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Objective: This study investigates the risk for long-term respiratory hospitalizations of offspring born small for gestational age (SGA) at term., Study Design: A retrospective population-based cohort analysis was performed to examine the risk of long-term respiratory hospitalizations between SGA compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns. The analysis included all term singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single tertiary medical center. Fetuses with congenital malformations, multiple gestation, cases of perinatal mortality and large for gestational age (LGA) were excluded. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence up to the age of 18 years, and a Cox hazards regression model was used to control for confounders., Results: During the study period 216,671 deliveries met the inclusion criteria; of them 4.8% (n = 10,450) were diagnosed as SGA neonates. During the follow-up period, the rate of hospitalization due to respiratory morbidity was significantly higher in the SGA group as compared to the AGA group (5.2% vs. 4.7%, OR = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-1.24, p = 0.011). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of respiratory morbidity in the SGA group (log-rank p = 0.026). In the Cox hazards regression model, controlled for relevant clinical confounders, SGA was found to be an independent risk factor for long-term pediatric respiratory morbidity (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.001-1.19, p = 0.049)., Conclusion: Being delivered SGA at term is an independent long-term risk factor for pediatric respiratory hospitalization., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Vaginal Candida colonization is very common during pregnancy. An association between Candida colonization and obstetrical tears has not yet been investigated. We investigated whether vaginal Candida colonization during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for obstetrical tears., Study Design: A prospective cohort study was undertaken between the years 2014-2016, comparing pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women with and without Candida colonization during pregnancy. Clinical characteristics of Candida positive women and those with normal vaginal flora were collected. To test the statistical significance of the categorical variables, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used, where appropriate. For continuous variables, the Student's t-test was used., Results: During the study period, 102 women with vaginal Candida during pregnancy (of whom 70% had Candida albicans species ) and 102 controls with normal vaginal flora were included in the analysis. No significant differences were observed between Candida positive women and those with normal vaginal flora. Pregnancy and delivery outcomes were comparable and no increased risk of obstetrical tears was found in the Candida group., Conclusions: Vaginal colonization with Candida species during pregnancy was not found to be associated with an increased risk of obstetrical tears.

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss is a multifactorial disorder with potential underlying maternal hypercoagulability., Objective: We aimed to investigate whether a history of recurrent pregnancy loss poses an independent risk for future maternal long-term thromboembolic morbidity., Study Design: A population-based study compared the incidence of long-term thromboembolic morbidity in a cohort of women with and without a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Data were collected from two databases that were cross-linked and merged: a computerized hospitalization database and a computerized obstetrics and gynecology perinatal database. Deliveries occurred between the years 1991-2017. The risk for long-term thromboembolic morbidity was based on the hospital's database and a pre-defined set of ICD codes of thromboembolic related hospitalizations. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was constructed to compare the cumulative incidence of significant thromboembolic morbidity in the exposed and unexposed groups, and a Cox proportional hazards model, to control for confounders., Results: During the study period, 123,791 parturients met the inclusion criteria; 6.7 % n = 8247 of which experienced previous recurrent pregnancy loss-the exposed group. The rate of thromboembolic related hospitalizations was almost double in exposed women as compared to non-exposed 1.1 % vs. 0.6 %, OR = 1.8; 95 % 1.4-2.2; p < 0.001). Cumulative thromboembolic event incidence, as depicted in the survival curves, was also significantly higher among patients with recurrent pregnancy loss history (Log rank p < 0.001). The Cox model confirmed recurrent pregnancy loss history to be an independent risk factor for later maternal thromboembolic morbidity, while controlling for maternal age, known thrombophilia, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and fertility treatment (aHR 1.27, 95 %CI 1.02-1.59, p=0.034)., Conclusion: A history of recurrent pregnancy loss is an independent risk factor for long-term thromboembolic morbidity, even in the absence of known maternal thrombophilia., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no conflict of interest, (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction and Hypothesis: Identifying protective factors against pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) is important. We investigated whether cesarean delivery (CD) at the indication of abnormal second stage of labor (ASSL) has the same protective effect against future PFDs., Methods: This population-based cohort study included deliveries occurring from 1991-2017 in a tertiary medical center. Women were grouped by their delivery mode: patients with vaginal deliveries (VD) only; those with CD only, excluding second-stage indications; and those with CD due to ASSL. The outcome measure, PFDs and related repair diagnoses, included any recorded hospitalization involving a pre-defined set of ICD-9 codes. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve compared cumulative PFD morbidity in the different groups, and a Cox proportional hazards model controlled for confounders., Results: A total of 106,003 patients met the inclusion criteria; 86.7% (n = 91,856) experienced VD only, 11.7% (n = 12,359) underwent CD only and 1.7% (n = 1788) had at least one CD due to ASSL. PFD-related hospitalization incidence was 0.7% (n = 719) for the entire cohort. While a significantly higher PFD-related hospitalization rate was recorded in the VD group (0.7%) compared with the ASSL CD group (0.3%) and the non-ASSL CD group (0.5%, p < 0.001), after controlling for potential confounders, an independent and protective association was noted between CD and later PFDs only in parturients who did not experience ASSL (aHR 0.679, 95% CI 0.51-0.90, p = 0.006)., Conclusions: CDs may be protective against later PFD development only if performed prior to the second stage of labor.

Objective: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a well-established risk factor for immediate adverse neonatal outcomes and was recently suggested to be associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. We aimed to determine whether MSAF exposure during labor carries a longer lasting impact on pediatric infectious morbidity., Study Design: A population-based cohort analysis was performed including all singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single tertiary medical center. Exposure was defined as the presence of MSAF during labor. Hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving infectious diseases were evaluated. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative morbidity and a Cox regression model to control for confounders., Results: During the study period, 243 725 deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 35 897 (14.7%) involved MSAF. Rate of infectious-related hospitalizations of the offspring was significantly lower in children exposed to MSAF as compared with the unexposed group (10.8% vs 11.1%, P < 0.05). Specifically, hospitalizations involving respiratory infections were significantly less common among the MSAF group (5.1% vs 5.6%, P < 0.001). The survival curve demonstrated significantly lower cumulative total infectious morbidity rates in the MSAF-exposed group (log rank P < 0.001). In the Cox model, controlled for maternal age, diabetes, hypertension, mode of delivery, and gestational age, exposed children exhibited lower rates of long-term childhood infectious morbidity (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Fetal exposure to MSAF during labor and delivery appears to be associated with lower rates of long-term infectious-related hospitalizations in the offspring., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: To determine whether maternal history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts on the long-term neurological health of the offspring., Method: A population-based cohort analysis was performed, including all singletons born between 1991 and 2014 at a single regional tertiary centre. Neurological morbidity up to age 18 years (including cognitive, motor, and psychiatric disorders) in children born to mothers with and without a history of RPL was compared. Cumulative neurological morbidity incidence was compared with survival curves and a Weibull multivariable survival model to control for follow-up time and relevant confounders., Results: A total of 242 187 deliveries met the inclusion criteria during the study period, 5% (n=12 182) of which were in mothers with RPL. Epilepsy and developmental disorders were significantly more common in the group with RPL (0.95 vs 0.74/1000 person-years [p=0.009] and 0.22 vs 0.09/1000 person-years [p<0.001]). The survival curves demonstrated significantly higher cumulative incidences of epilepsy and developmental disorders in the group with RPL. The multivariable model exhibited an independent association between maternal RPL and childhood epilepsy (adjusted hazard ratio 1.23; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.50) and developmental disorders in the offspring (adjusted hazard ratio 2.41; 95% confidence interval 1.60-3.64)., Interpretation: A history of maternal RPL appears to be independently associated with long-term neurological morbidity of the offspring., What This Paper Adds: Hospitalizations for epilepsy and developmental disorders are significantly more common among children of mothers with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss., (© 2018 Mac Keith Press.)

Objective: To compare prevalence and risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) following midurethral sling surgery with either the GYNECARE ABBREVO Continence System (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) or a standard transobturator., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among women who underwent midurethral sling surgery to treat stress urinary incontinence at a single tertiary hospital in Israel between January 1, 2014, and August 11, 2015. Data were retrieved from medical records. The diagnosis of UTI was based on a positive urine culture result., Results: Of 178 patients included, 30 (16.9%) underwent the ABBREVO procedure and 148 (83.1%) underwent the standard transobturator procedure. The mean ± SD BMI at the time of surgery was 28.1 ± 4.5 for the standard transobturator procedures and 30.7 ± 15.2 for the ABBREVO procedures. Women who underwent the ABBREVO procedure had an increased duration of hospitalization (P=0.004), and higher rates of concomitant anterior colporrhaphy procedures (P=0.009) and concomitant hysterectomy (P=0.009). Only 38 (21.3%) women developed UTIs within 12 months of surgery (seven in the ABBREVO procedure group and 31 in the standard transobturator procedure group). No statistically significant between-group differences were found for the risk of UTI or for urinary tract adverse events, such as recurrent UTI and the need for rehospitalization., Conclusions: The two procedures were comparable in terms of prevalence and risk factors for UTI during the postoperative period., (© 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) one year following sub-midurethral sling (SMUS) incontinence surgery in a university affiliated medical center in southern Israel., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify and characterize patients who suffered UTI within a year following SMUS surgery. The study population comprised of all patients who underwent a SMUS surgery between the years 2014 and 2015. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved from the patients' medical records, and a comparison between patients with and without a positive urine culture was performed., Results: During the study period, there were 178 SMUS surgeries. Urine culture positive UTI was noted in 21% (38 patients) within the first year following surgery. The mean age and BMI of patients complicated with UTI was 64.8 and 29.1, respectively. The most common pathogen found in urine culture was E. coli that accounted for 55% of all UTIs. When comparing patients with and without UTI, no significant difference was noted in the pre- and intra-operative characteristics. However, duration of hospitalization and readmissions in the first year following surgery, were significantly associated with the risk of UTI (p < 0.026 and p < 0.003, respectively)., Conclusions: Approximately one in every five women undergoing a SMUS operation in our population will suffer from UTI within a year from surgery. A significant association was found between the duration of hospitalization and readmissions in the first postoperative year and suffering from UTI., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Prematurity is known to be associated with high rates of endocrine and metabolic complications in the offspring. Offspring born early term (37-38 6/7 weeks' gestation) were also shown to exhibit long-term morbidity resembling that of late preterm, in several health categories., Objective: We aimed to determine whether early term delivery impacts on the long-term endocrine and metabolic health of the offspring., Study Design: A population-based cohort analysis was performed, including all term singleton deliveries occurring from 1991 through 2013 at a single regional tertiary medical center. Congenital malformations and multiple pregnancies were excluded. Gestational age upon delivery was subdivided into early term deliveries and deliveries occurring at full term and later (≥39 weeks' gestation, comparison group). Endocrine and metabolic morbidity (including diabetes, obesity, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypothyroidism) of the offspring, up to the age of 18 years, was evaluated according to hospitalization files. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence. A Weibull parametric survival model was used to control for time to event, siblings, and other confounders., Results: During the study period 225,260 term deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 24% (n = 54,073) occurred at early term. Endocrine and metabolic morbidity was significantly more common in the early term group (0.51% vs 0.41%, P = .003). Specifically, overweight and obesity were more common among the early term group (P = .002). Differences were more prominent among children >5 years, who exhibited higher rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus, as well as obesity, when born at early term (P < .05). The survival curves demonstrated higher cumulative incidence of total endocrine and metabolic morbidity in the early term group. Using the Weibull parametric survival model, while controlling for siblings, maternal diabetes, hypertension, labor induction, and Apgar score, early term delivery exhibited an independent association with long-term childhood endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.34) and more so for age >5 years (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.56)., Conclusion: Deliveries occurring at early term are associated with higher rates of long-term pediatric endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring as compared with deliveries occurring at a later gestational age. This association may be due to absence of full maturity of the hormonal axis in early term neonates or, alternatively, suggest an underlying fetal endocrine dysfunction as the initial mechanism responsible for spontaneous early term delivery., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Placental histologic examination can assist in revealing the mechanism leading to preterm birth. Accumulating evidence suggests an association between intrauterine pathological processes, morbidity and mortality of premature infants, and their long term outcome. Neonatal brain activity is increasingly monitored in neonatal intensive care units by amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) and indices of background activity and sleep cycling patterns were correlated with long term outcome. We hypothesized an association between types of placental lesions and abnormal neonatal aEEG patterns., Objective: To determine the association between the placental lesions observed in extreme preterm deliveries, and their neonatal aEEG patterns and survival., Patients and Methods: This prospective cohort study included extreme premature infants, who were born ≤ 28 weeks of gestation, their placentas were available for histologic examination, and had a continues aEEG, soon after birth)n = 34). Infants and maternal clinical data were collected. aEEG data was assessed for percentage of depressed daily activity in the first 3 days of life and for sleep cycling. Associations of placental histology with clinical findings and aEEG activity were explored using parametric and non-parametric statistics., Results: Twenty two out of the 34 newborns survived to discharge. Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) or chorioamnionitis were associated with placental lesions consistent with fetal amniotic fluid infection (AFI) or maternal under perfusion (MUP) (P < 0.05). Lesions consistent with fetal response to AFI were associated with absence of SWC pattern during the 1st day of life. Fetal-vascular-thrombo-occlusive lesions of inflammatory type were negatively associated with depressed cerebral activity during the 1st day of life, and with aEEG cycling during the 2nd day of life (P<0.05). Placental lesions associated with MUP were associated with depressed neonatal cerebral activity during the first 3 days of life (P = 0.007)., Conclusions: Depressed neonatal aEEG patterns are associated with placental lesions consistent with maternal under perfusion, and amniotic fluid infection of fetal type, but not with fetal thrombo-oclusive vascular disease of inflammatory type. Our findings highlight the association between the intrauterine mechanisms leading to preterm parturition and subsequent depressed neonatal cerebral function early after birth, which eventually may put premature infants at risk for abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome.

Central descent due to a level 1 defect is a main component in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) reconstructive surgery, whether for symptomatic apical prolapse or for the prolapse repair of other compartments. A recent growth in the rate of native tissue repair procedures for POP, following the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings regarding the safety and efficacy of synthetic meshes, requires a re-evaluation of these procedures. The safety, efficacy, and determination of the optimal surgical approach should be the center of attention. Functional outcome measures and patient-centered results have lately gained importance and received focus. A comprehensive literature review was performed to evaluate objective and subjective outcomes of apical prolapse native tissue repair, with a special focus on studies reporting impact on patients' functional outcomes, quality of life, and satisfaction. We performed a MEDLINE search for articles in the English language by using the following key words: apical prolapse, sacrospinous ligament fixation, uterosacral ligament suspension, sacral colpopexy, McCall culdoplasty, iliococcygeus vaginal fixation, and functional outcomes. We reviewed references as well. Despite a prominent shortage of studies reporting standardized prospective outcomes for native tissue repair interventions, we noted a high rate of safety and efficacy, with a low complication rate for most procedures and low recurrence or re-treatment rates. The objective and subjective results of different procedures are reviewed. Functional outcomes of native tissue repair procedures have not been studied sufficiently, though existing data present those procedures as favorable and not categorically inferior to sacrocolpopexy. Apical compartment prolapse repair using native tissue is not a compromise. Functional outcomes of native tissue repair procedures are favorable, have a high rate of success, improve women's quality of life (QoL), and result in high rates of patient satisfaction. This subject requires further long-term, standardized prospective studies following the International Continence Society/International Urogynecologists Association guidelines for surgical outcomes report, with the focus on patient-centered functional outcomes.