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La presente investigación centra su atención en el estudio de los parques temáticos en España. En concreto, analiza la calidad de los servicios ofertados, su satisfacción y el uso de las TIC, con el fin de determinar si estos influirían en la decisión de volver a visitar los parques, es decir, revisitarlos. Para alcanzar este objetivo se realizó un cuestionario en el que participaron 350 personas. Mediante el programa estadístico SPSS se analizaron los resultados del estudio. De las hipótesis formuladas, solo algunas de ellas son aceptadas como son el caso de las relacionadas con la satisfacción y la calidad de servicio dejando atrás la referente a las TIC como determinante de revisita. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados encontrados, esta investigación, sugiere que el uso de las TIC influye en la satisfacción del cliente y en la calidad de servicio siendo estas una clara razón de la intención de revisita a los parques temáticos

Una era cada vez más digitalizada en la que el marketing digital se convierte en un reto de fidelización duradera, y en un mundo donde cada vez más las redes sociales forman parte de nuestro día a día. El presente TFG pretende a analizar como el impacto de redes sociales en concreto los influencers irrumpen en nuestros hábitos de compra. En este sentido, hemos investigado en qué medida, el precio, la calidad y la confianza influirían en la decisión de comprar del consumidor. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se ha empleado una muestra de 233 individuos, y el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran que las variables analizadas tienen un impacto positivo en la decisión de compra del consumidor., An increasingly digitised era in which digital marketing becomes a challenge of lasting loyalty and in a world where more and more social networks are part of our daily lives. This TFG aims to analyse how the impact of social networks, specifically influencers, burst into out shopping habits. In this sense, we have investigated to what extent price, quality and confidence would influence the consumer’s purchase decision. To achieve this objective, a sample of 233 individuals and multiple linear regression analysis have been used. The findings of the study shown that variables analysed have a positive impact of the consumer’s purchase decision.

Nuestra investigación tiene por objetivo evaluar en qué medida, dos políticas de RR. HH tales como el compromiso y la retribución influyen en la felicidad de los empleados. Para evaluar dicho objetivo hemos empleado una muestra de 154 empleados. Nuestras hipótesis fueron testadas con un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados indican que la retribución del empleado es mucho más importante que el compromiso a la hora de explicar la felicidad. En efecto, la retribución explica un 62% mientras que el compromiso solo lo hace con un 13%. Por otro lado, es importante tener presente que estos resultados se ven condicionados por el nivel de estudios del empleado, mientras que el sexo y la edad no fueron significativos.

Using the DART (dialogue, access, risk, and transparency) model as a core framework of value co-creation (VCC), and in the context of hospitality services, this study explores the role VCC might have in customers’perceived value (PV). The study delineates two characteristics of PV—perceived quality and price—as sources for competitive strategy. It attempts to establish the existence of an effect of VCC implementation on these sources of strategy, as well as the intensity of the effect. The study’s data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from 484 tourists on their return home. Through structural equation modelling, we tested our research hypotheses. The research results indicate that transparency and risk affect a hotel guest’s perceptions of price and quality, while access only determines the quality. Contrary to what we expected, dialogue did not have a positive influence on the perceived price or perceived quality. Finally, the results support the notion that perceived quality affects the perceived price. As a firm-orientated model, the DART model was applied to the customer context for the first time in this study, which contributes to the marketing literature.

In the context of public organisations, this research explores the effect that a collectivism-based organizational culture may have on employee commitment (EC) from a triple perspective - affective, normative, and continuance. A sample of 214 employees of public organisations in Spain was used, and the data were analysed through the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The findings show that the prevalence of collectivism in public organisations favours higher levels of employees’ commitment. Such commitment can be seen in the employees’ intention to remain in the organisation to provide their services or their emotional attachment. The following research contributes to expanding upon HRM-literature in several ways. First, it assumes a broader view of social exchange theory, highlighting EC’s importance when planning HRM in the public sector. Second, it considers the cultural environment (i.e., collectivism-based organisational culture) of public entities as determinants of procommitment policies or policies governing public employees.

Team-based work (TBW) plays a crucial role in the success and quality of public services. In the context of the Spanish public sector, our study evaluates if a low level of hierarchical distance (HD) in public organizations condition the public employees’ commitment (EC) as well as TBW, assessed in terms of participation and consensus among team members. Simultaneously, we evaluated to what extent EC help to enhance TBW. Employing a sample of 213 government organizations from the south of Spain through a model of structural equations, we were able to answer the above questions. Our results revealed that team-based work functions more successfully within public organizations where there exists little verticality in their structures, norms, values and rules – in simplest terms, where there is minimal organizational HD. Such results also suggest that although regulations exist in the Spanish public sector, should public organizations attempt to be less vertical and more horizontal, they would perhaps have public servants that were more committed to their organizations. As a result, servants view the organization as their own and remain loyal. Finally, from an academic perspective, this study could be one of few to research and evaluate the hierarchical role and employees’ commitment to the functioning of public employees based on participation and consensus in their work teams.

This study evaluates whether the Value Co-creation (VCC) process in hotels contributes to positive guest experience and satisfaction. This paper utilizes the DART model (Dialogue, Access, Risk, and Transparency) as the main framework to explore VCC in hotels. This research is the first to both adjust the DART model to a customer’s viewpoint and evaluate it in the hotel context. The included data is derived from 484 international tourists lodged in Greek hotels and is analyzed with the structural equation modeling technique. Results suggest that the Dialogue component of DART does not affect the positive experience, while Access, Transparency, and Risk Assessment do, in fact, strongly influence tourist satisfaction. The current study enriches and consolidates VCC–DART theory in the hotel context.

The purpose of the study is to analyse the joint impact of external factors of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), such as export promotion programmes (EPPs), which encompass trade mobility-, information-, education-, and trainingrelated programmes, and internal factors of SMEs, which encompass export-related resources, preceding-year export performance, and its impact on current-period export performance. The study tests their relationship with structural equation modelling using a random sample of 95 exporting SMEs in an emerging economy, Peru. The results indicate that experiential knowledge provided by trade mobility-related programmes and export performance of the preceding year positively influence the resources of SMEs oriented towards export activity as well as current export performance. Moreover, the results highlight the need to review the efficacy and design of EPPs, acknowledging the available resources of SMEs as well as the internationalisation theories of the firm, in order to enhance their influence on the international development and export performance of SMEs. Finally, the study has extended the knowledge about emerging economies by showing the role EPPs play in SMEs’ export performance.

Different bodies of literature emphasise the separate impact of the manufacturing sector and scientific capacity for competitiveness in developing countries. Scientific knowledge can increase productivity and promote innovation, while the manufacturing sector creates spillovers and generates processes of learning-by-doing. Yet, do these two processes complement each other? Do they, together, contribute to even higher international competitiveness? This paper explores these questions, drawing on an eleven-years panel data set for ten South American economies. We develop a moderation hypothesis model based on the congruence between science, industry, and international competitiveness. Our results support our hypothesis that scientific capacity and manufacturing development have a joint impact on international competitiveness that goes beyond their marginal effects and thus calls for future efforts to implement industrial policy.

Nowadays, Value Co-Creation (VCC) has become a central paradigm for many scientific disciplines, including strategic management, consumer behaviour, and international marketing. This new revolutionary concept developed by Prahalad & Ramaswamy (2000) consider customers as a source of competitiveness for the firms. VCC put the customers in the first place and made them the most relevant group of stakeholders, especially by service industries, such as hospitality and tourism (Chathoth, Altinay, Harrington, Okumus, & Chan, 2013; Hayslip, Gallarza, & Andreu, 2013; Park & Vargo, 2012). In an attempt to formalise and measure the VCC process the DART framework has been developed (Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004), and it focused on four main building blocks of value co-creation process: Dialogue, Access, Risk-Assessment, and Transparency (DART). Our PhD thesis aims to examine the impact of VCC procedures in the hospitality sector. To achieve our aim, we have developed a measurement scale based on the DART model. It is the first time that a measurement scale was developed from a customer’s perspective based on the DART model and evaluated in the hospitality context. Four hundred and eighty-four tourists on their return home make up the sample of the study. Through Structural Equation Modeling (e.g. AMOS), we tested our research hypotheses. Next, we explored the effects of VCC on customer's positive experience and customer satisfaction. The results indicated that only partially the building blocks of interaction affect customer's positive experience. More specifically the building blocks of Transparency and Access have a positive impact on customer's experience while on the other hand Dialogue and Risk does not affect customer's positive experience. Additionally, there is a healthy relationship between customer's positive experience and customer's satisfaction. Finally, we investigated the effects of VCC on the perceived price and quality of hotel services through the DART scale. T

Purpose – Our study examines the influence that employee diversity has on human resource management (HRM) practices and organisational performance, considering the moderating role of organisational culture, in particular, cultural dimensions such as individualism–collectivism and hierarchical distance. Design/methodology/approach – Through an empirical investigation of 102 Spanish firms using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), we evaluated our hypotheses. Findings – Our results show a positive correlation between employee diversity and HRM practices where such practices encourage employee commitment rather than control. Thus, we identified a non-linear relationship between HRM practices and organisational performance. Originality/value – The study considers the role played by environmental and contextual factors, such as organisational culture. The configuring of HR practices may help to reduce the possible costs derived from a diverse staff and improve their skills in favour of better organisational performance., Este estudo examina a influência que a diversidade de colaboradores tem nas práticas de gestão de recursos humanos (GRH) e no desempenho organizacional, considerando o papel moderador da cultura organizacional, sobretudo, dimensões culturais como individualismo-coletivismo e distância hierárquica. Metodologia – Por meio de uma pesquisa empírica de 102 empresas espanholas usando modelos de equações estruturais de mínimos quadrados parciais (SEM-PLS), avaliamos nossas hipóteses. Resultados – Os resultados mostram uma correlação positiva entre a diversidade de colaboradores e as práticas de gestão de recursos humanos, nas quais tais práticas estimulam o comprometimento dos colaboradores em vez do controle. Assim, identificamos uma relação não linear entre as práticas de GRH e o desempenho organizacional. Contribuições – O estudo considera o papel desempenhado por fatores ambientais e contextuais, como a cultura organizacional. A configuração das práticas de RH pode ajudar a reduzir os possíveis custos derivados de uma equipe diversificada e melhorar suas habilidades em favor de um melhor desempenho organizacional.

The customers are an essential element for marketing decisions and became a factor decisive to develop collaborations with the company. The study examines the four building blocks of the interaction of the DART model (Dialogue, Access, Risk Assessment, Transparency) in the hospitality industry from the client’s perception. This approach of the research is paramount, as value co-creation and DART model especially are based on a dialogical process between equal partners. That means that the principles of the four building blocks of interaction are equally applied to all the actors involved. This argument is amplified as the dividing line between producers and consumers is barely evident in the service-dominant logic. The exploratory study has been carried out at the Makedonia International Airport in Thessaloniki, Greece. Partial Least Squares (PLS) provides empirical support to conduct the exploratory study.

Propósito – En el artículo se presenta una síntesis del impacto sobre la producción y el empleo generado por la realización de un megaevento deportivo en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Diseño/metodología/enfoque – El impacto se estima a través de los efectos sistemáticos producidos por las actividades de inversión/gasto de los agentes identificados y los consecuentes efectos multiplicadores capturados a partir de un modelo insumo-producto. Hallazgos – La realización de los Juegos Mundiales significó un nuevo flujo de ingreso monetario a la ciudad de Cali, de $101.036 millones de pesos (=53,4 millones de dólares) y se generaron 9.598 puestos de trabajo (=7.711 empleos de tiempo completo). Adicionalmente, se atrajo a la ciudad a 2.174 turistas internacionales y 11.250 turistas nacionales. Originalidad/valor – El artículo aporta aspectos innovadores metodológicamente útiles para futuros estudios de impacto económico en ciudades poco turísticas situadas en países en vías desarrollo., Purpose A summary of the economic impact resulting from the celebration of a sporting mega-event in the city of Cali, Colombia, is carried out in this article. Design/methodology/approach The impacts are estimated by means of the systematic effects produced by the activities of investment/expenditure of the identified agents and the consequent multiplying effects captured from an input-output model. Findings The World Games represented a new income flow to the city of Cali of $101.036 million pesos (≡US$53.4 mill.) and 9.598 jobs were created (≡7,711 full-time jobs). Additionally, 2,174 foreign tourists and 11,250 national tourists were attracted to the city. Originality/value The article contributes with innovative aspects methodologically speaking, useful for future studies of economic impact in cities with low tourism located in developing countries

The literature pays little attention to non-linear models, especially regarding dimensions such as organizational culture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to test the role of hierarchical distance in the relationship between HRM practices and social processes. With a sample of 102 Spanish firms and using partial least squares structural equation modeling assessed this relationship. Results suggested mediation of hierarchical distance between HRM practices and social processes. Such results recommend that HR managers should consider hierarchical distance more carefully especially when creating HRM practices to improve relationships among employees. Thus, the politics of commitment function better when organizations are more horizontal and when tasks are commonly delegated, managers question employees frequently prior to making decisions, discussions are encouraged, and social relationships – both in and out of work – are valued, appear to provide the most benefit regarding competitive advantages generated through HRM practices

The purpose of this research is to analyze the moderating effect that the demographic diversity of employees may have on the relationship between HRM practices and business performance. Using a simple of more than one hundred Spanish companies, we carried out a factor analysis principal axis factoring with varimax rotation on the identified HRM practices and perceived organizational performance as factor with good factor loadings, consistent with the proposed model. Our findings indicate that the demographic diversity of employees, such as "age" and "gender", conditions the effects of HRM practices on organizational performance. This research contributes to meeting the demand for studies including moderating variables between HR policies and practices and business performance. The literature pays little attention to no-linear models. Examining the factors determining demographic diversity sheds more light on the black box of the relationship between human practices and organizational performance. This study used a cross-sectional sample which limits the concluisions regarding the findings

El propósito de este estudio de investigación es explorar el efecto moderador que puede tener la diversidad de capital humano sobre la relación entre las prácticas de Gestión de Recursos Humanos (GRH) y rendimiento de la empresa. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se han utilizado los factores determinantes de la diversidad del capital humano. Con una muestra de más de 100 de empresas españolas y un análisis factorial con una rotación varimax, hemos evaluado las prácticas de GRH y el desempeño organizacional percibido. Dichas variables han mostrado buenas cargas factoriales, en consonancia con el modelo propuesto. Nuestras conclusiones indican que los factores de capital humano tales como: el nivel educativo, la especialización funcional y la antigüedad en el puesto, condicionan los efectos de las prácticas de GRH y el desempeño organizacional. El estudio de la relación práctica de GRH- desempeño organizacional y la evaluación de los factores que determinan la diversidad del capital humano nos arroja algo de luz sobre la llamada caja negra. Debido a que, la literatura presta poca atención a los modelos no lineales., The purpose of this research study is to explore the moderating effect the diversity of human capital may have on the relationship between HRM practices and business performance. To this end, factors determining of human capital diversity have been used. With a sample of more than one hundred Spanish companies we have carried out a factor analysis-principal axis factoring with varimax rotation- on identified HRM practices and perceived organizational performance as factors with good factor loadings, and consistent with the proposed model. Our findings indicate that the human capital factors such as “education level," “functional specialization” and “length of service” condition the effects of HRM-practices on organizational performance. The literature pays little attention to non-linear models. Examining the factors' determining human capital diversity casts some light on the black box of the relationship between human resources practices and organizational performance.

The purpose of this research study is to explore the moderating effect the diversity of human capital may have on the relationship between HRM practices and business performance. To this end, factors determining of human capital diversity have been used. With a sample of more than one hundred Spanish companies we have carried out a factor analysis-principal axis factoring with varimax rotation- on identified HRM practices and perceived organizational performance as factors with good factor loadings, and consistent with the proposed model. Our findings indicate that the human capital factors such as “education level," “functional specialization” and “length of service” condition the effects of HRM-practices on organizational performance. The literature pays little attention to non-linear models. Examining the factors' determining human capital diversity casts some light on the black box of the relationship between human resources practices and organizational performance, El propósito de este estudio de investigación es explorar el efecto moderador que puede tener la diversidad de capital humano sobre la relación entre las prácticas de Gestión de Recursos Humanos (GRH) y rendimiento de la empresa. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se han utilizado los factores determinantes de la diversidad del capital humano. Con una muestra de más de 100 de empresas españolas y un análisis factorial con una rotación varimax, hemos evaluado las prácticas de GRH y el desempeño organizacional percibido. Dichas variables han mostrado buenas cargas factoriales, en consonancia con el modelo propuesto. Nuestras conclusiones indican que los factores de capital humano tales como: el nivel educativo, la especialización funcional y la antigüedad en el puesto, condicionan los efectos de las prácticas de GRH y el desempeño organizacional. El estudio de la relación práctica de GRH- desempeño organizacional y la evaluación de los factores que determinan la diversidad del capital humano nos arroja algo de luz sobre la llamada caja negra. Debido a que, la literatura presta poca atención a los modelos no lineales

Information is a basic resource for the decision making. For this, the organizations use information systems which give this basic resource. An information system is a means through which data flow inside a company, from a worker or department to other workers or departments. This may occur everywhere, from the organizations`s internal communication to computerized systems that generate periodical reports for varied users.In the present work, we center on the information systems from a marketing perspective. The methodology of this paper is based on a qualitative research approach. This article reviews relevant marketing information system models presented historically in the academic literature. The information systems most commonly examined are the Marketing Information System (MIS) and the Marketing Decision Support System (MDSS). We have observed that there is some confusion in the literature regarding these information systems. Hence, we have aimed to give an integrative viewpoint and we have proposed a hybrid and global system, La información es un recurso imprescindible en la toma de decisiones de las organizaciones. Por ello, las organizaciones recurren a sistemas de información que les provean de este recurso básico. Un sistema de información es un medio por el que fluyen datos en una organización, desde un trabajador o departamento hasta otros trabajadores o departamentos. Esto puede ocurrir desde la comunicación interna de la organización hasta los sistemas informatizados que generan informes periódicos para distintos usuarios. En el presente trabajo, nos centramos en los sistemas de información desde la perspectiva de marketing. Se ha llevado a cabo un enfoque de estudio cualitativo, realizando una revisión de los modelos más relevantes presentados históricamente en la literatura académica respecto a los sistemas de información de marketing. Los sistemas más comunes son el Sistema de Información de Marketing (SIM) y el Sistema de Apoyo a las Decisiones de Marketing (SADM). Hemos observado que existe una cierta confusión en la literatura respecto a estos sistemas de información. Así, hemos tratado de aportar una visión integradora de los distintos puntos de vista existentes, proponiendo un sistema híbrido y global.

This article from diverse points of view (economic, politic and religious) make a critic analysis of the past, present, and future of poverty and inequality. This manuscript mainly focuses on the respond of three question few discussed by the academic community: Why are the poor, poor? What will happen to the poor in 2050?. Will there be any solution?. Furthermore, the paper is useful for any person with a low level of specialization, since it has been carried out with a language very simple and with a little orientation in Latin America., El presente artículo hace un análisis desde diversos puntos de vista del pasado, presente y futuro de la pobreza y la inequidad y centra su atención en responder fundamentalmente tres interrogantes poco discutidos por los académicos: ¿por qué los pobres son pobres? ¿Qué pasarácon los pobres en el 2050? ¿Habrá alguna solución a la pobreza? Este artículo resulta útil para personas poco especializadas en el tema, ya que con un lenguaje sencillo aborda el problema de la pobreza, con un ligero enfoque en Latinoamérica.

Muchos investigadores y economistas han argumentado que los estudios de competitividad del WEF e IMD muestran limitaciones en pequeñas economías, más aún cuando estas tienen características distintas. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la competitividad de 3 pequeñas economías: Puerto Rico, Costa Rica y Singapur. El modelo del doble-diamante de competitividad resulta útil a la hora de llevar a cabo esta tarea. La información procede de organismos internacionales. Los resultados muestran que Singapur goza de un mayor nivel de competitividad global comparado con Puerto Rico y Costa Rica. Concluimos que Puerto Rico y Costa Rica lucen equilibrados en competitividad, porque internacionalmente Puerto Rico aventaja a Costa Rica en 3 determinantes: condiciones de factores, condiciones de la demanda e industrias relacionadas y de apoyo; mientras que localmente Costa Rica es más competitivo que Puerto Rico en 3 factores domésticos: condiciones de factores, condiciones de demanda y estrategia de las firmas., Many researchers and economists have argued that competitiveness studies conducted by WEF and IMD, show limitations in small-economies, even more when they have different characteristics. The objective of this research is to study the competitiveness of three small-economies: Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Singapore. The double-diamond model of competitiveness is useful when performing this task. With data obtain from international organizations. The findings suggest that Singapore shows a higher level of global competitiveness compared to Puerto Rico and Costa Rica. We conclude that Puerto Rico and Costa Rica have similar levels of competitiveness, because internationally Puerto Rico leads to Costa Rica on 3 determinants: factor conditions, demand conditions and related industries. On the other hand, Costa Rica is locally more competitive than Puerto Rico in 3 domestic factors: factor conditions, demand conditions and firm’s strategy.

Esta investigación pretende mostrar si el predominio de culturas individualistas o colectivistas en una organización puede moderar los efectos de las políticas de recursos humanos sobre el rendimiento empresarial, relación a la que la literatura existente ha prestado muy poca atención. Para dicho estudio se ha evaluado una muestra de 102 empresas, situadas en el sur de España, con más de 100 empleados. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico realizado con Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) los resultados ponen de manifiesto la existencia del referido efecto moderador., This research intends to show whether the prevalence of individualistic or collectivist cultures in an organization can moderate the effects of the human resource policies on business performance. To date, there is a lack of literature which analyzes this relationship. A sample of 102 companies, situated in southern of Spain, with more than 100 employees was used for this study. In accordance with the statistical analysis conducted using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) results reveal the existence of the moderating effect.

Purpose - The aim of this work is to study the reorientation that the export industrial sectors in Costa Rica have experienced during the last 20 years. Research design, data, methodology - The study employs the Cluster Analysis with the export data (20 years of cut-off period) from Costa Rica to the U.S-market. To make the predictions, the technique of the time series was used, with official data (from 2001 to 2010) from the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission. Results - The Cluster Analysis, show how the economic sectors of traditional products exports of Costa Rica have progressively become in exporters of non-traditional products, meanwhile,the time series confirms that this trend will continue, at least during the next five years. Conclusions - The industry of traditional products exports of Costa Rica (dressmaking, vegetables, coffee, mate, species, etc.) will progressively become in exporters of non- traditional products with a high-tech component (i.e., mechanical equipment and devices, electronic devices and medical equipment),as a consequence of the Chinese (Costa Rica’s main competitor) economy´s presence in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCDE). This fact has enabled the potential improvement of Costa Rica’s international competitiveness in the U.S. market.

Las pequeñas economías como la peruana y chilena, se encuentran inmersas en la arena global de las economías emergentes, por lo que evaluarlas desde un punto de vista puramente local (homed based; Porter, 1992), sería un enfoque bastante limitado y poco útil. Este hecho hace que el diamante nacional de Porter (1992) resulte a todas luces insuficiente para dicho propósito (Moon, Rugman y Verbeke, 1998: 135). Este articulo analiza las economías mencionadas desde un enfoque más global que incluye tanto el mercado local como el extranjero, es decir, evaluarlo desde la perspectiva del doble diamante de la competitividad internacional propuesta por Moon, Rugman y Verbeke, (1998) y Moon y Lee (2004: 138)., The small economies like the Peruvian and Chilean, nowadays they are already very immense in the global arena of the emergent economies, therefore evaluating them from a purely local point of view (homed based; Porter, 1992), would be a focus completely very limited and a option not very useful. This fact makes, the national diamond Porter’s (1992) clearly insufficient for this purpose (Moon, Rugman and Verbeke, 1998: 135), This article, analyzes the mentioned economies from a more global perspective, that includes both the local market and the foreign market, this is, evaluating it from the perspective of the double diamond of the international competitiveness proposed by Moon, Rugman and Verbeke (1998) y Moon and Lee (2004: 138)

Many research studies have evidenced the lack of consensus existing on the impacts of diversity in the workforce of companies. Thus, new studies are demanded to consider new intermediate (moderator or mediator) variables in the relation between diversity and results. This research study proposes a management model that considers the role of organizational culture and the human resources system itself as mediator constructs, assessing their impact on work groups. These relations have been evaluated by means of a sample of 102 companies located in the region of Andalusia (Spain) using Structural Equation Modeling (SME) according to the PLS (Partial Least Squares) technique for the analysis of data. Our results have shown the key role played by human resources policies in the effectiveness of social processes, contributing to the study of intermediate variables in diversity model. Finally, its limitations and practical implications are discussed.

El presente trabajo consta de cinco capítulos agrupados en dos partes diferenciadas a la que se añade una tercera parte que recoge las conclusiones genéricas y las líneas futuras de la investigación. El trabajo se inicia con una introducción general de la investigación, la cual permite adentrar al lector en el tema que se abordará posteriormente en profundidad. También se explica en este mismo apartado, el objetivo principal que persigue esta investigación y la forma metodológica de su desarrollo (teórica y empírica). El primer capítulo, se inicia con un breve resumen de las principales teorías del comercio internacional y de la organización industrial que han contribuido al desarrollo de los conocimientos sobre los que se sustenta la competitividad internacional. También se resumen y comentan los nuevos enfoques poco conocidos y más recientes en este campo de investigación, y que son tres básicamente: Neoliberalismo e Institucionalismo Estructural, el modelo “Flying Geese” y las Redes Regionales y Geografía Económica. Inmediatamente se presentan los modelos de competitividad internacional propuestos por el International Institute for Management and Development (IMD) y el World Economic Forum (WEF). El capítulo segundo está dedicado ampliamente al estudio de la competitividad internacional de la empresa, objetivo principal de esta investigación. En él se estudian las principales perspectivas teóricas relacionadas con la competitividad internacional de las empresas, planteando además las posibles diferencias y similitudes entre competitividad internacional de la empresa y la ventaja competitiva internacional. A continuación, dentro del mismo capítulo, se presentan los diversos modelos de competitividad internacional de la empresa. El capítulo cuarto hace un breve repaso de las técnicas empleadas en nuestro análisis, en concreto los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE), donde se resalta el potencial de la técnica PLS como método para el análisis de datos en el ám

Las economías pequeñas como la peruana y la chilena se encuentran inmersas en la arena global de las economías emergentes por lo que evaluarlas desde un punto de vista puramente local (homed based, Porter, 1990) sería un enfoque bastante limitado y poco útil; por ello el diamante nacional de Porter (1990) resulte a todas luces insuficiente para este propósito (Moon, Rugman y Verbeke, 1998: 135). Este artículo analiza estas economías desde un enfoque global que incluye tanto el mercado local como el extranjero, es decir, desde la perspectiva del doble diamante de la competitividad internacional propuesto por Moon, Rugman y Verbeke (1998) y Moon y Lee (2004). Para la elaboración del doble diamante se utilizó información procedente del Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, el Foro Económico Mundial, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y otros. Los análisis empíricos muestran que Chile es más competitivo globalmente, mientras que el Perú lo es más localmente. En resumen, el resultado implica que Chile es más atractivo que el Perú para la inversión directa extranjera., Small economies, such as the Peruvian and Chilean, are immersed in the global arena of emergent economies, so evaluating them from a home based point of view (Porter, 1990) would be limited and of little use. This fact turns Porter’s national diamond framework insufficient for that purpose (Moon, Rugman and Verbeke, 1998). This paper analyzes these economies from a global view that would include local as well as foreign markets; in other words, it applies the International Competitiveness Double Diamond approach proposed by Moon, Rugman & Verbeke (1998), and Moon & Lee (2004). Information from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Economic Forum, the Inter-American Development Bank and other sources was gathered to draw up the double diamond. The empirical analyses show that Chile is more competitive globally, while Peru is locally. To sum up, the results imply that Chile is more attractive to direct foreign investment than Peru

Las pequeñas economías, como la peruana y chilena, se encuentran inmersas en la arena global de las economías emergentes, por lo que evaluarlas desde un punto de vista puramente local (homed based; Porter 1990) sería un enfoque bastante limitado y poco útil. Este hecho hace que el diamante nacional de Porter (1990) resulte, a todas luces, insuficiente para dicho propósito (Moon et al. 1998: 135). Este artículo analiza las economías mencionadas desde un enfoque más global, que incluye tanto el mercado local como el extranjero; es decir, evaluarlo desde la perspectiva del doble diamante de la competitividad internacional propuesta por Moon et al. (1998), y Moon y Lee (2004: 138)., Little economies, as the Peruvian and Chilean, are found immersed in the global sand of the emerging economies, so that to evaluate them from a home based point of view (Porter 1990) would be a very limited and not useful approach. This fact makes Porter’s national diamond (1990) to end up, not being enough for that objective (Moon et al. 1998: 135). This paper analyzes the mentioned economies from a global approach, which includes the local market and the foreign market, in other words, to evaluate them from the double diamond perspective of the international competitiveness proposed by Moon et al. (1998), and Moon and Lee (2004: 138).