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Objective: This study aimed to determine if non-prescription emergency contraception (EC) availability impacted self-reported unintended pregnancy rates and to assess women’s knowledge and awareness of EC prior to and after non-prescription availability.Methods: A survey regarding contraception use and knowledge was verbally administered to a cross-sectional, convenience sample of 272 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a large urban community women’s clinic between August 2003 and October 2008. Statistical analyses determined the differences between two groups (before [BA] and after, [AA] non-prescription EC availability in the U.S. drug market) in terms of self-reported unintended pregnancy rates, knowledge and awareness of EC.Results: The AA group reported higher incidence of unintended pregnancy when compared to the BA group (90.7% vs. 72.7%, P = 0.0172). The majority of both groups reported that they were not using any contraception at the time of conception (BA-84.4%; AA-83.3%). There was no significant difference in the participants’ awareness of EC between the two groups (BA-46.8% vs. AA-43.0%) nor was there a significant difference between the two groups in the self-reported willingness to use EC in the future (BA-53.1% vs. AA-63.4%). However, among participants who were unaware of EC, 61% reported they would consider using it in the future after receiving brief EC counseling from a pharmacist or student pharmacist. Neither age nor pregnancy intention was associated with self-reported EC awareness but there was an association with income (P = 0.0410) and education (P = 0.0021).Conclusion: The change from prescription-only to non-prescription status of EC in the U.S. drug market did not impact the unintended pregnancy rate in this patient population. Lack of knowledge and awareness is still a major barrier to widespread EC use.

The increasing number of treatment options for patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) in Japan underscores the critical need to comprehend their treatment preferences. In this study, individual semi-structured interviews with 20 Japanese patients with diagnosis of MCL or CLL/SLL were conducted and qualitatively analyzed to elicit concepts important for patients regarding treatment selection. Although effectiveness and safety were imperative for treatment selection, convenience and quality of life were also reported as important attributes. Over the course of their disease journey, patients reported diverse and changing preferences in terms of treatment characteristics. Additionally, there was a discrepancy between their desired and actual levels of involvement in shared decision-making with physicians about treatment choices. Optimal personalized care for better outcomes of patients with MCL and CLL/SLL hinges on healthcare professionals acknowledging individual patient needs and preferences within their cultural, societal and personal context.

When feasible from an oncologic standpoint, partial penectomy (PP) is often preferred to total penectomy (TP) for penile cancer treatment, for the preservation of functional urinary outcomes. However, to date, there has not been a direct comparison of perioperative outcomes between PP and TP. Comparing treatments for penile cancer has proven difficult due to the rarity of penile cancer in the United States. We aimed to report differences in pre-operative risk factors, intra-operative outcomes, and postoperative outcomes between TP and PP for penile cancer. Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we conducted a retrospective cohort review of penile cancer patients enlisted in the database between the years 2006-2016 using the International Classification of Diseases clinical modification 9th revision codes. A total of 260 patients, 67 TP and 193 PP patients, were included. PP patients were less likely to be transferred patients (p = 0.002), diabetic (p = 0.026), and were more likely to have preoperative laboratory values within normal limits. PP patients also had shorter lengths of stay in the hospital (p < 0.001) and operating time (p < 0.001). Significant differences were also found for inpatient stay (p < 0.001), 30-day post-surgery complications (p < 0.001), deep incisional surgical site infection (SSI) (p = 0.017), wound disruption (p = 0.017), intraoperative or postoperative transfusion (p = 0.029), and sepsis (p < 0.005). Finally, PP patients required fewer concurrent surgical procedures (p < 0.001). Demographic differences between PP and TP patients may reflect patients presenting with more advanced oncologic disease. PP is associated with fewer postoperative complications, shorter surgeries, shorter hospital stays, fewer concurrent surgical procedures, and comorbid conditions compared to TP. A gap remains in the reported data pertaining to postoperative sexual function and erectile outcomes for PP at a national level., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the association of race/ethnicity, patient care experiences (PCEs), and receipt of definitive treatment and treatment modality among older adults in the United States (US) with localized prostate cancer (PCa)., Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results dataset linked to Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (SEER-CAHPS) for 2007-2015, we identified men aged ≥ 65 years who completed a CAHPS survey within one year before and one year after PCa diagnosis. Associations of race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian (NHA), and other) and of interactions between race/ethnicity and PCEs (getting needed care, getting care quickly, doctor communication, and care coordination) with the receipt of definitive PCa treatment and treatment modality within 3 and 6 months of diagnosis were examined using logistic regressions., Results: Among 1,438 PCa survivors, no racial/ethnic disparities in the receipt of definitive treatment were identified. However, NHB patients were less likely to receive surgery (vs. radiation) within 3 and 6 months of PCa diagnosis than NHW patients (OR 0.397, p = 0.006 and OR 0.419, p = 0.005), respectively. Among NHA patients, a 1-point higher score for getting care quickly was associated with lower odds (OR 0.981, p = 0.043) of receiving definitive treatment within 3 months of PCa diagnosis, whereas among NHB patients, a 1-point higher score for doctor communication was associated with higher odds (OR 1.023, p = 0.039) of receiving definitive treatment within 6 months of PCa diagnosis., Discussion: We observed differential associations between PCEs and receipt of definitive treatment based on patient race/ethnicity. Further research is needed to explore these associations., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the association of race/ethnicity and patient care experiences (PCEs) with healthcare utilization and costs among US older adults with prostate cancer (PCa)., Materials and Methods: The study used data from 2007 to 2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results dataset linked to Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey and Medicare claims (SEER-CAHPS). We identified males aged ≥65 years who completed a CAHPS survey within 6-60 months post-PCa diagnosis. Covariate-adjusted associations of six CAHPS PCE composite measures with any emergency department visit and any inpatient stay (using logistic regressions), and with total part A and part B Medicare costs (using generalized linear models) were examined by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian, and other)., Results: Among 1834 PCa survivors, a 1-point higher score for getting care quickly was associated with higher odds (odds ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.15; p = 0.009) of any inpatient stay in Hispanic patients. Higher total costs were associated with a 1-point higher score for getting needed care among Hispanic patients ($590.84; 95% CI: $262.15, $919.53; p < 0.001); a 1-point higher score for getting care quickly among Hispanic patients ($405.26; 95% CI: $215.83, $594.69; p < 0.001); and a 1-point higher score for customer service among patients belonging to other races ($361.69; 95% CI: $15.68, $707.69; p = 0.04)., Discussion: We observed differential associations by race/ethnicity between PCEs and healthcare utilization and costs. Further research is needed to explore the causes of these associations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest CL received research support for unrelated projects sponsored by University of Utah/AstraZeneca. NP is a full-time employee at Eli Lilly and Company. AP reports employment at Cencora, Inc. after conclusion of study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Omission of family and caregiver health spillovers from the economic evaluation of healthcare interventions remains common practice. When reported, a high degree of methodological inconsistency in incorporating spillovers has been observed., Aim: To promote emerging good practice, this paper from the Spillovers in Health Economic Evaluation and Research (SHEER) task force aims to provide guidance on the incorporation of family and caregiver health spillovers in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. SHEER also seeks to inform the basis for a spillover research agenda and future practice., Methods: A modified nominal group technique was used to reach consensus on a set of recommendations, representative of the views of participating subject-matter experts. Through the structured discussions of the group, as well as on the basis of evidence identified during a review process, recommendations were proposed and voted upon, with voting being held over two rounds., Results: This report describes 11 consensus recommendations for emerging good practice. SHEER advocates for the incorporation of health spillovers into analyses conducted from a healthcare/health payer perspective, and more generally inclusive perspectives such as a societal perspective. Where possible, spillovers related to displaced/foregone activities should be considered, as should the distributional consequences of inclusion. Time horizons ought to be sufficient to capture all relevant impacts. Currently, the collection of primary spillover data is preferred and clear justification should be provided when using secondary data. Transparency and consistency when reporting on the incorporation of health spillovers are crucial. In addition, given that the evidence base relating to health spillovers remains limited and requires much development, 12 avenues for future research are proposed., Conclusions: Consideration of health spillovers in economic evaluations has been called for by researchers and policymakers alike. Accordingly, it is hoped that the consensus recommendations of SHEER will motivate more widespread incorporation of health spillovers into analyses. The developing nature of spillover research necessitates that this guidance be viewed as an initial roadmap, rather than a strict checklist. Moreover, there is a need for balance between consistency in approach, where valuable in a decision making context, and variation in application, to reflect differing decision maker perspectives and to support innovation., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Significant interindividual variability in spinal cord stimulation (SCS) outcomes exists. Due to its high cost and risks of complications, criteria to guide patient selection for SCS trials and their outcomes would be helpful. With increased focus on the use of patient-reported outcomes to improve care, we aim to evaluate the National Institute of Health Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System measures for an association with successful SCS trials in patients with persistent pain., Methods: Our prospective, observational study enrolled 60 patients with persistent pain who underwent an SCS trial. Patients completed demographic and Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System computer adaptive test (PROMIS CAT) assessments to measure self-reported pain interference, depression, anxiety, physical functioning, and sleep disturbance at the time they presented for placement of their trial device., Results: Of the 58 patients who underwent successful electrode placement, 11 had an unsuccessful trial. There were no differences in patient demographics between patients with a successful and an unsuccessful trial. Patients who had a successful SCS trial reported lower pre-trial levels of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance and decreased post-trial levels of depression, sleep disturbance, and pain interference., Conclusions: We found that patients with high levels of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance using the PROMIS CAT were predictive of unsuccessful trials. In addition, we found that patients with successful SCS trials reported lower levels of these domains on PROMIS CAT administered at the end of the trial., Competing Interests: Competing interests: LB, GLS, JS, and KS have no conflicts to disclose. JHG is a consultant for Saluda Medical, Abbott, and Stratus Medical and the recipient of research support paid to the institution by SPR Therapeutics and Mainstay Medical. NP is an employee of Eli Lilly and Company., (© American Society of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ.)

Background: An estimated one-third of patients experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression in the year following a traumatic injury. The American College of Surgeons requires postinjury PTSD and depression screening in trauma centers, although implementation has been limited. Tech-based solutions have been proposed to improve uptake of postinjury mental health screening. The goals of this pilot study were to assess the usability and acceptability of Blueprint, a tech-based mental health screening platform, and explore attitudes toward tech-based screening and intervention., Methods: This pilot study included trauma patients (n=10) admitted to the trauma service. Participants completed the PTSD Checklist-5 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 using Blueprint to test usability and acceptability of the platform. Participants completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) and a semi-structured interview to assess several domains including attitudes toward tech-based screening, potential barriers to implementation, and its usefulness in a postinjury context. Summative Template Analysis, a data abstraction procedure, was used to analyze qualitative data., Results: Blueprint received an average SUS score of 93.25/100 suggesting participants found the interface to be an 'excellent' means to assess postinjury mental health concerns. Participants were supportive of universal screening and identified several benefits to engaging in tech-based routine monitoring of postinjury PTSD and depressive symptoms including convenience, personalization, and trauma-informed care. Regarding intervention, patients valued web-based psychoeducation on topics related to their overall care and local resources., Conclusions: Tech-based mental health screening was highly usable and valuable to trauma patients at risk for postinjury PTSD and depression. Participants valued web-based psychoeducation and resources, but overall preferred Blueprint be used to facilitate access to in-person mental health services. Further evaluation of Blueprint as a means of assessment, intervention, and referral is needed., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: No specific measures exist to assess patient-reported symptoms experienced by individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). This study was conducted to elicit patient-reported CLL/SLL- and MCL-related symptoms and their impact on patients' lives. The study qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated sets of conceptually-selected EORTC Item Library items for assessing CLL/SLL- and MCL-related symptoms., Methods: The qualitative component of the research included a literature review, clinician consultations, and patient interviews. Concepts important to patients were identified and coded; cognitive debriefing of the selected library items was completed with patients. CLL/SLL and MCL-related symptoms and impacts were organized in a structured conceptual model, which was mapped to item sets from the Item Library. The quantitative component comprised exploratory macro-level Rasch measurement theory (RMT) analysis conducted to provide supportive quantitative insight on the item sets., Results: 41 patients (21-MCL; 20-CLL/SLL) and 5 clinicians participated in the qualitative study; 57 unique patients (30-MCL; 27-CLL/SLL) completed the EORTC items. The conceptual models generated from the qualitative work included symptoms and functional impacts of CLL/SLL and MCL. Symptom domains included swollen lymph nodes, B symptoms, abdominal issues, pain, fatigue, subjective cognitive impairment, anemia-related symptoms, bleeding, infection, and other issues (appetite loss, temperature fluctuation, rash, weight gain, sleep problems, cough). Impacts included physical function, role function, and other functions (psychological, social). Cognitive debriefing demonstrated that the separate item sets for CLL/SLL and MCL-related symptoms were well understood and aligned with patients' experiences. All selected items were included in the conceptual models. The exploratory RMT analysis showed that the item sets provided adequate coverage of the continuum of CLL/SLL- and MCL-related symptom severity., Conclusions: This study gathered qualitative and early quantitative evidence supporting use of the EORTC Item Library to assess CLL/SLL- and MCL-related symptoms and impacts. These items are promising candidates for measurement of patient-reported disease symptoms in these populations. A larger sample size will be essential to establish the psychometric properties necessary to support use in clinical trials. Patients who suffer from rare cancers of the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes can experience chronic and debilitating symptoms. At present, however, there are no dedicated instruments for assessing the patient's experience of symptoms of conditions like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), or for assessing their impact on patients' lives. This research project aimed to address that need. The researchers selected relevant and clinically meaningful symptoms from the EORTC Item Library that assess fatigue, B symptoms, and CLL/SLL- and MCL-specific symptoms. Using patients and clinician interviews as well as quantitative analyses, the research revealed no major concerns with using these item sets to assess symptoms of CLL/SLL and MCL. Interviews with patients demonstrated that the separate item sets for CLL/SLL and MCL-related symptoms were well understood and aligned with patients' experiences. All selected items were included in the conceptual models. Item sets identified in this study can potentially be used to assess patient-reported symptom endpoints in clinical trial settings in these disease areas., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: Policies related to prepromotion/tenure reviews and postpromotion/tenure reviews are critical to faculty advancement and retention. The objective of this study is to describe the utilization, timing, and application of such policies as described within promotion and/or tenure documents from US colleges/schools of pharmacy., Methods: PT documents were collected from internet searches and/or contact with administrators at each institution. Qualitative content analysis was used to systematically review policies related to pre and postpromotion/tenure reviews. Policies were reviewed for required vs optional status, timing, possible outcomes, and other characteristics., Results: PT documents were analyzed from 121 (85%) colleges/schools. Of these, 26% included policies for prepromotion review of nontenure-track faculty, while 45% included pretenure reviews for tenure-track faculty. The majority of prereviews were required (65% and 91%, respectively) and conducted after 3 years in rank on average. Only 22 (18%) included postpromotion/tenure reviews, with most (17, 77%) conducting reviews after a prespecified time in advanced rank (mean 3.9 years). Potential negative consequences of postpromotion/tenure reviews were more frequently described than potential rewards., Conclusion: This analysis of promotion and/or tenure documents revealed that pre/posttenure reviews were more commonly employed than pre/postpromotion reviews. Documents most frequently described potential negative consequences that may result from unsatisfactory postpromotion/tenure reviews. Academic leaders should consider the implications of these trends within their own institutions and how their own policies may be improved to create clearly articulated, fair, and parallel processes for both tenure-track and nontenure-track faculty., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The rates of SMM have been steadily increasing in Arkansas, a southern rural state, which has the 5th highest maternal death rate among the US states. The aims of the study were to test the functionality of the Bateman index in association to SMM, in clustering the risks of pregnancies to SMM, and to study the predictability of SMM using the Bateman index., Study Design: From the ANGELS database, 72,183 pregnancies covered by Medicaid in Arkansas between 2013 and 2016 were included in this study. The expanded CDC ICD-9/ICD-10 criteria were used to identify SMM. The Bateman comorbidity index was applied in quantifying the comorbidity burden for a pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regressions, KMeans method, and five widely used predictive models were applied respectively for each of the study aims., Results: SMM prevalence remained persistently high among Arkansas women covered by Medicaid (195 per 10,000 deliveries) during the study period. Using the Bateman comorbidity index score, the study population was divided into four groups, with a monotonically increasing odds of SMM from a lower score group to a higher score group. The association between the index score and the occurrence of SMM is confirmed with statistical significance: relative to Bateman score falling in 0-1, adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% CIs are: 2.1 (1.78, 2.46) for score in 2-5; 5.08 (3.81, 6.79) for score in 6-9; and 8.53 (4.57, 15.92) for score ≥10. Noticeably, more than one-third of SMM cases were detected from the studied pregnancies that did not have any of the comorbid conditions identified. In the prediction analyses, we observed minimal predictability of SMM using the comorbidity index: the calculated c -statistics ranged between 62% and 67%; the Precision-Recall AUC values are <7% for internal validation and <9% for external validation procedures., Conclusions: The comorbidity index can be used in quantifying the risk of SMM and can help cluster the study population into risk tiers of SMM, especially in rural states where there are disproportionately higher rates of SMM; however, the predictive value of the comorbidity index for SMM is inappreciable.

Background: Selpercatinib, a highly selective potent and brain-penetrant RET inhibitor, was shown to have efficacy in patients with advanced RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a nonrandomized phase 1-2 study., Methods: In a randomized phase 3 trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of first-line selpercatinib as compared with control treatment that consisted of platinum-based chemotherapy with or without pembrolizumab at the investigator's discretion. The primary end point was progression-free survival assessed by blinded independent central review in both the intention-to-treat-pembrolizumab population (i.e., patients whose physicians had planned to treat them with pembrolizumab in the event that they were assigned to the control group) and the overall intention-to-treat population. Crossover from the control group to the selpercatinib group was allowed if disease progression as assessed by blinded independent central review occurred during receipt of control treatment., Results: In total, 212 patients underwent randomization in the intention-to-treat-pembrolizumab population. At the time of the preplanned interim efficacy analysis, median progression-free survival was 24.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.9 to not estimable) with selpercatinib and 11.2 months (95% CI, 8.8 to 16.8) with control treatment (hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.70; P<0.001). The percentage of patients with an objective response was 84% (95% CI, 76 to 90) with selpercatinib and 65% (95% CI, 54 to 75) with control treatment. The cause-specific hazard ratio for the time to progression affecting the central nervous system was 0.28 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.68). Efficacy results in the overall intention-to-treat population (261 patients) were similar to those in the intention-to-treat-pembrolizumab population. The adverse events that occurred with selpercatinib and control treatment were consistent with those previously reported., Conclusions: Treatment with selpercatinib led to significantly longer progression-free survival than platinum-based chemotherapy with or without pembrolizumab among patients with advanced RET fusion-positive NSCLC. (Funded by Eli Lilly and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04194944.)., (Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.)

We aimed to (a) provide nationally representative estimates of food insecurity (FI) among children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), and (b) determine the association between FI and four health outcomes (overall health, problem behavior, activities of daily living, functional limitations) in 5,657 children with IDD compared to 1:1 propensity score matched children without IDD. Mixed-effects ordered logistic regression models were used. Children with IDD were more likely to experience FI than children without IDD (43.3% vs. 30.0%, p < 0.001). FI and IDD were independently associated with worse scores on all four health outcomes. Having both FI and IDD further exacerbated the adverse impacts on these health outcomes. The association was stronger among children with moderate-to-severe FI than those with mild FI., (©AAIDD.)

Objectives: We qualitatively explored patient and clinician experiences with biomarker testing in one academic health system to identify current communication practices and unmet testing information needs., Methods: We conducted 1:1 in-depth interviews with 15 clinicians (i.e., nurses, oncologists, pathologists) and 12 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer between January and May 2022. Participants described experiences with biomarker testing as well as associated communication practices and needs. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Analysis was informed by the Framework Method., Results: Patients described challenges retaining information early in their patient journey. While patients were generally aware of biomarkers and their effect on treatment options, they expressed limited knowledge of expected time delays between testing and receiving results. Additionally, many did not know their testing results. Clinicians and patients both noted no standard education material on biomarker testing is currently available. They suggested such materials could support patient knowledge and decision-making., Conclusions: Communication between patients and clinicians about biomarker testing is largely delivered through verbal counseling at a time when patients may be cognitively compromised. All participants supported the idea of delivering standard, tangible education materials on biomarker testing to patients., Practice Implications: Education materials may enhance counseling efforts and patient knowledge., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Dr. Pack reports grants from RRF Foundation for Aging, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Merck, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and Gilead through her institution, and personal fees from Gilead. Dr. Bailey reports grants from the NIH, Gilead, Merck, Pfizer, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, RRF Foundation for Aging, Lundbeck, and Eli Lilly via her institution and personal fees from Gilead, Sanofi, Pfizer, University of Westminster, Lundbeck, and Luto UK outside the submitted work. Ms. Weldon is an employee of Executive Frameworks, Ltd who receives consulting fees from Genentech, Roche, and LUNGevity; and reports grants from Pfizer Foundation, Eli Lilly, Lung Cancer Research Foundation, and Association of Community Cancer Centers; and is a sub-awardee under UCSF’s NHGRI R01HG011792. Dr. Wolf reports grants from the NIH (NIA, NIDDK, NINR, NHLBI, NINDS), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, RRF Foundation for Aging and Eli Lilly, Glaxo Smith Klein, and personal fees from Pfizer, Sanofi, Luto UK, University of Westminster, and Lundbeck., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe teaching-related criteria within promotion and tenure (PT) guidance documents from US-based colleges/schools of pharmacy., Methods: PT guidance documents were retrieved from college/school websites or via electronic mail. Institutional characteristics were compiled using available online data. Using qualitative content analysis, a systematic review of PT guidance documents was conducted to identify how teaching and teaching excellence were considered in decision of promotion and/or tenure at each institution., Results: PT guidance documents were analyzed from 121 (85%) colleges/schools of pharmacy. Of these, 40% included a requirement that faculty must achieve excellence in teaching for promotion and/or tenure, though excellence was infrequently defined (14% of colleges/schools). Criteria specific to didactic teaching were most frequently included (94% of institutions). Criteria specific to experiential (50%), graduate student (48%), postgraduate (41%), and interprofessional (13%) teaching were less frequently included. Institutions frequently required student (58%) and peer (50%) evaluations of teaching to be considered in PT decisions. Most institutions acknowledged many teaching accomplishments as examples indicating teaching success rather than strictly requiring specific criteria to be fulfilled., Conclusion: Teaching-related criteria within PT criteria of colleges/schools of pharmacy often lack clear guidance regarding quantitative or qualitative requirements for advancement. This lack of clearly specified requirements may result in faculty members' inability to self-assess for readiness for promotion and inconsistent application of criteria in PT decisions by review committees and administrators., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Our purpose was to evaluate whether racial/ethnic disparities in patient care experiences (PCEs) differ between males with prostate cancer ("PCa group") and males without cancer ("non-cancer group")., Materials and Methods: This retrospective study used 2007-2015 National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry data linked to Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. PCa and non-cancer groups were propensity score matched 1:5 on demographic and clinical characteristics. Differences in racial/ethnic disparities (DRD) (non-Hispanic Black [NHB], Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian [NHA], and Other Races compared to non-Hispanic White [NHW]) in PCEs (getting needed care, getting care quickly, doctor communication, customer service, and getting needed prescription drugs) were compared between matched PCa and non-cancer groups. Per prior literature, DRD in PCE scores were categorized as small (<3), medium (≥3 but <5) or large (≥5)., Results: There were 7312 males in the PCa group and 36,559 matched males in the non-cancer group. Within each group, all racial/ethnic minority categories reported worse scores compared to NHW individuals (p < 0.05) for ≥3 PCE composite measures. Compared to PCa group, a larger NHA-NHW difference was observed in non-cancer group for getting needed care (-4.65 in PCa vs. -7.77 in non-cancer; DRD = 3.11, p = 0.029) and doctor communication (-2.46 in PCa vs. -4.85 in non-cancer; DRD = 2.38, p = 0.023)., Discussion: In both PCa and non-cancer groups, racial/ethnic minorities reported worse experiences compared to NHW individuals for several PCE measures. However, the difference in getting needed care and doctor communication between NHA and NHW individuals were more pronounced in non-cancer group than PCa group., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Ambrish A. Pandit was a graduate student at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences when this study was conducted and currently works for AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Pennsylvania. Other authors have no conflicts of interests to declare. CL recevied research support from projects sponsored by University of Utah/AstraZeneca, (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)