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2. State Science and Engineering Profiles and R&D Patterns: 1997-98. An SRS Special Report.

Author

National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. Div. of Science Resources Studies., Bennof, Richard, and Payson, Steven

Abstract

This document reports on statistics of research and development (R&D) within the United States according to the geographical distribution for 1997-1998. Science and engineering profiles for 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are presented. Topics include State Distribution of Sector-Specific R&D, Ten-Year State R&D Trends, Historical Data on R&D by State and Performing Sector, Ratio of R&D to Gross State Product, Industrial R&D by State, Federal Support for R&D, and Data Sources for Science and Engineering State Profiles. (YDS)

Published
2000

3. Science and Engineering State Profiles: 1997.

Author

National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. Div. of Science Resources Studies., Bennof, Richard J., and Payson, Steven

Abstract

The Division of Science Resources Studies of the National Science Foundation (NSF) reports statistical data related to science and engineering for each state in the United States. This report contains an overview of data related to cumulative distribution of the United States research and development performance by state in 1995, the relationship between the amount of research and development performed in a state and the size of its economy in 1995, federal research and development obligations by agency and state in 1995, and the difference in agency-reported and performer-reported federal research and development from 1980-95. Each state profile includes a table displaying science and engineering data for that state, the United States, and the rank of the state, and a table delineating the federal obligations for research and development in the state by agency and performer. (DDR)

Published
1998

5. National Patterns of R&D Resources: 1996. An SRS Special Report.

Author

National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA. Div. of Science Resources Studies., Payson, Steven, and Jankowski, John E.

Abstract

This volume analyzes data from a National Science Foundation survey on the financial and human resources devoted to research and development (R&D) in the United States, and compares U.S. performance to that of other nations. After some general notes about National Science Foundation surveys and performer-reported bases, the text: (1) highlights research and development expenditures by sector and state; (2) notes trends in national research and development support; (3) examines the ratio of R&D to the gross domestic product and to the/total budget ratio; (4) reports measures of national performance patterns by sector and state; (5) reports measures of spending by type of research--basic, applied, developmental; and (6) estimates numbers of research and development scientists and engineers. Two appendixes present technical notes and corresponding tables; a third appendix contains statistical data, organized in 40 tables and categorized according to total national expenditures, federal government expenditures, industry expenditures, and university and college expenditures. (CH)

Published
1996

7. Preview of the 2009 comprehensive revision of the NIPAs: statistical changes

Author

McCully, Clinton P. and Payson, Steven

Subjects
United States. Bureau of Economic Analysis -- Reports, National income -- Reports, Business, Economics, Reports
Abstract

IN JULY 2009, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) will release the results of the 13th comprehensive, or benchmark, revision of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs). The last [...]

Published
2009

8. Employment Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Regulations

Author

Payson, Steven and Sloboda, Brian W.

Subjects
Employment, Gas, J23, ddc:330, Microeconomics, Q48, Offshore, L51, D20, Oil, Regulation
Abstract

The estimation of the employment effects of offshore safety and environmental regulation is often highly speculative and based on questionable assumptions. Nevertheless, it is still highly publicized and used as a basis for policy statements in support or, or in opposition to, proposed regulations. Much more reliable estimates of such employment effects can be made, however, based on fundamental principles of microeconomic analysis. This paper demonstrates this by developing a microeconomic model explaining the effects of offshore regulations on employment, assuming the standard profit-maximization behavior of firms. The paper finds that the most relevant and reliable measures of employment effects are: reductions in employment from operations that are terminated because of the new regulation, increases in employment because of additional labor needed to meet the new requirements, and increases in employment in equipment manufacturing when the regulation calls for the expanded use of certain equipment. The costs related to these contractions or expansions of employment can often be gleaned from information in the benefit-cost analysis that was required to accompany the proposed regulation by the regulatory agency involved. For example, the daily costs of offshore rigs and the costs of equipment can be translated to increases in employment.

Published
2019

9. The Urgent Need for an Economics of 'Hategoatism'

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
I28, blame, J45, fairness, labor, D72, B53, D73, ddc:330, dehumanization, scapegoat, economists, H11, J71, Libertarianism, I38, J16, I18, J17, H12, government, P16, P17, economics, prejudice, demonization, ethics, hate, Z13, B25, responsibility, discrimination
Abstract

The word “scapegoat” is defined as “a person made to bear the blame for others,” and similarly, “scapegoatism” refers to “the act or practice of assigning blame or failure to another, as to deflect attention or responsibility away from oneself” (Collins English Dictionary and Dictionary.com, respectively.) While these definitions do not mention economics specifically, in most cases the blame on the scapegoat is economic in nature. Scapegoatism also provides a convenient, though extremely inferior, substitute for valid analyses of economic problems. Scapegoatism, however, has a partner, dehumanization, which is the process of demonizing certain people as less than human and unworthy of humane treatment. Scapegoatism is not only accompanied by dehumanization, but it is often motivated by it. Thus, “scapegoatism” is a euphemism and it is understudied as a result, because there is no single term of art that combines scapegoatism and dehumanization. This paper offers a solution to this semantic dilemma by proposing the new term, “HATEGOATISM,” for the simultaneous existence of scapegoatism and dehumanization. Only one subfield of economics regularly embraces hategoatism, which is Libertarianism (where the “HATEGOAT” is government workers). Economists must lead by example by combating hategoatism, and that requires cleaning their own house first.

Published
2019

10. The difficulty of measuring capital, revisited: does science offer an alternative?

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
Capital -- Research, Industrial equipment -- Research, Industrial productivity -- Effect of technological innovations on, High technology industry, Social sciences
Abstract

Five physical units are proposed in recognition of the problem economists face in measuring physical capital in significant forms. The five units include energy consumption ability of production machinery, the calculation speed in information processing, volume and floor space of structures, acres of utilized land, and other raw materials valued in economic terms. The rationale for using such units is based on hedonic price studies on capital equipment which represent changes in technology.

Published
1997

13. Opinions of professional buyers toward organic produce: a case study of mid-Atlantic market for fresh tomatoes

Author

Lin, Biing-Hwan, Payson, Steven, and Wertz, Jane

Subjects
Natural foods -- Market share, Buyers (Retail) -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Produce industry -- Surveys, Tomatoes -- Market share, Agricultural industry, Business
Abstract

Professional buyers of organic tomatoes in the mid-Atlantic region have common perceptions on the future of organic produce in the fresh produce market. They identified low demands by consumers and retailers, organic labeling and issues on the handling, storage and supply of organics as factors that will determine the fate of the organic market. However, prices of organic tomatoes were dependent on the perception of nonhandlers, who are willing to pay higher prices for conventional tomatoes than organics. Two surveys designed to analyze the factors affecting the organic produce industry are presented.

Published
1996

14. Some barriers to organic produce at the wholesale level

Author

Payson, Steven, Lin, Biing-Hwan, and Wertz, Jane

Subjects
Organic farming -- Economic aspects, Agricultural industry, Business, Food and beverage industries, Economic aspects
Abstract

Why is only a small proportion of all produce organically grown? One important factor may be that farmers would grow it only if enough consumers are willing to pay a [...]

Published
1994

19. Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Debunking the Myths and Exposing the Risks of Arms Export Reform

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Debunking the Myths and Exposing the Risks of Arms Export Reform (Book) -- Gabelnick, Tamar -- Stohl, Rachel, Books -- Book reviews, Military and naval science, Science and technology
Abstract

Challenging Conventional Wisdom: Debunking the Myths and Exposing the Risks of Arms Export Reform edited by Tamar Gabelnick and Rachel Stohl. Federation of American Scientists (http:// www.fas.org), 1717 K Street, [...]

Published
2005

20. Using Historical Information to Identify Consumer Concerns About Food Safety

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
Food safety, risk, news media, consumer behavior, beef, seafood, poultry, pork, substitution effects, historical information, "Consumer Reports" historical trends, evolutionary trends, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Published
1994

27. Product evolution and the classification of business interest in scientific advances.

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
*PRODUCT lines, *PRODUCT coding
Abstract

Utilizes information from business/investment journals on scientific and engineering advances in order to offer alternative classification system for products. Comparison of product evolution with standard industrial classifications; Barriers to the study of product evolution and classification of products by function; Interconnections that exist among economic and social institutions.

Published
1996

29. Flight Control System for the CRCA (Control Reconfigurable Combat Aircraft) Using a Command Generator Tracker with PI (Proportional-Plus-Integral) Feedback and Kalman Filter. Volume 1

Author

AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, Payson, Steven S., AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, and Payson, Steven S.

Abstract

This research develops an integrated software design package useful in the synthesis of CGT/PI/KF control systems, and uses this software package to design and evaluate a longitudinal flight control system for the Control Reconfigurable Combat Aircraft (CRCA). The software package, called CGTPIKE and built with MATRIXx commands, allows for the synthesis and evaluation of a Command Generator Tracker (CGT) which provides inputs to the system and acts as a pre-compensator, and a regulator with proportional plus integral (PI) feedback which forces the system outputs to mimic the model output. The software also allows the incorporation of a Kalman filter for estimation of the system states. Certainty equivalence can be invoked by adopting the LQG assumptions, thereby allowing the Kalman filter to be designed independently of the CGT/PI controller. The total CGT/PI/KF controller can then be evaluated and the design refined. CGTPIKF is an interactive, menu-driven CAD package which can be used in the development of any CGT/PI/KF control system, regardless of application. A flight control system was designed for the CRCA air combat mode (ACM) entry using CGTPIKF. This control system was designed to force the aircraft to emulate a first order response in pitch rate. Theses.

Published
1989

30. Flight Control System for the CRCA (Control Reconfigurable Combat Aircraft) Using a Command Generator Tracker with PI (Plus Integral) Feedback and Kalman Filter. Volume 2

Author

AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, Payson, Steven S., AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, and Payson, Steven S.

Abstract

This research develops an integrated software design package useful in the synthesis of CGT/PI/KF control systems, and uses this software package to design and evaluate a longitudinal flight control system for the Control Reconfigurable Combat Aircraft (CRCA). The software package, called CGTPIKF and built with MATRIXX commands, allows for the synthesis and evaluation of a Command Generator Tracker (CGT) which provides inputs to the system and acts as a pre-compensator, and a regulator with proportional plus integral (PI) feedback which forces the system outputs to mimic the model output. The software also allows the incorporation of a Kalman filter for estimation of the system states. Certainty equivalence can be invoked by adopting the LQC assumptions, thereby allowing the Kalman filter to be designed independently of the CGT/PI controller. The total CGT/PI/KF controller can then be evaluated and the design refined. CGTIKF is an interactive, menu driven CAD package which can be used in the development of any CGT/PI/KF control system, regardless of application. Theses., See also Volume 1, ADA205723.

Published
1989

31. The Way It Worked and Why It won't (Book Review).

Author

Payson, Steven

Subjects
NONFICTION, UNITED States economy
Abstract

Reviews the book 'The Way It Worked and Why It Won't: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth,' by Gordon C. Bjork.

Published
2001

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