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2. Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations.

Author

Opedal, Øystein, Armbruster, W, Hansen, Thomas, Holstad, Agnes, Pélabon, Christophe, Andersson, Stefan, Campbell, Diane, Caruso, Christina, Delph, Lynda, Eckert, Christopher, Lankinen, Åsa, Walter, Greg, Ågren, Jon, and Bolstad, Geir

Subjects
adaptation, evolvability, genetic constraints, macroevolution, Biological Evolution, Adaptation, Physiological, Reproduction, Phenotype, Acclimatization, Plants, Genetic Variation, Flowers
Abstract

Understanding the causes and limits of population divergence in phenotypic traits is a fundamental aim of evolutionary biology, with the potential to yield predictions of adaptation to environmental change. Reciprocal transplant experiments and the evaluation of optimality models suggest that local adaptation is common but not universal, and some studies suggest that trait divergence is highly constrained by genetic variances and covariances of complex phenotypes. We analyze a large database of population divergence in plants and evaluate whether evolutionary divergence scales positively with standing genetic variation within populations (evolvability), as expected if genetic constraints are evolutionarily important. We further evaluate differences in divergence and evolvability-divergence relationships between reproductive and vegetative traits and between selfing, mixed-mating, and outcrossing species, as these factors are expected to influence both patterns of selection and evolutionary potentials. Evolutionary divergence scaled positively with evolvability. Furthermore, trait divergence was greater for vegetative traits than for floral (reproductive) traits, but largely independent of the mating system. Jointly, these factors explained ~40% of the variance in evolutionary divergence. The consistency of the evolvability-divergence relationships across diverse species suggests substantial predictability of trait divergence. The results are also consistent with genetic constraints playing a role in evolutionary divergence.

Published
2023

5. On the importance of scale in evolutionary quantitative genetics.

Author

Hansen, Thomas F, Holstad, Agnes, Houle, David, and Pélabon, Christophe

Subjects
QUANTITATIVE genetics, GENETIC variation, STANDARDIZATION, ARGUMENT
Abstract

The informed use of scales and units in evolutionary quantitative genetics is often neglected, and naïve standardizations can cause misinterpretations of empirical results. A potentially influential example of such neglect can be found in the recent book by Arnold (2023. Evolutionary quantitative genetics. Oxford University Press). There, Arnold championed the use of heritability over mean-scaled genetic variance as a measure of evolutionary potential arguing that mean-scaled genetic variances are correlated with trait means while heritabilities are not. Here, we show that Arnold's empirical result is an artifact of ignoring the units in which traits are measured. More importantly, Arnold's argument mistakenly assumes that the goal of mean scaling is to remove the relationship between mean and variance. In our view, the purpose of mean scaling is to put traits with different units on a common scale that makes evolutionary changes, or their potential, readily interpretable and comparable in terms of proportions of the mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Directional epistasis is common in morphological divergence.

Author

Bourg, Salomé, Bolstad, Geir H, Griffin, Donald V, Pélabon, Christophe, and Hansen, Thomas F

Subjects
ANIMAL populations, PLANT species, ALLELES, ALLELES in plants
Abstract

Epistasis is often portrayed as unimportant in evolution. While random patterns of epistasis may have limited effects on the response to selection, systematic directional epistasis can have substantial effects on evolutionary dynamics. Directional epistasis occurs when allele substitutions that change a trait also modify the effects of allele substitution at other loci in a systematic direction. In this case, trait evolution may induce correlated changes in allelic effects and additive genetic variance (evolvability) that modify further evolution. Although theory thus suggests a potentially important role for directional epistasis in evolution, we still lack empirical evidence about its prevalence and magnitude. Using a new framework to estimate systematic patterns of epistasis from line-crosses experiments, we quantify its effects on 197 size-related traits from diverging natural populations in 24 animal and 17 plant species. We show that directional epistasis is common and tends to become stronger with increasing morphological divergence. In animals, most traits displayed negative directionality toward larger size, suggesting that epistatic constraints reducing evolvability toward larger size. Dominance was also common but did not systematically alter the effects of epistasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations

Author

Opedal, Øystein H., Armbruster, W. Scott, Hansen, Thomas F., Holstad, Agnes, Pélabon, Christophe, Andersson, Stefan, Campbell, Diane R., Caruso, Christina M., Delph, Lynda F., Eckert, Christopher G., Lankinen, Åsa, Walter, Greg M., Ågren, Jon, Bolstad, Geir H., Opedal, Øystein H., Armbruster, W. Scott, Hansen, Thomas F., Holstad, Agnes, Pélabon, Christophe, Andersson, Stefan, Campbell, Diane R., Caruso, Christina M., Delph, Lynda F., Eckert, Christopher G., Lankinen, Åsa, Walter, Greg M., Ågren, Jon, and Bolstad, Geir H.

Abstract

Understanding the causes and limits of population divergence in phenotypic traits is a fundamental aim of evolutionary biology, with the potential to yield predictions of adap-tation to environmental change. Reciprocal transplant experiments and the evaluation of optimality models suggest that local adaptation is common but not universal, and some studies suggest that trait divergence is highly constrained by genetic variances and covariances of complex phenotypes. We analyze a large database of population divergence in plants and evaluate whether evolutionary divergence scales positively with standing genetic variation within populations (evolvability), as expected if genetic constraints are evolutionarily important. We further evaluate differences in divergence and evolva-bility–divergence relationships between reproductive and vegetative traits and between selfing, mixed-mating, and outcrossing species, as these factors are expected to influence both patterns of selection and evolutionary potentials. Evolutionary divergence scaled positively with evolvability. Furthermore, trait divergence was greater for vegetative traits than for floral (reproductive) traits, but largely independent of the mating system. Jointly, these factors explained ~40% of the variance in evolutionary divergence. The consistency of the evolvability–divergence relationships across diverse species suggests substantial predictability of trait divergence. The results are also consistent with genetic constraints playing a role in evolutionary divergence.

Published
2023
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26. Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations

Author

Opedal, Øystein H., primary, Armbruster, W. Scott, additional, Hansen, Thomas F., additional, Holstad, Agnes, additional, Pélabon, Christophe, additional, Andersson, Stefan, additional, Campbell, Diane R., additional, Caruso, Christina M., additional, Delph, Lynda F., additional, Eckert, Christopher G., additional, Lankinen, Åsa, additional, Walter, Greg M., additional, Ågren, Jon, additional, and Bolstad, Geir H., additional

Published
2022
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