprófagos de su fase larvaria en medios líquidos o semisólidos hace que jueguen un papel relevante como biodescomponedores de la materia orgánica, así como útiles bioindicadores ambientales. Sin embargo, su utilización a gran escala está actualmente limitada por la escasez de métodos de cría en cautividad capaces de satisfacer su demanda a nivel industrial. Es por ello, que el objetivo fundamental de la presente tesis doctoral es profundizar en el conocimiento de aspectos básicos del ciclo biológico y morfología funcional larvaria de los sírfidos eristalinos, así como el análisis estandarizado de su cría artificial. Para ello, se han seleccionado las especies Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) y Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) como representantes de los dos géneros de eristalinos con mayor potencial como agentes polinizadores a nivel comercial. De este modo, la tesis queda organizada en cuatro secciones y ocho capítulos, descritos a continuación. En la Sección I se describe por vez primera la morfología de las fases preimaginales de dos especies de los géneros Eristalinus y Eristalis con potencial para su cría artificial de manera complementaria a las especies objetivo de esta tesis. Mediante el uso de microscopía electrónica (SEM y cryo-SEM), se incluyen claves de identificación taxonómica de todas las especies de ambos géneros cuya morfología preimaginal es actualmente conocida. Por un lado, en el Capítulo 1 se describen las fases preimaginales (huevo y tercer estadio larvario) de Eristalis fratercula (Zetterstedt, 1838), una especie con distribución Holártica característica de climas predominantemente fríos del norte de Europa y América. Entre otros caracteres, des

Preimaginal morphology of Austroscaeva occidentalis (Shannon, 1927) is described for the first time, and the morphology of larvae and pupae of Dioprosopa clavata (Fabricius, 1794) is updated based on material obtained from captive rearing of wild females from Argentina and Venezuela, respectively. We describe the morphology of the third instar larva, head skeleton and puparium using optical microscopy, cryo-scanning and scanning electron microscope. The immature stages of both New World flower fly species are analysed and compared with the known preimaginal morphology of other taxa that belong to the evolutionary lineage of Eupeodes-Scaeva, where Austroscaeva Láska, Mazánek & Mengual, 2018, and Dioprosopa Hull, 1949, form a Neotropical radiation within, together with the genus Notosyrphus Vockeroth, 1969. Larvae of all members of this lineage have abdominal segments 5 and 6 with the tips of the locomotory prominences facing posteriorly, and the anal segment with a characteristic U-shaped grasping organ. Two other larval synapomorphies of this group of genera are the presence of metathoracic setae accompanying ventral sensilla, and the abdominal segments 1–7 with an extra lobe on each locomotory prominence. These two last characters cannot be assessed for Macrosyrphus Matsumura, 1917, and Lapposyrphus Dušek & Láska, 1967, based on published information on larval descriptions. Despite a similar colouration pattern of the fully grown larvae, larval morphology of A. occidentalis and D. clavata are quite distinct. The preimaginal morphology of A. occidentalis has a mixture of morphological characters from the taxa Scaeva Fabricius, 1805, Semiscaeva Kuznetzov, 1985, and Dioprosopa. The larvae of D. clavata show several unique diagnostic features, such as the presence of a slightly serrate outline due to the great development of the segmental spines and a pinnate ornamentation of the setae of its dorsal and dorsolateral sensilla. Regarding their biological cycle, the lengt

Merodon natans group (Diptera, Syrphidae) taxa are reviewed using an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological, morphometric and molecular techniques. The approach substantiates recognition of the three species: M. calcaratus (Fabricius, 1794), M. natans (Fabricius, 1794) and M. pulveris Vujić & Radenković in Radenković et al. 2011, and reveals the existence of a new species, M. makrisi Vujić, Radenković & Tot sp. nov., which is described. It also highlights the existence of a series of natans group populations, especially on some of the Mediterranean islands, in the Levant and in the Afrotropical Region, for which more comprehensive data are required to clarify their status. A key is provided to the natans lineage species currently recognised, and preimaginal stages of some natans-group species are described for the first time. Redescriptions for M. calcaratus and M. natans are provided. A neotype is selected for M. natans. Lectotypes are designated for M. annulatus (Fabricius, 1794) and M. melancholicus (Fabricius, 1794). Merodon annulatus is recognised as a synonym of M. natans.